Thiamine Research Articles

Dysfunction of duplicated pair rice histone acetyltransferases causes segregation distortion and an interspecific reproductive barrier

Postzygotic reproductive isolation, which results in the irreversible divergence of species, is commonly accompanied by hybrid sterility, necrosis/weakness, or lethality in the F1 or other offspring generations. Here we show that the loss of function of HWS1 and HWS2, a couple of duplicated paralogs, together confer complete interspecific incompatibility between Asian and African rice. Both of these non-Mendelian determinants encode the putative Esa1-associated factor 6 (EAF6) protein, which functions as a characteristic subunit of the histone H4 acetyltransferase complex regulating transcriptional activation via genome-wide histone modification. The proliferating tapetum and inappropriate polar nuclei arrangement cause defective pollen and seeds in F2 hybrid offspring due to the recombinant HWS1/2-mediated misregulation of vitamin (biotin and thiamine) metabolism and lipid synthesis. Evolutionary analysis of HWS1/2 suggests that this gene pair has undergone incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and multiple gene duplication events during speciation. Our findings have not only uncovered a pair of speciation genes that control hybrid breakdown but also illustrate a passive mechanism that could be scaled up and used in the guidance and optimization of hybrid breeding applications for distant hybridization.

Thiamine Deficiency M74 Developed in Salmon (Salmo salar) Stocks in Two Baltic Sea Areas after the Hatching of Large Year-Classes of Two Clupeid Species—Detected by Fatty Acid Signature Analysis

Lipid-related thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar), the M74 syndrome, is generally caused by feeding on abundant young sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Proper, the main foraging area of these salmon. In 2014, a strong year-class of sprat was hatched in the Baltic Proper, and a strong herring (Clupea harengus) year-class was hatched in the Gulf of Bothnia, where herring is the dominant salmon prey. The fatty acid (FA) signatures of prey fish in muscle or eggs of second sea-year spawners suggested that 27% of wild River Simojoki and 68% of reared River Dal salmon remained in the Gulf of Bothnia in 2014 instead of continuing to the Baltic Proper. In 2016, 23% of the M74 females of the River Simojoki and 58% of the River Dal originated from the Gulf of Bothnia, and 13% and 16%, respectively, originated from the Baltic Proper. Some salmon from the River Neris in the southern Baltic Proper had also been feeding in the Gulf of Bothnia. In general, low free thiamine (THIAM) concentration in eggs was associated with high lipid content and high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) and n−3 polyunsaturated FA (n−3 PUFA) concentrations in muscle but not in eggs. A higher THIAM concentration and lower proportions of DHA and n−3 PUFAs in Arctic Ocean salmon eggs, despite higher egg lipid content, indicated that their diet contained fewer fatty fish than the Baltic salmon diet. Hence, M74 originated by foraging heavily on young fatty sprat in the Baltic Proper or herring in the Gulf of Bothnia.

Differential analysis of transcriptome of psychrophilic bacteria under different culture temperatures.

Psychrophilic bacteria can survive in a unique living environment. To explore the mechanism of low temperature adaptation and the physiological function of thermophilic metabolic genes. Serratia marcescens strain F13 stored in microbial laboratory was cultured at 5∘C, 10∘C and 25∘C respectively, and the obtained strains were sequenced by high-throughput transcriptome. Serratia marcescens strain CAV1761 was used as the reference strain. The data produced by transcriptome sequencing were statistically analyzed by biostatistics software such as soapnuke, soap and edger. The differentially expressed genes were found based on the gene expression, and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The results showed that there were 718 differential genes in F13-10 vs F13-5 comparison group, 1614 differential genes in F13-25 vs F13-5 comparison group and 1636 differential genes in F13-25 vs F13-10 comparison group. GO function enrichment analysis showed that the GO term mainly enriched by different genes in the three comparison groups was mostly related to the migration and transport of cellular or subcellular components, cell localization and transmembrane transporter activity, as well as cilia or flagella dependent cell movement. In the enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway, the three comparison groups all enriched the largest number of differential genes in the branch pathway of KEGG metabolism, followed by the branch pathway of environmental information processing. In F13-10 vs F13-5, the differential genes were mainly concentrated in 20 pathways such as ATP-binding cassette transport (ABC) transporters, thiamine metabolism and flagella assembly; In F13-25 vs F13-5, the differential genes are mainly concentrated in 20 pathways, such as (ABC) transporters, arginine and proline metabolism, two-component system and so on; In F13-25 vs F13-10, the differential genes are mainly concentrated in 20 pathways such as various types of glycan synthesis, two-component system and arginine metabolism.

