Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion Research Articles

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Approach for Microbial Shift Analysis in Thermophilic and Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestions.

To determine the evolution of microbial community and microbial shift under anaerobic processes, this study investigates the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In the DGGE, short- and medium-sized DNA fragments are separated based on their melting characteristics, and this technique is used in this study to understand the dominant bacterial community in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion processes. Dairy manure is known for emitting greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane, and GHG emissions from manure is a biological process that is largely dependent on the manure conditions, microbial community presence in manure, and their functions. Additional efforts are needed to understand the GHG emissions from manure and develop control strategies to minimize the biological GHG emissions from manure. To study the microbial shift during anaerobic processes responsible for GHG emission, we conducted a series of manure anaerobic digestion experiments, and these experiments were conducted in lab-scale reactors operated under various temperature conditions (28 °C, 36 °C, 44 °C, and 52 °C). We examined the third variable region (V3) of the 16S rRNA gene fingerprints of bacterial presence in anaerobic environment by PCR amplification and DGGE separation. Results showed that bacterial community was affected by the temperature conditions and anaerobic incubation time of manure. The microbial community structure of the original manure changed over time during anaerobic processes, and the community composition changed substantially with the temperature of the anaerobic process. At Day 0, the sequence similarity confirmed that most of the bacteria were similar (>95%) to Acinetobacter sp. (strain: ATCC 31012), a Gram-negative bacteria, regardless of temperature conditions. At day 7, the sequence similarity of DNA fragments of reactors (28 °C) was similar to Acinetobacter sp.; however, the DNA fragments of effluent of reactors at 44 °C and 52 °C were similar to Coprothermobacter proteolyticus (strain: DSM 5265) (similarity: 97%) and Tepidimicrobium ferriphilum (strain: DSM 16624) (similarity: 100%), respectively. At day 60, the analysis showed that DNA fragments of effluent of 28 °C reactor were similar to Galbibacter mesophilus (strain: NBRC 10162) (similarity: 87%), and DNA fragments of effluent of 36 °C reactors were similar to Syntrophomonas curvata (strain: GB8-1) (similarity: 91%). In reactors with a relatively higher temperature, the DNA fragments of effluent of 44 °C reactor were similar to Dielma fastidiosa (strain: JC13) (similarity: 86%), and the DNA fragments of effluent of 52 °C reactor were similar to Coprothermobacter proteolyticus (strain: DSM 5265) (similarity: 99%). To authors' knowledge, this is one of the few studies where DGGE-based approach is utilized to study and compare microbial shifts under mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestions of manure simultaneously. While there were challenges in identifying the bands during gradient gel electrophoresis, the joint use of DGGE and sequencing tool can be potentially useful for illustrating and comparing the change in microbial community structure under complex anaerobic processes and functionality of microbes for understanding the consequential GHG emissions from manure.

Ammonia stripping by in situ biogas self-circulation to upgrade continuous thermophilic and mesophilic digestion of hydrothermal high-solid sludge

High-solid anaerobic digestion of hydrothermal sewage sludge has been developed. In order to upgrade the process by focusing on ammonia inhibition, a simply-equipped stripping system without additional alkali or heat supply was introduced by in situ biogas self-circulation. As the determined limit of total ammonia nitrogen at 1500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L for the mesophilic (MAD) and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) respectively and stripping rate at 5 L/min, continuous MAD and TAD was conducted in parallel. The stripping system successfully polished up the ammonia inhibition, and methanogenic capability of the TAD was promoted to approximately 90.0 % of the potential. Intermittent stripping mode proved usable. More frequent stripping was inevitable for the TAD as compared to the MAD. Hydraulic retention time below 20 d resulted in failure of the stripping mode due to rapid ammonia generation. Overall, this technology was practical in upgrading high-solid sludge digestion by effective ammonia control.

