Theta Values Research Articles

Validation of Yonsei-Bilateral Activity Test (Y-BAT)-Bilateral Upper Extremity Inventory Using Rasch Analysis.

There is little assessment to provide specific information about quality of bilateral upper extremity movement specifically. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Yonsei-Bilateral Activity Test (Y-BAT). An observational cross-sectional design was used with 100 stroke survivors. Unidimensionality was examined using factor analyses, and Rasch analysis was used to test rating scale structure, fit statistics, and precision of the Y-BAT. The Y-BAT demonstrated a unidimensional measurement construct, and 19 of the 27 items fit the Rasch model. The instrument demonstrated good precision, including person reliability and person strata. The Y-BAT estimated person measures within a wide range of theta values with a reliability of .9 with good precision. Our results indicate that a revised, 19-item version of the Y-BAT demonstrates sound internal validity and may be a useful instrument for clinicians to measure upper extremity function with good precision following stroke.

A compact circularly polarized antenna using CRLH inspired transmission line and coupled ring resonator

This paper discusses the miniaturization process and bandwidth enhancement of circularly polarized (CP) antenna using asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS) feeding. The antenna mainly uses an ACS feeding scheme on which a via-less composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) inspired unit cell is implemented for antenna miniaturization and a rectangular shaped annular ring slot is introduced in the asymmetric ground plane (AGP) for generating extended CP radiation. Due to this, the intended antenna offers a compact electrical size of 0.22 λ0 × 0.35 λ0 × 0.028 λ0 at 5.5 GHz and a smaller physical dimension of 12 mm × 19.5 mm × 1.52 mm with ka = 1.32. The novelty of the antenna is to generate an improved impedance bandwidth (IBW) of (5.33–5.86 GHz) 9.90%, and enhanced axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of (5.33–5.79 GHz) 8.27% with less design complexity. The intended CP antenna provides a measured gain of 2.43 dBic at 5.53 GHz and radiation efficiency better than 87% is obtained by maintaining the antenna compactness without the use of complicated vias. Also, the intended antenna provides a good AR beamwidth of 80° (+40° to -40°) and positive gain values for theta = ±36° and for all phi values (phi = 00–360°) at 5.55 GHz. Moreover, the intended antenna provides 42.85% miniaturization compared to a conventional monopole antenna. Hence, the intended antenna is well suited for the 5.80 GHz WLAN (5.725–5.875 GHz), and 5.5 GHz WiMAX (5.25–5.85 GHz) applications.

Effect of Manganese Addition on 94NBT-6BT Lead Free Multilayer Ceramics

In this study, lead-free 94Bi0,5Na0,5TiO3-6BaTiO3 (94NBT-6BT) ceramics were fabricated by solid-state synthesis method at ambient atmosphere. Glassy phase and rounded particles in 94NBT-6BT was observed with increasing Mn content. The effects of doping manganese on the ferroelectric properties of 94NBT-6BT bulk ceramics were evaluated. From the XRD results of the calcined powders, peaks were slightly changed to higher 2 theta value while increasing manganese ratio. Multivalence additive Mn ions act as acceptor dopant in 94NBT-6BT structure at ambient atmosphere. Samples were sintered from 1075 ℃ to 1175 ℃ for 2 hours to obtain highest piezoelectric values. SEM results show that glassy phase and rounded particles in 94NBT-6BT was observed with increasing Mn content so, bulk density was enhanced up to 1125C. From the results, 0.3 wt% manganese doped 94NBT-6BT samples have highest electromechanical coupling factor about 0.23, mechanical coupling factor (Qm) 150 and d33 110 pC/N respectively. Further work, 94NBT-6BT and Mn-doped 94NBT-6BT multilayer actuators were manufactured by water-based tape casting technique. The active area was 49 mm2 MLA and was fabricated by using Ag-Pd internal electrode without Pd-Bi reaction at the electrode-ceramic interface. Hysterisis loop measurements of manufactured lead free actuators were done by using Aixacct CMA module. Remnant polarization values of Mn-doped 94NBT-6BT MLA for a layer were higher than 6 µC/cm2.