Metabolomic Response of Thalassiosira weissflogii to Erythromycin Stress: Detoxification Systems, Steroidal Metabolites, and Energy Metabolism

Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is a prioritized pollutant that poses a high risk to environmental health. It has been detected in different environmental matrices and can cause undesired effects in aquatic organisms, particularly freshwater algae, which are primary producers. However, the impact of erythromycin on marine algae remains largely unexplored. Erythromycin has been reported to induce hormetic effects in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (T. weissflogii). These effects are associated with the molecular pathways and biological processes of ribosome assembly, protein translation, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress. However, the alterations in the global gene expression have yet to be validated at the metabolic level. The present study used non-targeted metabolomic analysis to reveal the altered metabolic profiles of T. weissflogii under erythromycin stress. The results showed that the increased cell density was possibly attributed to the accumulation of steroidal compounds with potential hormonic action at the metabolic level. Additionally, slight increases in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and viable cells were observed in the treatment of 0.001 mg/L of erythromycin (an environmentally realistic level). Contrarily, the 0.75 and 2.5 mg/L erythromycin treatments (corresponding to EC20 and EC50, respectively) showed decreases in the MMP, cell density, and viable algal cells, which were associated with modified metabolic pathways involving ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, the metabolism of hydrocarbons and lipids, thiamine metabolism, and the metabolism of porphyrin and chlorophyll. These findings suggest that metabolomic analysis, as a complement to the measurement of apical endpoints, could provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of hormesis induced by antibiotic agents in algae.

Characterization of haloacid dehalogenase superfamily acid phosphatase from Staphylococcus lugdunensis

The haloacid dehalogenase superfamily implicated in bacterial pathogenesis comprises different enzymes having roles in many metabolic pathways. Staphylococcus lugdunensis, a Gram-positive bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen causing infections in the central nervous system, urinary tract, bones, peritoneum, systemic conditions and cutaneous infection. The haloacid dehalogenase superfamily proteins play a significant role in the pathogenicity of certain bacteria, facilitating invasion, survival, and proliferation within host cells. The genome of S. lugdunensis encodes more than ten proteins belonging to this superfamily. However, none of them have been characterized. The present work reports the characterization of one of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily proteins (SLHAD1) from Staphylococcus lugdunensis. The functional analysis revealed that SLHAD1 is a metal-dependent acid phosphatase, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated metabolites of cellular pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, nucleotides, and thiamine metabolism. Based on the substrate specificity and genomic analysis, the physiological function of SLHAD1 in thiamine metabolism has been tentatively assigned. The crystal structure of SLHAD1, lacking 49 residues at the C-terminal, was determined at 1.7 Å resolution with a homodimer in the asymmetric unit. It was observed that SLHAD1 exhibited time-dependent cleavage at a specific point, occurring through a self-initiated process. A combination of bioinformatics, biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies explored unique features of SLHAD1. Overall, the study revealed a detailed characterization of a critical enzyme of the human pathogen Staphylococcus lugdunensis, associated with several life-threatening infections.

Physicochemical, microbiological and metabolomics changes in yogurt supplemented with lactosucrose