Different effects of mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion on subsequent pyrolysis: Characteristics, kinetics and thermodynamic analysis

Anaerobic digestion (AD) combined with pyrolysis has been used as an innovative sludge-to-energy process that enhances energy recovery. This study investigated the different impacts of mesophilic and thermophilic AD on subsequent pyrolysis. The pyrolysis characteristics, kinetics, and thermodynamics of raw sludge (RS) and digested sludge (DS) after both mesophilic and thermophilic AD were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and three kinetic models (Starink, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose). TGA results indicated that thermophilic AD reduced the weight loss from 71.2-75.6 % for RS to 55.0–59.1 % for DS, more considerably than mesophilic AD (reducing from 70.6-75.2 % to 61.3–69.5 %), indicating higher organic matter removal. Kinetic analysis showed that the activation energy (E) of RS and DS pyrolysis ranged from 128.9 to 399.9 kJ/mol and 117.3 to 470.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Mesophilic AD generally increased the E, while thermophilic AD did not markedly alter E at low conversion rates (0.2–0.5) but increased it at high conversion rates (0.6–0.8), changing from 203.7–399.9 kJ/mol for RS to 248.9–470.4 kJ/mol for DS. Thermodynamic analysis showed that mesophilic AD generally enhanced pyrolysis favorability and reactivity but impeded activated complex formation. Thermophilic AD enhanced favorability and favored complex formation at low conversion rates but hindered it at high conversion rates. Reactivity varied with thermophilic AD extent, with excessive AD reducing reactivity. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that AD, on the one hand, decomposed biodegradable organics into low-molecular-weight organics, retained them in the DS, and facilitated subsequent pyrolysis. On the other hand, AD could accumulate large bio-refractory molecules, rendering DS less prone to pyrolytic decomposition. This effect of thermophilic AD was more significant than that of mesophilic AD. Given more favorable change was observed in kinetics and thermodynamics at lower conversion rates, low-temperature pyrolysis to produce biochar might be a promising strategy for DS treatment. The insights gained in this study may guide the optimization of AD conditions to maximize the efficiency of subsequent pyrolysis, providing more insight into the thermochemical conversion of DS and pyrolysis design.

Unveiling the bioaugmentation mechanism of Clostridium thermopalmarium HK1 enhancing methane production in thermophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

To enhance methane production and ensure system stability in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of food waste (FW), bioaugmentation is a straightforward and effective strategy. This study investigated the bioaugmentation effect of Clostridium thermopalmarium HK1 on the TAD of FW. The results showed that the cumulative methane production (CMP) and the average methane content after bioaugmentation increased by 23.67% and 22.69%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of C. thermopalmarium HK1 contributed to alleviating ammonia inhibition and promoting volatile fatty acids (VFAs) conversion, thus maintaining the system stability. The dominant hydrolytic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were enriched in the early stage after bioaugmentation. The genus Clostridium was positively correlated with methane content. Metagenomic analysis further suggested that methane metabolism was strengthened, and the relative abundances of genes encoding the key functional enzymes associated with hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenic pathways were enhanced. Therefore, bioaugmentation with C. thermopalmarium HK1 had great potential for improving the efficiency of the TAD of FW.

Temperature-phased anaerobic sludge digestion effectively removes antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

Sludge is a major by-product and the final reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD), consisting of thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) (55 °C) and mesophilic AD processes (37 °C), has been implemented in WWTPs for sludge reduction while improving the biomethane production. However, the impact of TPAD on the ARGs' fate is still undiscovered in lab-scale experiments and full-scale WWTPs. This study, for the first time, investigated the fate of ARGs during the TPAD process across three seasons in a full-size WWTP. Ten typical ARGs and one integrase gene of class 1 integron (intI1) involving ARGs horizontal gene transfer were examined in sludge before and after each step of the TPAD process. TPAD reduced aac(6′)-Ib-cr, blaTEM, drfA1, sul1, sul2, ermb, mefA, tetA, tetB and tetX by 87.3–100.0 %. TPAD reduced the overall average absolute abundance of targeted ARGs and intI1 by 92.39 % and 92.50 %, respectively. The abundance of targeted ARGs in sludge was higher in winter than in summer and autumn before and after TPAD. During the TPAD processes, thermophilic AD played a major role in the removal of ARGs, contributing to >60 % removal of ARGs, while the subsequent mesophilic AD contributed to a further 31 % removal of ARGs. The microbial community analysis revealed that thermophilic AD reduced the absolute abundance of ARGs hosts, antibiotic resistant bacteria. In addition, thermophilic AD reduced the abundance of the intI1, while the intI1 did not reproduce during the mesophilic AD, also contributing to a decline in the absolute abundance of ARGs in TPAD. This study demonstrates that TPAD can effectively reduce the abundance of ARGs in sludge, which will suppress the transmission of ARGs from sludge into the natural environment and deliver environmental and health benefits to our society.