Non-vanishing theta values of characters with special prime conductors

Let p be a prime of the form 2ℓ+1 or 4ℓ+1, where ℓ is also a prime. We prove θ(χ,i)≠0 for all primitive Dirichlet characters χ with conductor p except for the quadratic and the quartic ones. Our results generalize a theorem of Bengoechea, which asserts θ(χ,i)≠0 for non-quadratic χ with “large” prime conductor p=2ℓ+1, where ℓ is also a prime.

The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on the Visual Processing Efficiency in Judo Athletes.

This study aimed to analyse the effect of neurofeedback (NFB) training based on beta-wave amplification and theta-wave inhibition on the visual processing efficiency of judo athletes. The study examined 12 male athletes from the national team of the Polish Judo Association. Participants were divided into the experimental (EG, n = 6) and the control group (CG, n = 6). The NFB training protocol was performed and recorded using a Deymed Truscan system with 24 active channels. The effect of NFB training was examined by computer-based simple and complex reaction tests and selected tests of the Vienna Test System (VST). One – way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the CG and the EG in theta and beta values after the first and the second cycle of training. There were statistically significant differences between the CG and the EG in the results of reaction speed tests after individual cycles of training. The highest reduction in simple reaction time was obtained after the second training cycle, when training was performed every second day and lasted four minutes.

Evaluating Computerized Adaptive Testing Efficiency in Measuring Students’ Performance in Science TIMSS

The current standards of assessment are demanding for high level of precision with less time-consuming and personalized opportunities, thus restrict the function of Paper and Pencil Test which has dominated the assessment field for a very long time. The Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) is viewed as an alternative testing tool to Paper and Pencil Test as it has adaptive feature which enables it to meet the current standards of assessment. This research is focusing on the evaluation of students’ ability in Grade 8 Science Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) using Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) as an alternative instrument to Paper and Pencil Test to investigate whether the implementation of CAT can produce high level of precision with fewer items administered as well as differentiate different academic level among groups of students. CAT was configured in Concerto and was administered on Form 2 and Form 4 students selected through purposive sampling method from secondary schools in northern part of Malaysia. Students’ performance was analysed and compared in terms of score (theta value), SEM value and their response toward the items selected in CAT using SPSS. Finding shows that the administration of 20 objective items in fixed length CAT produced SEM ≤0.50 indicated that the implemented CAT increased the efficiency of assessment with fewer item administration. The t test showed that there was a significance difference between the two groups’ scores in CAT in which Form 4 students had higher ability level than Form 2 students proving that CAT’s configuration had been done correctly in Concerto and the test was more suitable in challenging Form 2 students’ Science knowledge thus the instrument fulfilled the known-group validity.

Predicting functional outcomes after stroke: an observational study of acute single-channel EEG

ABSTRACTBackground: Early and objective prediction of functional outcome after stroke is an important issue in rehabilitation. Electroencephalography (EEG) has long been utilized to describe and monitor brain function following neuro-trauma, and technological advances have improved usability in the acute setting. However, skepticism persists whether EEG can provide the same prognostic value as neurological examination.Objective: The current cohort study examined the relationship between acute single-channel EEG and functional outcomes after stroke.Methods: Resting-state EEG recorded at a single left pre-frontal EEG channel (FP1) was obtained from 16 adults within 72 h of first stroke. At 30 and 90 days, measures of disability (modified Rankin Scale; mRS) and involvement in daily activities (modified Barthel Index; mBI) were obtained. Acute EEG measures were correlated with functional outcomes and compared to an early neurological examination of stroke severity using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Classification of good outcomes (mRS ≤1 or mBI ≥95) was also examined using Receiver Operator Curve analyses.Results: One-third to one-half of participants experienced incomplete post-stroke recovery, depending on the time point and measure. Functional outcomes correlated with acute theta values (rs 0.45–0.60), with the strength of associations equivalent to previously reported values obtained from conventional multi-channel systems. Acute theta values ≥0.25 were associated with good outcomes, with positive (67-83%) and negative predictive values (70-90%) comparable to those obtained using the NIHSS.Conclusions: Acute, single-channel EEG can provide unique, non-overlapping clinical information, which may facilitate objective prediction of functional outcome after stroke.