Lactosucrose (LS) is a known prebiotic that has gained recognition for its low caloric content and various health benefits. However, its potential in food applications remains largely unexplored. In this study the effects of adding LS to milk at concentrations (0 %, 2 %, 5 % and 8 % w/v) for yogurt production, and the relevant changes in yogurt texture, microbial composition and metabolomics were investigated. Our findings revealed that LS played a role in promoting the formation of a structured gel during fermentation, resulting in increased elasticity and viscosity while reducing fluidity. Additionally incorporating high doses of LS into yogurt led to reduced post-acidification, enhanced survival of starter bacteria, improved water retention capacity and overall texture throughout a refrigerated storage period of 21 days. Notably higher concentrations of LS (8 % w/v) exhibited effects on enhancing yogurt quality. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomics analysis using UPLC Q TOF MS/MS revealed 45 differentially expressed metabolites, including up-regulated L-arginine, L-proline and L-glutamic acid along with the down-regulated glutathione, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanyl and L-proline. These differential metabolites were primarily associated with amino acid metabolism such as thiamine metabolism, nicotinic acid salt and nicotinamide metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. As a result, the inclusion of LS in yogurt had an impact on the production of various beneficial metabolites in yogurt, highlighting the importance of combining prebiotic LS with probiotics to obtain desired physiological benefits of yogurt.

Fused chromeno-pyrano-pyrimidinediones: Multi-component green synthesis and electrochemical properties

An efficient solvent-free green multi-component reaction strategy for the synthesis of diversified fused chromeno-pyrano-pyrimidinediones (4) by the reaction of 4-hydroxy-1-benzopyran-2-one (1), benzaldehydes (2) and thiobarbituric acid (3) in the presence of thiamine hydrochloride at room temperature in a single step operation has been developed. Simple to perform, neat reaction conditions, water workup, short reaction times, high product yields, scalability, catalyst reusability, products free from column purification and excellent greenness of the process are the noteworthy features of this multi-component reaction approach. Hence, the established methodology meets the concept of “benign by design”. Further, electrochemical properties of the synthesized compounds (4) have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The HOMO/LUMO values of titled compounds (4) are obtained in the ranges of −5.72 to −5.37 eV/−2.57 to −2.21 eV that are comparable with the reported hole transporting materials.

A protocol for a turbidimetric assay using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae thiamin biosynthesis mutant to estimate total vitamin B1 content in plant tissue samples

BackgroundUnderstanding thiamin (thiamine; vitamin B1) metabolism in plants is crucial, as it impacts plant nutritional value as well as stress tolerance. Studies aimed at elucidating novel aspects of thiamin in plants rely on adequate assessment of thiamin content. Mass spectrometry-based methods provide reliable quantification of thiamin as well as closely related biomolecules. However, these techniques require expensive equipment and expertise. Microbiological turbidimetric assays can evaluate the presence of thiamin in a given sample, only requiring low-cost, standard lab equipment. Although these microbiological assays do not reach the accuracy provided by mass spectrometry-based methods, the ease with which they can be deployed in an inexpensive and high-throughput manner, makes them a favorable method in many circumstances. However, the thiamin research field could benefit from a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform such assays as well as a further assessment of its potential and limitations.ResultsHere, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae thiamin biosynthesis mutant thi6 is an ideal candidate to be implemented in a turbidimetric assay aimed at assessing the content of thiamin and its phosphorylated equivalents (total vitamer B1). An optimized protocol was generated, adapted from a previously established microbiological assay using the thi4 mutant. A step-by-step guidance for this protocol is presented. Furthermore, the applicability of the assay is illustrated by assessment of different samples, including plant as well as non-plant materials. In doing so, our work provides an extension of the applicability of the microbiological assay on top of providing important considerations upon implementing the protocol.ConclusionsAn inexpensive, user-friendly protocol, including step-by-step guidance, which allows adequate estimation of vitamer B1 content of samples, is provided. The method is well-suited to screen materials to identify altered vitamer B1 content, such as in metabolic engineering or screening of germplasm.

Machine learning extracts marks of thiamine's role in cold acclimation in the transcriptome of Vitis vinifera.

The escalating challenge of climate change has underscored the critical need to understand cold defense mechanisms in cultivated grapevine Vitis vinifera. Temperature variations can affect the growth and overall health of vine. We used Self Organizing Maps machine learning method to analyze gene expression data from leaves of five Vitis vinifera cultivars each treated by four different temperature conditions. The algorithm generated sample-specific "portraits" of the normalized gene expression data, revealing distinct patterns related to the temperature conditions applied. Our analysis unveiled a connection with vitamin B1 (thiamine) biosynthesis, suggesting a link between temperature regulation and thiamine metabolism, in agreement with thiamine related stress response established in Arabidopsis before. Furthermore, we found that epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes at low temperatures in grapevines. Application of Self Organizing Maps portrayal to vine transcriptomics identified modules of coregulated genes triggered under cold stress. Our machine learning approach provides a promising option for transcriptomics studies in plants.