열적-알칼리성 전처리 유무에 따른 폴리하이드록시부티레이트의 고온 혐기성 소화 영향 연구

열적-알칼리성 전처리 유무에 따른 폴리하이드록시부티레이트의 고온 혐기성 소화 영향 연구

Optimisation of Biogas Production in the Co-Digestion of Pre-Hydrodynamically Cavitated Aerobic Granular Sludge with Waste Fats

The characteristics of excess aerobic granular sludge, related to its structure and chemical composition, limit the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. For this reason, pre-treatment methods and compositions with other organic substrates are used. In earlier work, no attempt was made to intensify the methane fermentation of the excess aerobic granular sludge by adding fatty waste materials. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of co-digestion of pre-hydrodynamically cavitated aerobic granular sludge with waste fats on the efficiency of methane fermentation under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The addition of waste fats improved the C/N ratio and increased its value to 19. Under mesophilic conditions, the highest effects were observed when the proportion of volatile solids from waste fats was 25%. The amount of biogas produced increased by 17.85% and CH4 by 19.85% compared to the control. The greatest effects were observed in thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55 °C, where a 15% waste fat content in volatile solids was ensured. This resulted in the production of 1278.2 ± 40.2 mL/gVS biogas and 889.4 ± 29.7 mL/gVS CH4. The CH4 content of the biogas was 69.6 ± 1.3%. The increase in biogas and CH4 yield compared to pure aerobic granular sludge anaerobic digestion was 34.4% and 40.1%, respectively. An increase in the proportion of waste fats in the substrate had no significant effect on the efficiency of methane fermentation. Strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.9) were observed between biogas and CH4 production and the C/N ratio and VS concentration.

Application of anaerobic digestion model No. 1 on thermophilic anaerobic digestion with microbial immobilization media for biogas production from sugarcane vinasse

Anaerobic Digestion Model no.1 (ADM1) for the "Mixed Reactor Compartment" of AQUASIM with modified kinetic parameters was proven to be effective in predicting the behavior of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) equipped with unwoven textile as the microbial immobilization media. The modified kinetic parameters implied higher microbial growth rate constants in the CSTR with microbial immobilization media than the CSTR without media. The 16 s rRNA assay confirmed the inferences on the physical interpretation of the kinetic parameters. Microbial immobilization media shifted the initially homogeneous microbial composition in the CSTR’s bulk liquid into methanogenic dominance in the biofilm attached to the media and acidogenic dominance in the liquid bulk after 90 days of operation. The remarkable finding of this study was that the segregated microorganisms indicated a beneficial micro-environment for both acidogenic and methanogenic populations to have favorable conditions for each of them. ADM1 well predicted the effect of this segregation with modified kinetic parameters and confirmed by the 16 s rRNA assay on the reactor’s liquid and biofilm samples.

Metabolism of novel potential syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria in thermophilic methanogenic chemostats.