Design and development of virtual instrument for fault diagnosis in fractal antenna array

This paper deals with the development of a virtual instrument for fault diagnosis in fractal antenna array using Lab-VIEW software. Faults in antenna array are considered on the basis of the radiation pattern. In this study, theta and gain values of radiation patterns for each fault are used in Lab-VIEW for curve fitting. An artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed for fitted data points using the Leavenberg Marquard algorithm in MATLAB software and mean square error (MSE) is minimized. The designed ANN model has been embedded in the virtual instrument. The proposed virtual instrument system gets test patterns as input and generates output for several faults present in antenna array. Simulated and measured results of the fractal antenna array are validated experimentally. This virtual instrument model has not been developed for fractal antenna array so far.

Dual-layer and dual-polarized metamaterial inspired antenna using circular-complementary split ring resonator mushroom and metasurface for wireless applications

A compact triple-band and dual-polarized metamaterial inspired antenna loaded with a reactive impedance surface (RIS) based metasurface is presented in this work. The dual-band circular polarization (CP) characteristics are obtained by the combination of the conventional slotted patch loaded with circular-complementary split-ring resonator based mushroom stacked with RIS. The CP radiation is generated due to the introduction of asymmetry in the antenna structure results in the splitting of fundamental mode into two orthogonally polarized modes with 90° phase difference at the resonating frequency. The antenna obtains an overall electrical size of 0.27λ0 × 0.27 λ0 × 0.027λ0 with radiating element size of 0.16λ0 × 0.16 λ0 at 1.7 GHz with ka = 0.72. The final antenna prototype is fabricated and measured which covers bandwidths of (1.66–1.72 GHz) 3.52%, (1.94–2.20 GHz) 13% and (3.68–3.87 GHz) 5.02% for the three bands. The antenna exhibits CP radiation at 2.10 GHz and 3.78 GHz with an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 2.85% and 1.85% are obtained for the two bands, respectively. Due to the loading of RIS, the antenna gain enhanced to 1.6 dBi, 4.74 dBic, and 3.28 dBic at the three respective frequencies with an overall area reduction of 52.32% is achieved. The antenna provides a wider AR beamwidth for CP radiation (ARBW < 3) with positive gain values for theta = ±58° and for all phi values at 2.1 GHz. Hence, the proposed antenna can be used for working in 1.7 GHz LTE (1.66–1.72 GHz), 2.2 GHz UMTS (1.94–2.20 GHz), 3.8 GHz WiMAX (3.68–3.87 GHz), and small satellite application systems at 2.1 GHz applications.

Island area, body size and demographic history shape genomic diversity in Darwin's finches and related tanagers.

Genomic diversity is the evolutionary foundation for adaptation to environmental change and thus is essential to consider in conservation planning. Island species are ideal for investigating the evolutionary drivers of genomic diversity, in part because of the potential for biological replicates. Here, we use genome data from 180 individuals spread among 27 island populations from 17 avian species to study the effects of island area, body size, demographic history and conservation status on contemporary genomic diversity. Our study expands earlier work on a small number of neutral loci to the entire genome and from a few species to many. We find significant positive correlation between island size and genomic diversity, a significant negative correlation between body size and genomic diversity, and that historical population declines significantly reduced contemporary genomic diversity. Our study shows that island size is the key factor in determining genomic diversity, indicating that habitat conservation is key to maintaining adaptive potential in the face of global environmental change. We found that threatened species generally had a significantly smaller values of Watterson's theta (θW =4Ne μ) compared to nonthreatened species, suggesting that θW may be useful as a conservation indicator for at-risk species. Overall, these findings (a) provide biological insights into how genomic diversity scales with ecological, morphological and demographic factors; and (b) illustrate how population genomic data can be leveraged to better inform conservation efforts.