Effect of biotin starvation on gene expression in industrially significant yeast Komagataella phaffii

Komagataella phaffii(Pichia pastoris) is known to be an excellent producer of recombinant proteins for industrial and research purposes. Protein synthesis improvement in this yeast includes selection of optimal cultivation parameters [1, 2]. Therefore, much attention is paid to the influence of media components on physiology of this yeast [3–5].
 One of the essential media components is biotin. In yeast cells it plays a crucial role as a cofactor of enzymes, providing carboxylation reactions in lipo-, gluconeogenesis, and nitrogen metabolism.K. phaffiiis biotin auxotrophic organism unable to synthesize this vitaminde novo. Thus, it necessarily requires adding of biotin in the media.
 In this study, we analyzed the effect of biotin starvation on gene expression inK. phaffiicells during its growth on methanol- and glycerin-containing media. These carbon sources are the most commonly used in standard protocols for recombinant protein biosynthesis inK. phaffii.
 It was shown, that biotin starvation cell response significantly depends on carbon source. In glycerol-containing media biotin deficiency enhanced transcription of genes involved in biotin and thiamine metabolism, glyoxylate cycle, synthesis of acetyl-CoA in cytoplasm and its carnitine-mediated transport into mitochondria. Genes involved in biosynthesis of lipids and glucose were repressed in media with glycerol. In methanol-containing media the biotin deficiency effect was more pronounced and led to repression of numerous genes involved in protein and amino acids synthesis and activation of cell response to oxidative stress.
 The obtained results are thought to be important for optimizing the culture conditions in theK. phaffiiexpression systems.

Validated, unified theory of Alzheimer Disease illuminates two essential research questions

AbstractBackgroundA 2001 unified theory of thiamine deficiency (TD) in Alzheimer Disease (AD) (1‐p.85) was validated in 2015 (2), and published in 2017 (3). Update?MethodScientific literature review on topic of thiamine and/or AD. PUBMED, elibrary.wiley.com, mspace.lib.umanitoba.caResult1. Thiamine supplementation can potentially correct key AD abnormalities: the cholinergic deficit (1‐p.64, 4), B‐Amyloid (1‐p. 77, 3), tau (5), neuroinflammation (4, 5,6, 7) and memory (1‐p59).2. Limited oral thiamine supplementation trials in AD have had mixed results (1‐p49, 6).ConclusionEssential research questions:a. What causes TD in AD? (altered thiamine requirements, excretion, absorption, transport, metabolism, or diet and other factors*?) (1)b. What is the optimal treatment of TD in AD? (control for medications*, medical conditions* and dietary components affecting thiamine intake and utilization* (1‐p. 52, 1‐p.53,9). Consider advantages of intramuscular injections vs. oral treatments (8), need for other nutrients (1‐p.52), proven thiamine treatments in TD diseases.

Density Functional Theory and Density Functional Tight Binding Studies of Thiamine Hydrochloride Hydrates.

Thiamine hydrochloride (THCL), also known as vitamin B1, is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), present on the list of essential medicines developed by the WHO, which proves its importance for public health. THCL is highly hygroscopic and can occur in the form of hydrates with varying degrees of hydration, depending on the air humidity. Although experimental characterization of the THCL hydrates has been described in the literature, the questions raised in previously published works suggest that additional research and in-depth analysis of THCL dehydration behavior are still needed. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to characterize, by means of quantum chemical calculations, the behavior of thiamine hydrates and explain the previously obtained results, including changes in the NMR spectra, at the molecular level. To achieve this goal, a series of DFT (CASTEP) and DFTB (DFTB+) calculations under periodic boundary conditions have been performed, including molecular dynamics simulations and GIPAW NMR calculations. The obtained results explain the differences in the relative stability of the studied forms and changes in the spectra observed for the samples of various degrees of hydration. This work highlights the application of periodic DFT calculations in the analysis of various solid forms of APIs.