Acetate is a major intermediate in the anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce CH4. In methanogenic systems, acetate degradation is carried out by either acetoclastic methanogenesis or syntrophic degradation by acetate oxidizers and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Due to challenges in the isolation of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria (SAOB), the diversity and metabolism of SAOB and the mechanisms of their interactions with methanogenic partners are not fully characterized. In this study, the in situ activity and metabolic characteristics of potential SAOB and their interactions with methanogens were elucidated through metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. In addition to the reported SAOB classified in the genera Tepidanaerobacter, Desulfotomaculum, and Thermodesulfovibrio, we identified a number of potential SAOB that are affiliated with Clostridia, Thermoanaerobacteraceae, Anaerolineae, and Gemmatimonadetes. The potential SAOB possessing the glycine-mediated acetate oxidation pathway dominates SAOB communities. Moreover, formate appeared to be the main product of the acetate degradation by the most active potential SAOB. We identified the methanogen partner of these potential SAOB in the acetate-fed chemostat as Methanosarcina thermophila. The dominated potential SAOB in each chemostat had similar metabolic characteristics, even though they were in different fatty-acid-fed chemostats. These novel syntrophic lineages are prevalent and may play critical roles in thermophilic methanogenic reactors. This study expands our understanding of the phylogenetic diversity and in situ biological functions of uncultured syntrophic acetate degraders and presents novel insights into how they interact with methanogens.IMPORTANCECombining reactor operation with omics provides insights into novel uncultured syntrophic acetate degraders and how they perform in thermophilic anaerobic digesters. This improves our understanding of syntrophic acetate degradation and contributes to the background knowledge necessary to better control and optimize anaerobic digestion processes.

Numerical framework for anaerobic digestion and/or composting of bioplastics and organic waste performance evaluation under real-like large scale operating conditions

Bioplastics are newly designed and developed plastic materials to meet the criteria of sustainability and sustainable development that present the following characteristics: biobased, biodegradable or both properties. They include a whole family of materials with different properties and applications. Bioplastics certified as biodegradable and/or compostable, according to the regulatory plan of Italy and other countries around the world, must be collected with organic waste and follow the same end-of-life path, i.e., organic recycling processes in anaerobic digestion and/or industrial composting plants. However, it should be noted that they are certified according to tests carried out under standardized optimal degradation conditions, that is, conditions that are not always the same as those found in the operation of anaerobic digestion and composting plants. Improper management of these materials can become an increasing problem as their continued widespread use will require large volumes of these materials to be treated in facilities that are not designed to biodegrade bioplastics, resulting in potential contamination of large volumes of undegraded bioplastics in digestate and/or compost produced in the treatment of conventional organic waste. The purpose of this work is to investigate the degradation of the most popular bioplastics currently collected with organic waste through separate collection under the actual operating conditions of waste recycling plants operating through biodegradation processes. Specifically, using both studies conducted at the laboratory scale and evidence of biodegradation plant configuration and operation at the real scale, the Aspen Pus V12 program was used to model and simulate an anaerobic digestion process integrated with a composting process. This evaluated the level of biodegradation, expressed as a percentage of degraded mass, as a function of the implemented process conditions such as temperature and hydraulic residence time (HRT). The bioplastics that have been focused on, certified as compostable, are PLA (rigid disposable containers: cups) and starch-based shopping bags (SBS). The results achieved show that through an anaerobic digestion process alone, after 28 days in thermophilic conditions, PLA can degrade by 42%, and SBS by 44%.The integrated anaerobic/aerobic process provides a biodegradation performance allows 85% and 56% for SBS and PLA, respectively, in case the biopolymers are subjected to 28 days of thermophilic anaerobic digestion and 90 days of composting.

Evaluating the potential of different bioaugmented strains to enhance methane production during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

Bioaugmentation technology for improving the performance of thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of food waste (FW) treatment is gaining more attention. In this study, four thermophilic strains (Ureibacillus suwonensis E11, Clostridium thermopalmarium HK1, Bacillus thermoamylovorans Y25 and Caldibacillus thermoamylovorans QK5) were inoculated in the TAD of FW system, and the biochemical methane potential (BMP) batch study was conducted to assess the potential of different bioaugmented strains to enhance methane production. The results showed that the cumulative methane production in groups inoculated with E11, HK1, Y25 and QK5 improved by 2.05%, 14.54%, 19.79% and 9.17%, respectively, compared with the control group with no inoculation. Moreover, microbial community composition analysis indicated that the relative abundance of the main hydrolytic bacteria and/or methanogenic archaea was increased after bioaugmentation, and the four strains successfully became representative bacterial biomarkers in each group. The four strains enhanced methane production by strengthening starch, sucrose, galactose, pyruvate and methane metabolism functions. Further, the correlation networks demonstrated that the representative bacterial genera had positive correlations with the differential metabolic functions in each bioaugmentation group. This study provides new insights into the TAD of FW with bioaugmented strains.