Changes and clinical significance of electroencephalogram in patients with acute cerebral infarction

Objective To observe the changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) and its clinical significance in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods From January 2017 to January 2019, 96 patients with acute cerebral infarction treated in Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital were randomly selected as observation group, and 96 healthy persons of the same age from the same period in our hospital were selected as control group.All the participants were given EEG examination.The values of alpha, beta, delta, theta and DTABR were compared between the two groups.The focal cerebral infarction and large area cerebral infarction in observation group were compared.The values of alpha, beta, delta, theta and DTABR of the dead patients were observed, and the factors affecting the prognosis of the patients with good prognosis and poor prognosis were observed.Logistic multivariate regression analysis was carried out with the prognosis of the patients as a strain to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of the patients. Results The values of delta, theta and DTABR of patients in the observation group were (43.26±10.51)Hz, (29.30±9.88)Hz, (1.14±0.40), respectively, which were higher than those in the control group[(22.49±5.37)Hz, (26.42±5.73)Hz, (0.92±0.37)](t=17.243, P=0.000; t=2.471, P=0.014, P=0.014; t=3.956, P=0.000). The alpha and theta of patients with focal cerebral infarction were (15.94±5.33)Hz and (30.76±10.02)Hz, respectively, which were higher than those of patients with large cerebral infarction[(11.37±4.06)Hz and (27.55±7.75)Hz](t=6.683, P=0.000; t=2.483, P=0.014). Delta and DTABR in patients with focal cerebral infarction were (37.42±5.33)Hz and (1.03±0.52)Hz, which were lower than those of patients with massive cerebral infarction[(52.36±5.21)Hz and (1.48±0.45)Hz](t=19.640, P=0.000; t=6.412, P=0.000). There was no significant difference in beta between the two groups (P>0.05). The patients with good prognosis had higher levels of alpha and beta on the affected side[(27.18 ±9.65)Hz and (14.83±5.06)Hz] than those with poor prognosis[(14.06 ±3.94)Hz and 9.03±4.33)Hz](t=8.034, P=0.000; t=5.841, P=0.000). The delta, theta, DTABR of affected side, affected side DTABR/contralateral DTABR were (31.42±9.83)Hz, (32.19 ±8.57)Hz, (0.916±0.371)Hz, (1.051±0.246), respectively, which were lower than those of patients with poor prognosis[(40.13±14.37)Hz, (37.44±10.11)Hz, (1.331±0.712)Hz, (1.376±0.352)](t=3.529, P=0.001; t=2.739, P=0.007; t=3.728, P=0.000; t=5.329, P=0.000). Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the prognosis of patients with acute cerebral infarction.DTABR on the affected/healthy side was the factor influencing the prognosis of patients with acute cerebral infarction. Conclusion EEG in patients with acute cerebral infarction may increase the value of delta, theta and DTABR, and decrease the value of alpha and beta.DTABR in the affected side and the contralateral side is the prognostic factor. Key words: Brain infarction; Electroencephalography; Prognosis; Risk factors; logistic models

Catalytic degradation of methylene blue by iron nanoparticles synthesized using Galinsoga parviflora, Conyza bonariensis and Bidens pilosa leaf extracts