322 Metabolic Pathway and Rumen Bacterial Taxa Associated with Divergent Residual Body Weight Gain Phenotypes in Beef Cattle

Abstract We applied metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the metabolic pathway and ruminal bacterial taxa associated with divergent residual body weight (BW) gain phenotype in crossbred beef steers. A group of 108 crossbred growing beef steers (average BW = 282.87 ± 30 kg) were fed a forage-based diet for a period of 56 d in a confinement dry lot equipped with GrowSafe intake nodes to determine their residual body weight gain (RADG) phenotype. After RADG identification, blood and rumen fluid samples were collected from beef steers with the greatest RADG (most efficient; n = 20; 0.76 kg/d) and least RADG (least efficient; n = 20; -0.65 kg/d). Metabolome analysis of the plasma and rumen fluid samples was conducted using chemical isotope labelling/liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Differentially abundant metabolites in each of the plasma and rumen fluid samples between the two groups of beef steers were determined using a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P-values ≤ 0.05 and area under the curve (AUC) > 0.80. Rumen and plasma metabolic pathways that were differentially enriched or depleted (P ≤ 0.05) in beef steers with positive RADG compared with those with negative RADG were determined by the quantitative pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 1,629 metabolites were detected and identified in the plasma of the beef steers; eight metabolites including alanyl-phenylalanine, 8-hydroxyguanosine, and slaframine were differentially abundant (FDR ≤ 0.05; AUC > 0.80) in beef steers with divergent RADG; five metabolic pathways including steroid hormone biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, propanoate metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and butanoate metabolism were enriched (P ≤ 0.05) in beef steers with positive RADG, relative to negative RADG steers. A total of 1908 metabolites were detected and identified in the rumen of the beef steers; results of the pathway enrichment analysis of all the metabolites revealed no metabolic pathways in the rumen were altered (P ≥ 0.05). The rumen fluid samples were also analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the bacterial community composition. We compared the rumen bacterial community composition at the genus level using a linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) to identify the differentially abundant taxa between the two groups of beef steers. The LEfSe results showed greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 and Anaerovibrio in steers with positive RADG compared with the negative RADG group, while steers in the negative RADG group had greater relative abundance of Candidatus_Amoebophilus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Pseudomonas, Empedobacter, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella compared with the positive RADG group. Our results demonstrate that beef steers with positive or negative RADG exhibit differences in plasma metabolic profiles and some ruminal bacterial taxa which probably explain their divergent feed efficiency phenotypes.

Combined exposure to polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene microplastics induces liver injury and perturbs gut microbial and serum metabolic homeostasis in mice

A variety of microplastics (MPs) have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants, leading to inevitable human contact and health impacts. Most previous research has explored the toxic effects of a single type of MPs exposure. However, the effects of co-exposure to both common types of MPs, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) MPs on mammals have not been explored. Here, adult mice were exposed to PS-PVC (1.0 µm PS and 2.0 µm PVC both at the concentration of 0.5 mg/day) for 60 days. The results showed that PS-PVC co-exposure-induced hepatotoxicity was evidenced by liver histopathological changes, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and the activation of oxidative stress. Moreover, the intestinal mucosal barrier was damaged after PS-PVC treatment. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing reported there was a marked shift in the gut microbial structure accompanied by decreased relative abundances of probiotics, such as Clostridium, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Desulfovibrio, Clostridiales_unclassified and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified and increased the conditional pathogen abundances, such as Erysipelatoclostridium. Furthermore, the triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TCH) expression levels in the serum and liver were increased after PS-PVC co-exposure. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that there were 717 differential expression metabolites found in the positive- and negative-ion modes, including 476 up-regulated and 241 down-regulated, mainly enriched in butyrate metabolism, thiamine metabolism, and phenylacetate metabolism. In addition, remarked changes in the gut microbiota and serum metabolic profiles were closely related to hepatic and intestinal injuries after PS-PVC co-exposure. These results have provided new insights into the toxic effects of PS and PVC MPs co-exposure through the gut-liver axis and the health risks of PS and PVC MPs should be paid more attention to humans.