Synergistic bioaugmentation with Clostridium thermopalmarium and Caldibacillus thermoamylovorans improved methane production from thermophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

Microbial bioaugmentation is a promising strategy to increase methane production in thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD). In this study, Clostridium thermopalmarium HK1 and Caldibacillus thermoamylovorans QK5 were combined to form a combined microbial inoculant, and the influence of this synergistic bioaugmentation strategy on the TAD of food waste was explored in batch and semi-continuous experiments. The cumulative methane production reached 512.74 ± 8.12 NmL g−1 VS with the addition of the combined microbial inoculant, which was increased by 24.77 % ± 1.98 % compared to the control group, and the bioaugmentation effect was significantly better than that of the group inoculated with C. thermopalmarium HK1 (458.44 ± 4.80 NmL g−1 VS, 11.56 % ± 1.17 %) or C. thermoamylovorans QK5 (478.74 ± 5.73 NmL g−1 VS, 16.50 % ± 1.39 %) individually. The addition of the combined microbial inoculant particularly enriched carbohydrate-degrading bacteria and protein-degrading bacteria. In terms of metabolic functions, bioaugmentation with the combined microbial inoculant enhanced carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and methane metabolism, promoting the complete oxidation of organic matter into CO2 via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and driving the conversion of CO2 to methane. In particular, the synergistic effect of C. thermopalmarium HK1 and C. thermoamylovorans QK5 in the combined microbial inoculant resulted in notably increases in the bioaugmentation of carbohydrate and protein degradation, the TCA cycle, and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.

Magnetite-boosted syntrophic conversion of acetate to methane during thermophilic anaerobic digestion.

Using a batch thermophilic anaerobic system established with 60 mL serum bottles, the mechanism on how microbial enrichments obtained from magnetite-amended paddy soil via repeated batch cultivation affected methane production from acetate was investigated. Magnetite-amended enrichments (MAEs) can improve the methane production rate rather than the methane yield. Compared with magnetite-unamended enrichments, the methane production rate in MAE was improved by 50%, concomitant with the pronounced electrochemical response, high electron transfer capacity, and fast acetate degradation. The promoting effects might be ascribed to direct interspecies electron transfer facilitated by magnetite, where magnetite might function as electron conduits to link the acetate oxidizers (Anaerolineaceae and Peptococcaceae) with methanogens (Methanosarcinaceae). The findings demonstrated the potential application of MAE for boosting methanogenic performance during thermophilic anaerobic digestion.

Metagenomic comparison of effects of mesophilic and thermophilic manure anaerobic digestion on antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements

This study evaluated the long-term effects of mesophilic (MAD) and thermophilic (TAD) anaerobic digestion on the fate and evolution of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in cattle manure following a metagenomic approach. The results indicated that MAD and TAD lowered ARG levels in fresh cattle manure by over 50 % and MGEs by over 65 %. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the MAD and TAD processes in terms of their ability to reduce ARG and MGE. Co-occurrence analysis suggested facultative anaerobic species belonging to the Bacillota and Actinomycetota phyla as the primary potential hosts of ARGs and MGEs. Analyses of co-assembled contigs revealed the presence of transposon and toxin-antitoxin systems in close proximity to ARGs typically found in anaerobic digesters. The identification of these systems near ARGs is particularly significant, as it highlights a potential mechanism for the persistence and spread of ARGs in such environments. Overall, the results indicated that digested cattle manure (whether under mesophilic or thermophilic conditions) would pose a much lower risk of dissemination of antimicrobial resistance than untreated manures. Since TAD did not outperform MAD at reducing ARGs and MGEs, thermophilic temperatures may not be necessary to improve ARG reduction rates in cattle manure AD. These valuable insights could help develop strategies to reduce the dissemination of antibiotic resistance due to manure treatment and disposal.