Green synthesized metallic nanoparticles are environmentally friendly, bio-compatible, and highly stable. The aim of this study was to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from FeCl3 solution using aqueous leaf extracts of Galinsoga parviflora (Gp), Conyza bonariensis (Cb) and Bidens pilosa (Bp) and use them in degradation of methylene blue dye. The iron nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR spectrophotometer, X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening for presence of secondary metabolites revealed presence of phenolics, phytosterols and flavonoids. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in Galinsoga parviflora, Conyza bonariensis and Bidens pilosa leaf extracts were 57.67 ± 1.27, 117.13 ± 0.03, 126.27 ± 0.013 mg Gallic Equivalent/g of Dry Weight (mg GAE/g DW) and 39.00 ± 0.56, 45.50 ± 0.59, 33.13 ± 0.81 mg Rutin Equivalent/g of Dry Weight (mg RE/g DW) respectively. The UV–Vis spectrum of FeCl3 had a shoulder at 320 nm, which disappeared upon addition of G. parviflora, C. bonariensis and B. pilosa extracts confirming formation of iron nanoparticles. Evaluation of iron content of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed that the iron content in G. parviflora, C. bonariensis and B. pilosa extracts was 51, 47 and 44% respectively. XRD data revealed presence of a large amorphous coating that masked iron peaks, though 2 theta values observed have been reported to be of iron oxides. Methylene blue degradation studies revealed that CbNPs, BpNPs and GpNPs synthesized were good biocatalysts as they degraded the dye by 86, 84.3 and 92% respectively. Therefore, green synthesized iron nanoparticles is cost effective and environmentally safe in providing insight in the environmental removal of dyes.

Emergent alpha -like fermionic vacuum structure and entanglement in the hyperbolic de Sitter spacetime

We report a non-trivial feature of the vacuum structure of free massive or massless Dirac fields in the hyperbolic de Sitter spacetime. Here we have two causally disconnected regions, say R and L separated by another region, C. We are interested in the field theory in Rcup L to understand the long range quantum correlations between R and L. There are local modes of the Dirac field having supports individually either in R or L, as well as global modes found via analytically continuing the R modes to L and vice versa. However, we show that unlike the case of a scalar field, the analytic continuation does not preserve the orthogonality of the resulting global modes. Accordingly, we need to orthonormalise them following the Gram–Schmidt prescription, prior to the field quantisation in order to preserve the canonical anti-commutation relations. We observe that this prescription naturally incorporates a spacetime independent continuous parameter, theta _{mathrm{RL}}, into the picture. Thus interestingly, we obtain a naturally emerging one-parameter family of alpha -like de Sitter vacua. The values of theta _{mathrm{RL}} yielding the usual thermal spectra of massless created particles are pointed out. Next, using these vacua, we investigate both entanglement and Rényi entropies of either of the regions and demonstrate their dependence on theta _{mathrm{RL}}.

Modified meta-heuristic-oriented compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm for bio-signals

In signal processing, several applications necessitate the efficient reprocessing and representation of data. Compression is the standard approach that is used for effectively representing the signal. In modern era, many new techniques are developed for compression at the sensing level. Compressed sensing (CS) is a rising domain that is on the basis of disclosure, which is a little gathering of a sparse signal’s linear projections including adequate information for reconstruction. The sampling of the signal is permitted by the CS at a rate underneath the Nyquist sampling rate while relying on the sparsity of the signals. Additionally, the reconstruction of the original signal from some compressive measurements can be authentically exploited using the varied reconstruction algorithms of CS. This paper intends to exploit a new compressive sensing algorithm for reconstructing the signal in bio-medical data. For this purpose, the signal can be compressed by undergoing three stages: designing of stable measurement matrix, signal compression and signal reconstruction. In this, the compression stage includes a new working model that precedes three operations. They are signal transformation, evaluation of [Formula: see text] and normalization. In order to evaluate the theta ([Formula: see text]) value, this paper uses the Haar wavelet matrix function. Further, this paper ensures the betterment of the proposed work by influencing the optimization concept with the evaluation procedure. The vector coefficient of Haar wavelet function is optimally selected using a new optimization algorithm called Average Fitness-based Glowworm Swarm Optimization (AF-GSO) algorithm. Finally, the performance of the proposed model is compared over the traditional methods like Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly (FF), Crow Search (CS) and Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO) algorithms.