Volumetric and UV–Visible Spectroscopic Evaluation of Interactions between Thiamine Hydrochloride and Protic Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solutions

Volumetric and UV–Visible Spectroscopic Evaluation of Interactions between Thiamine Hydrochloride and Protic Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solutions

Cytotoxicity and bioavailability assessment from thiamin-phospholipid complexation loaded Ajwain oil based self nanoemulsifying system

Poor bioavailability (<5%) of thiamin hydrochloride (TH) primarily relates to its impaired permeability across gut mucosa. To modulate its permeability, a dual system based approach consisting of phospholipid complexation embedded into a self nanoemulsifying system was investigated. Thiamin-Phospholipid Complex (TPC) was developed and its Ajwain oil (AJO)-based self nanoemulsifying formulations (SNFs) were evaluated. Formation of TPC complexation was resulted from molecular interactions held between free bases of thiamin and phospholipid (PL). FTIR characterization reveals that the amino group (-NH2) in the free base of thiamin was physically interacted to phosphate linkage in PL. Single endothermic event in TPC & TH, reveals complexation between PL & free bases as interpreted from DSC data. Their corresponding melting point was 127 °C and 258 °C, respectively. Heat of fusion (ΔHf) in TPC was higher than TH or PL. TPC exhibits a poor conductive environment over TH when diluted with ethanol/Tween20 (T2) medium. Lipophilic character of TPC was confirmed from partition coefficient (log P). Exact combination where ternary components produced fully dilutable nanoemulsion system, was identified using ternary diagram drawn between AJO (incorporated with TPC) as oil phase, and Tween20/Polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG600) as Surfactant/co-surfactant (Smix) at ratios 1:1; 1:2 & 2:1. Seven TPC-loaded self nanoemulsifying formulations (SNFs) were designed which, upon subjected to aqueous phase dilution yielded nanoemulsion with droplet size range 95–190 nm with zeta potential −1.78 ± 0.10 mV. Conductivity and Refractive index (RI) data of SNFs were in the range of 98 ± 7.0 to 231 ± 27 μS/cm and 1.458 to 1.463 units, respectively. In vitro TH release from SNF was determined in hydrochloric (HCl) buffer at pH 1.2, and in phosphate buffer solution (PB) at pH 6.8, data interpretation reveals that TPC delayed the release pattern compared to TH and could be attributed to lipophilic behavior of TPC. Intestinal permeability of drug was assessed from optimized SNF (F1) vs. TH across intestinal gut sac model (Apical to basolateral A→B) resulted in a significant difference in permeability coefficient (1.09 × 10−5cm/h). Antioxidant potential of SNF was demonstrated in the DPPH method. MTT assay of TPC formulation conducted on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (Breast cancer) cell lines showed the developed system from AJO possessed cytotoxicity effect. Pharmacokinetic assessment showed that optimized SNFs produced more than four-fold enhancement in bioavailability over control (TH solution) in the Wistar rat model. Meanwhile Area under curve (AUC) data obtained from TPC (in coarse emulsion) vs.TH produced a significant difference (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that developed SNFs via phospholipid complexation produced lipophilic transformation of TH and its SNFs modulated permeability as well as bioavailability enhancement of thiamin.

Screening and Identification of Key Genes for Cervical Cancer, Ovarian Cancer and Endometrial Cancer by Combinational Bioinformatic Analysis

Introduction: Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer are the top three cancers in women. With the rapid development of gene chip and high-throughput sequencing technology, it has been widely used to study genomic functional omics data and identify markers for disease diagnosis and treatment. At the same time, more and more public databases containing genetic data have appeared. The result of the bioinformatic analysis can provide a diagnosis of new perspectives on cell origin and differences. Methods: In this paper, three datasets about cervical cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer from GEO were used to dig out common DEGs (differentially expressed genes) among cervical cancer/ovarian cancer/endometrial cancer. DEGs contain 400 up-regulation genes and 157 down-regulation genes. Results:: The results of GO (gene ontology) functional enrichment analysis show that the BP (biological process) changes of DEGs are mainly in cell division, mitotic nuclear division, sister chromatid cohesion, and DNA replication. The CC (cell component) function enrichments of DEGs were mainly in the nucleoplasm, nucleus, condensed chromosome kinetochore, chromosome, centromeric region. The MF (molecular function) function enrichments of DEGs were mainly in protein binding. The results of the KEGG pathway analysis showed that the upregulation DEGs were mainly enriched in retinoblastoma gene in the cell cycle, cellular senescence, oocyte meiosis, and pathways in cancer, while the downregulation DEGs enriched in thiamine metabolism, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Similarly, the function of the most significant module was enriched in cell division, condensed chromosome kinetochore, and microtubule motor activity. Conclusion: In the result, 4 of the top 10 hub genes (CCNA2, CCNB1, CDC6 and CDK1) will provide help for future biomedical experimental research.