Restoring the Stability of Long-Term Operated Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Maize Straw by Supplying Trace Elements

Maize straw has been widely used for the production of energy through anaerobic digestion, but biogas production can be hindered by a lack of trace elemental nutrients. To address this issue, a lab-scale anaerobic plug flow reactor was continuously operated at 55 °C for 300 days, with a hydraulic retention time of 42 days and an organic loading rate of 2.1 g total solids/(L·day). Results from this study showed that between days 101 and 194, the methane yield slightly decreased from 0.26 ± 0.04 to 0.24 ± 0.03 L/g volatile solids (VS), but significant volatile fatty acid accumulation was observed by reaching up to 2759 ± 261 mg/L. After trace elements were added to the reactor, the methane yield increased to 0.30 ± 0.03 L/g VS, with 53% methane content. Around 62% of the total chemical oxygen demand and volatile solids were broken down into methane. Volatile fatty acid levels dropped and stabilized at around 210 ± 50 mg/L, indicating restored process stability. The addition of trace elements increased the abundance of Firmicutes and decreased Synergistetes in bacteria while simultaneously increasing the abundance of Methanosarcina in archaea. In conclusion, trace element supplementation was experimentally found to be necessary for stable thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw.

Ecotoxicological assessment of waste-derived organic fertilizers and long-term monitoring of fertilized soils using a multi-matrix and multi-species approach

The present study investigates the ecotoxicity of 7 biofertilizers, including biowaste-derived organic matrices. Real-field tests were conducted to assess the impacts of soil fertilization with sewage sludge digestate from high-solid thermophilic anaerobic digestion (HSTAD) compared to those obtained on non-amended and urea-fertilized soils. The physical-chemical and ecotoxic impact of HSTAD digestate on soil was monitored for 12 months, at 5 time points and 2 soil depths, on a maize field divided in 3 portions (non-treated, fertilized with urea, amended with digestate). The chemical and physical characteristics of the soil were previously analyzed for 3 years to provide a long-term outlook of the impacts of biofertilizer application. Seven bioindicators were utilized for direct (on whole soil) and indirect (on soil elutriates) ecotoxicological tests on fertilizers and amended soils, including plant seeds (Lepidium sativum, Sorghum saccharatum, and Sinapsis alba), the aquatic organism Daphnia magna, the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, the luminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, and the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. No serious negative effects on soil fertilized with HSTAD digestate were evidenced. Conversely, bioassays rather showed positive effects, encouraging the utilization of HSTAD digestate in agriculture, considering the proper concentrations of use. The obtained data were interpolated and a test battery integrated index was generated, confirming the absence of ecotoxicological risk for the soils amended with the applied fertilizers. The long-term evolution of the physical-chemical soil characteristics (including the concentrations of potential contaminants) was similar for both HSTAD digestate and urea application as well as for non-fertilized soil, indicating no negative effects due to digestate application on land. On the contrary, digestate application improved the content of stabilized organic matter and nutrients in soil. This study proposes a more correct approach to ecotoxicity assessment of fertilized soils for biofertilizer evaluation and demonstrates the long-term safe application of HSTAD digestate on agricultural soil.

Biodegradability of PBAT/PLA coated paper and bioplastic bags under anaerobic digestion

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) are two of biodegradable plastics with the highest production capacities in 2021. Bioplastic waste management can be easily integrated with organic waste management, especially when bioplastics are used as food packaging material, since they are potentially biodegradable. The aim of this study was to assess the biodegradability of biodegradable polymer-coated paper (BPCP) and bioplastic bags made from PBAT/PLA blend during mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) and to reveal the changes in the physicochemical properties of the bioplastics. BPCP obtained 155 NmL-CH4/g VS and 307.3 NmL-CH4/g VS under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively, but left bioplastic film residues. The bioplastic bags did not exhibit significant biodegradation during the AD processes. 1H NMR results indicated that the ratio of PLA to PBAT decreased significantly after AD of the BPCP film and that PLA monomers were formed from the bioplastic bags, leading to a decrease in the hydrophobicity on the surfaces of the materials. Methanoculleus was found to be enriched on the bioplastic surface after mesophilic AD. From the perspective of coupling bioplastic waste management with the food waste management, the incorporation of BPCP into the AD reactor not only enhances system stability and methane production to a greater extent than biodegradable plastic bags but also raises concerns regarding the residual biofilm when utilizing the digestate for direct land applications.