Synthesis, characterization and wide range frequency and temperature dependent electrical modulus study of LaCrO3 and cobalt (Co) doped LaCrO3 perovskite compounds

We synthesized the undoped lanthanum chromium oxide, LaCrO3 (LCO), and cobalt (Co) doped LaCr1−xCoxO3 (LCCO), (x = 0.01, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30) perovskite compounds using solid-state reaction method. Electrical modulus of the samples was investigated at a wide range frequency and temperature using precision temperature controlled dielectric/impedance spectroscopy in nitrogen ambient. Structural and chemical analyses were carried out using SEM, XRD, FTIR and XPS. SEM images showed that particle sizes are shrinking depend on Co doping ratio. The XRD results revealed that the strongest peak shifts through higher two theta values due to difference ionic radii of Co and Cr. From the FTIR analysis, the bending vibration of O–Cr–O bonding and stretching vibration of Cr–O bonding were observed 600–530 cm−1 and 500–450 cm−1 band regions, respectively. Our XPS studies have exhibited that the oxidation state of Cr is mixed with metallic (0), (3+), (4+) and (6+), Co has (2+) and (3+) oxidation states and La has only (3+) oxidation state. Frequency-dependent real and imaginary part of electrical modulus characteristics were performed for all samples and the results showed that there are two relaxation processes taking place at the grain and grain boundary, for LCO, 1% and 10% Co doped LCO samples. Nonetheless, 15, 20 and 30% Co doped LCO samples demonstrate three relaxation processes, which are due to the dc conductivity, grain and grain boundary. The activation energy of the samples were calculated using log (fmax) & 1000/T plot and the results showed that the activation energy highly depends on the Co doping ratio.

Arrhenius Plot Analysis, Temperature Coefficient and Q10 Value Estimation for the Effect of Temperature on the Growth Rate on Acrylamide by the Antarctic Bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Strain DRYJ7

Several models are available to model the effect of temperature on the growth rate of microorganism on substrates. One of the models is Arrhenius and is very popular due to it having few parameters. An apparent activation energy based on the Arrhenius plot on the growth on acrylamide by Pseudomonas sp. strain DRYJ7 on acrylamide is reported for the first time. The bacterium was grown in minimal salts media supplemented with 1000 mg/L of acrylamide as a nitrogen source and glucose as the carbon source. The plot of ln m (specific growth rate) against 1/T for growth on acrylamide was carried out spanning the range of temperature from 10 to 35 oC. Regression analysis from 10–20 oC results in an activation energy of 14.96 kJ mol-1. A relative 10 ˚C increase in the surrounding temperature, usually results in doubling the reaction rate, with corresponding Q10 value of 1.8, which is the approximate value for a number of biological reactions. The Q10 values, determined from the Arrhenius plot of 2.17 and a theta value of 1.03 obtained in this work, are within the normal range for many biological values. This is the first time that values for the activation energy, Q10 and theta for the growth of a bacterium on acrylamide is reported.

P07-F Event related EEG brain oscillations differentiate cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Background Studies on Event Related EEG Brain Oscillations presented essential results on the understanding of cognitive brain function and cognitive decline in different pathologies. Event related oscillatory dynamics in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have not been studied comprehensively. In the last three years, our group aimed to fulfill this critical gap. Material and methods 27 PD patients without cognitive deficits, 34 PD patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, 22 patients with PD Dementia and 33 healthy controls were included in the study.EEG was recorded during visual and auditory oddball paradigEvent related power spectrum, phase locking, event related coherence were evaluated in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands for all group of subjects. Results Event related delta, theta, alpha and beta power and phase locking increased with a cognitive load in healthy subjects but these responses decreased in PD patients who have mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Event related delta, theta, and alpha coherence values were also lower in PD patients with cognitive deficits. The most differentiated results were found in the theta frequency band, frontal theta responses were the lowest in PD patients with dementia especially during the visual paradigm rather than the auditory paradigm. Conclusions Comprehensive analysis of Event-related oscillatory dynamics could successfully differentiate the cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease patients. The differentiation between subject groups did not just appear in local circuits, but long distance connections were also impaired in PD patients with cognitive decline. Acknowledgments This work (Grant No. 214S111 ) was supported by TUBITAK .