Comparative Analysis of Quality Requirements for Medicines Based on Horse-Chestnut Seeds

Scientific relevance. When harmonising conditions for qualitative and quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines, the Institute of Pharmacopoeia and Medicinal Product Standardisation has discovered that horse-chestnut products lack national quality standards.Aim. This study aimed to review international quality standards in order to identify the most promising testing methods for the main groups of bioactive compounds in horse-chestnut seeds and draw upon these methods when drafting national pharmacopoeial monographs for horse-chestnut seed products.Discussion. The authors compared the requirements established by leading world pharmacopoeias for the identification and assay of herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations derived from horse-chestnut seeds.Conclusions. The study results show that, predominantly, identification tests are based on thin-layer chromatography, assays rely on spectrophotometry, and aescin is used as a pharmacopoeial reference standard. The authors drafted a pharmacopoeial monograph for the medicinal product Horse-Chestnut Seed Dry Extract + Thiamine Hydrochloride, Oral Solution, which requires using thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry for qualitative and quantitative testing.

An in-depth and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus Linn seed

The study aimed to explore the phytochemicals present in the aqueous and ethanolextracts of Asparagus racemosus Linn seeds by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis and to determine the neuro protective and antioxidant potential of both the extracts. The GC-MS and LC-MS analysis of the aqueous and ethanol seed extract indicated the presence of various chemical constituents such as ascorbic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, fatty acids, pyroglutamic acid, pentanoic acid, decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, naphthalene, hydroxycinnamic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, coumaroyl putrescin, agrimol, epanorin, brevicarine, rubiadin, pyroglutamic acid, tyrosine derivative, linoleyl acetate etc. Neuroprotective effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Asparagus racemosus Linn seeds on SHSY5Y cell line was evaluated by MTT assay and the results showedthat ethanol extract of the plant got more neuroprotective activity on cell lines. The antioxidant results showed that both of the extracts had almost similar DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. However, the ethanol extract had more potent antioxidant power than the aqueous extract. Study data suggest that whole plant of Asparagus racemosus Linn seeds possessed neuroprotective and anti-oxidative activities and the best neuroprotective and anti-oxidant activity being exhibited by the ethanolic extract of the plant.

Uncovering anti-influenza mechanism of Ophiocordyceps sinensis using network pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, and metabolomics.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a precious Chinese traditional herb with a long medicinal history. This study used UPLC-MS metabolomics to explore and compare the metabolic profiles of the stroma (OSBSz), sclerotium (OSBSh), and mycelium (OSBS) of O sinensis to analyze their differential metabolites and identified potential active components. Then combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the mechanism of differential metabolites with anti-influenza properties. The results indicate that the stroma, sclerotium, and mycelium showed significant differences in metabolites. The key pathways for differential metabolites were butanoate metabolism, thiamin metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, citrate cycle, and arginine biosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified potential targets, including SRC, RHOA, HSP90AA1, VEGFA, ITGB1, PRKCA, and ITGA1, and the key protective pathways in-volved PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, influenza A, and Coronavirus disease 2019. The molecular docking results showed that the core metabolite D-(-)-glutamine has high binding affinity with SRC, RHOA, and EGFR, re-flecting the multi-component and multi-target network system of O sinensis. In short, the combination of metabonomics, network pharmacology and macromolecular docking technology provides a new way to explore the anti-influenza research of O sinensis. This is undoubtedly an important theoretical support for the clinical application of O sinensis in the future.