Functionalized polyethyleneimine grafted magnetic biochar for facilitating in-situ CO2 conversion to improve methane production in thermophilic anaerobic digestion

Redundant CO2 produced during wet anaerobic digestion (AD) needs proper in-situ minimization, in which the amino groups in polyethyleneimine (PEI) can react with CO2 to form bicarbonate by diffusing into the liquid phase. Hence, the addition of PEI-grafted material may provide a novel way to in-situ supplement bicarbonate in the AD system, which could further improve the buffer capacity and promote syntrophic methanogenesis. In this study, different CO2 adsorbents prepared by grafting PEI or epoxide-functionalized PEI (FPEI) on alkali-magnetic biochar were used to investigate the in-situ application feasibility. A series of weight loadings of the FPEI to alkali-magnetic biochar (10BFP = 1:10, 5BFP = 1:5, 2BFP = 1:2, and BFP = 1:1) were evaluated in batch AD tests. Fumed silica was also used as an unconducive solid support material for FPEI grafting. After adding 5BFP, the methane production significantly increased by 17.8 %, along with an increased CH4/CO2 ratio from 181.7 % to 219.6 %. The bicarbonate generated by PEI/FPEI facilitated the degradation of volatile fatty acids by enhancing syntrophic reactions. The increased relative abundance of the genera Acetomicrobium, Thermovirga, and Methanosarcina indicates that FPEI improved the stability of the AD system. The 5BFP adsorbent could play a similar role as the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, with lower dosages favouring methane production.

Enhancing kitchen waste minimization and energy generation at 20 °C: a psychrophilic anaerobic co‐digestion study

AbstractBackgroundIn developing countries, anaerobic digestion still represents an emerging technology for solid waste management, despite the great energy potential of methane in biogas for heating purposes, especially in low‐temperature regions. This research evaluated the effect of hydraulic retention time (40–120 days) on the anaerobic co‐digestion of 35% w/w waste activated sludge and 65% w/w organic kitchen waste at a low temperature (20 °C). The anaerobic co‐digestion was conducted in five 11‐L semicontinuous anaerobic digesters. Additionally, the expected energy production from organic kitchen waste was calculated.ResultsThe specific methane yield (SMY) ranged from 0.20 to 0.27 LCH4 g‐VSadd−1, comparable to the SMY reported for meso‐ and thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the expected energy production was 1.06 MJ day−1 of equivalent liquefied petroleum gas, which could satisfy ≤6.6% of the daily water heating requirements of an average Mexican household. The hydraulic retention time in the range of 60–120 days did not seem to significantly affect the performance of the digesters.ConclusionsThese digesters could easily be installed in low temperature regions for domestic use. The waste activated sludge substrate can be replaced with other nitrogen‐rich substances for indoor use. The data shown in this research set the basis for further investigations and domestic applications. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Biocatalyst enhanced biogas production from food and fruit waste through anaerobic digestion

In recent years, the world has faced the adverse effects of global warming and waste management issues. Food waste is one of the major constituents of solid waste. Currently, the world is in the throes of finding an alternative source of fossil fuels, which could lower the energy demand and bring about a pollution-free environment. The stability of anaerobic digestion is significantly influenced by trace elements (TE), which are micronutrients for microbes. Experimental measurements were made of the effects of trace metals (cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), magnetite (Fe2+Fe3+2O4) and biochar) on mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. The study's major significance is identifying the potential catalyst for the anaerobic digestion system and achieving the best production efficiency. Adding micronutrients increased biogas generation, but it was hampered by the excessive addition of trace metalsthe excessive addition of trace metals hampered it. More biogas was produced when Co was added. We have achieved 42% of methane production with 28 days of hydraulic retention time. The findings can provide quantitative data on the replenishment of trace metals for efficient anaerobic digestion. This work presents novel information about the trace elements and their enhancement inside the biodigester for kitchen and fruit wastes.