Influence of chicken growth hormone (cGH) SNP genotypes on morphometric and growth traits of three chicken breeds in Nigeria.

This study was conducted to identify the diversity of chicken growth hormone (cGH) single nucleotide polymorphs’ (SNP) and their association on morphometric and growth traits of three Nigerian chicken breeds namely Funaab Alpha (FA), Shikabrown (SB) and Nigerian local chicken (NLC). Morphometric traits measured include shank length (cm), breast girth (cm) and breast width (cm) while growth traits measured were final body weight, av. weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio all at laying stages respectively. Morphometric and growth traits were significantly influenced (P less than 0.05) between the different breeds. The SNP panel showed two base pair substitution mutation (GT and CA) on locus 5 chromosome for the FA and locus 6 chromosome for the SB and NLC respectively. The G – T alignment produced genotypes GG and GT, with TT not observed. Also C – A alignment produced genotypes CC and CA, with AA not observed. The NLC breed had the highest number of haplotypes of 6 while FA and SB had 4 haplotypes each implying that the local breed had more allelic variation than the other two breeds. Also FA had heterozygosity of 0.48 while SB and NLC had a value of 0.44, indicating higher genetic variability of FA breed than the rest with negative theta value (-0.0843) of F-statistics indicating high level of outbreeding. The conducted association of SNP genotypes showed no significant association effects (P&gt;0.05) on the morphometric traits, except for SB breed where CA genotypes was significantly associated with CC for bodyweight, and in NLC breed where CC genotype was also significantly associated with CA genotypes for shank length.

Electroencephalography quadratic phase self-coupling correlates with consciousness states and restoration in patients with disorders of consciousness

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the role for quadratic phase coupling within electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations in the diagnosis of consciousness and consciousness restoration for disorders of consciousness (DOC). MethodsFifty-one DOC patients were enrolled in this study. For each patient, a Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) score and 20-min resting-state EEG were recorded. Consciousness recovery was assessed with a CRS-R score at a three-month follow-up. Twenty healthy subjects were included as controls. General harmonic wavelet transform-based bicoherence was used to quantify the quadratic phase coupling characteristics of the EEG oscillations. ResultsQuadratic phase self-coupling (QPSC) at the delta (QPSC_delta), theta (QPSC_theta) and alpha (QPSC_alpha) bands were closely correlated with patient CRS-R scores. Particularly, the QPSC_theta value could significantly differentiate between vegetative state (VS) patients, minimally conscious state (MCS) patients and healthy control subjects. As compared to VS patients, patients with MCS had a lower QPSC_theta value on the left as well as a higher QPSC_alpha value in right frontal regions. The frontal QPSC_theta value showed significant differences between recovered and unrecovered patients. ConclusionQPSC characteristics could differentiate between consciousness states and show a predictive ability for the recovery of consciousness in DOC patients. SignificanceChanges in QPSC accompany consciousness injury and restoration in DOC patients. A QPSC assessment is helpful in the diagnosis and prognosis of DOC patients.

Pengaruh Jumlah Input Dan Membership Function Fuzzy Logic Control Pada Robot Keseimbangan Beroda Dua

In this paper, a dynamic model of two-wheeled balancing robot has been created, and the two types of FLC has been designed. The Mamdani methods used on both FLC. The first FLC uses pendulum tilt angle theta (?) as the input and it requires the motor torque to keep the robot remains balanced as the output. The second FLC uses two inputs, the first input is theta (?) and the second input is the change in the value of theta (?) which is the output torque of the motor. The second plant model and FLC built by using Matlab Simulink. The first case is one input using 5 membership functions (mf). The second case is two inputs using the 5 and 7 mf. The characteristics and effects of the changes in the input and mf have been simulated in the Simulink and compared. By expanding the number of the inputs can reduce motor specification required in balancing robot. Meanwhile, by increasing the number mf, it can improve the performance of the controller much faster to reach the settling time.