Temperature Gradient Research Articles

Simulation study on breakdown evolution of tri-post insulator under electric-mechanical-thermal stresses in 1100 kV HVAC-GIL

Due to the presence of electric-mechanical-thermal stress, inner cracks and reduced adhesion strength between metal and epoxy can cause the breakdown of a tri-post insulator in the GIL. In this study, a simulation model was developed to investigate the breakdown evolution of the tri-post insulator subjected to combined electrical, mechanical, and thermal stresses. Various temperature gradients and defect positions were considered, along with the application of an AC voltage of 1100 kV. At room temperature, the tri-post insulator undergoes considerable residual internal stress of up to 35 MPa, primarily concentrated around the conductor and inserts, thereby accelerating the breakdown process. The temperature gradient across the insulator post has a notable impact on breakdown characteristics. Specifically, when the conductor temperature increases from 25 °C to 125 °C, the breakdown time of the insulator with the HV side defect increases by 83.1 %, while the damaged area reduces by 41.9 %. This is attributed to the release of the residual internal stress and the reduction of strain energy. When the defect is located at the GND side, the breakdown channel forms more rapidly, and the impact of temperature gradient on the breakdown process is weakened, because the tensile stress is high but the temperature is low around the GND inserts. The outcomes of this study are hoped to enhance understanding and enable the prediction of insulation breakdown behaviors in practical projects.

Magnon bands and transverse transport in a proposed two-dimensional [formula omitted] ferrimagnet

The copper fluoride Cu2F5 is a proposed stable compound that can be seen as a layered lattice of S=1 and S=1/2 sites, corresponding to copper ions. Intending to cast light on the transport properties of ferrimagnetic magnons, we use the linear spin wave approach to study the magnon band structure of the 2D lattice in a ferrimagnetic off-plane order, as well as the transverse transport of magnons in the crystal bulk. A magnetic field or temperature gradient can induce transverse (Hall-like) transport within the linear response theory generated by the Berry curvature of the eigenstates. As in most cases involving magnons, the Berry curvature is related to Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions between next-near-neighbors The band structure of the system is non-degenerate and the transport coefficients are non-null. The novel and interesting feature of the system is that, within certain conditions, the transport coefficients versus temperature curves are non-monotonic and present a sign change, opening the exciting possibility of controlling the transverse magnon flow direction and magnitude with the temperature change.

Temperature and Pressure Prediction of Offshore High CO2-Content Associated Gas Lift and Analysis of Influencing Factors

With the continuous injection of CO2 into the reservoir, a portion of the sequestered CO2 is co-produced with crude oil, resulting in a significant concentration of CO2 in the associated gas. Utilizing high CO2-content associated gas for offshore gas lift operations improves the reutilization of such gas and reduces costs related to sourcing and transporting it. To ensure smooth activation of the gas lift valve, conducting a thorough study on temperature and pressure within the wellbore during the gas lift process is essential. This study developed a dynamic model for calculating the transient temperature and pressure within offshore gas lift wellbores and fitted equations to calculate the physical properties of high CO2-content associated gas for specific compositions. This refinement minimized computational discrepancies arising from fluctuations in physical property parameters. When applying this model to oilfield scenarios, the maximum error observed was 3.83%, which aligned well with the accuracy standards required for oilfield computations. By integrating oilfield production data, this research explored the influence of injection parameters on temperature and pressure dynamics within the gas lift wellbore. The results revealed that variations in injection temperature and pressure had minimal impact on the temperature at the gas lift valve. Yet, they induced significant changes in the pressure at that point. An increase in CO2 concentration within the gas source composition was associated with considerable shifts in temperature and pressure gradients throughout the wellbore. At high mass flow rates, the temperature gradient of the wellbore was notably reduced, while the pressure gradient was significantly enhanced. These research findings provided a theoretical basis for optimizing gas lift operations using high CO2-content associated gas in offshore settings.

Electron-scale turbulence characteristics with varying electron temperature gradient in LHD

Electron-scale turbulence, whose wavelength is the electron Larmor radius, is thought to have the potential to cause stiffness in an electron temperature gradient and degrade the confinement of future burning plasma in which the electron heating by alpha particles is dominant. The dependence of electron-scale turbulence and electron heat flux on the electron temperature inverse gradient length Rax/LTe , were investigated. The electron temperature gradient was successfully varied in the range of −3<Rax/LTe<12 by controlling the injection power of on/off-axis electron cyclotron heating. The results show a significant increase in the electron-scale turbulence with increasing Rax/LTe , especially in conditions where Electron Temperature Gradient (ETG) instability is linearly unstable, suggesting the presence of ETG turbulence at high Rax/LTe . The electron heat flux also increases steeply with increasing Rax/LTe . In addition, the electron-scale turbulence is observed even at Rax/LTe∼0 , which is stable in linear GKV calculations. Finding the cause of this phenomenon is an interesting task for the future.

Facilitated core-edge integration through divertor nitrogen seeding in the HL-2A tokamak

A divertor detachment with sustainable high-performance plasmas has been achieved through divertor nitrogen seeding in the HL-2A tokamak. The closed divertor structure facilitates achieving high divertor neutral pressure due to its efficient particle containment effect as demonstrated by both experimental and SOLPS simulation results, which aids in achieving the divertor detachment. The radiative divertor is conducive to high-frequency small edge localized modes (ELMs) operation, characterized by a reduced pedestal ion temperature gradient ∇Ti and the enhanced electron density gradient ∇ne . The presence of minority nitrogen at the edge plasma, which results from the divertor nitrogen seeding, contributes to the increase of ion temperature Ti in the confinement region by suppressing the turbulence through the impurity dilution effect and E×B shear. The increased ion temperature Ti and electron density ne compensate the energy loss resulting from the increased edge radiation during detachment, which contributes to the confinement sustainment combined with reduced pedestal energy loss caused by small ELMs. This work advances our understanding of the fundamental physics governing closed divertor detachment with sustainable high-performance plasmas through divertor nitrogen seeding.

Topical menthol, a pharmacological cold mimic, induces cold sensitivity, adaptive thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue activation in mice.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis has profound energy-expanding potential, which makes it an attractive target tissue to combat ever-increasing obesity and its other associated metabolic complications. Although it is fairly accepted that cold is a potent inducer of BAT activation and function, there are limited studies on the mechanisms of pharmacological cold-mimicking agents, such as the TRPM8 agonist, menthol, on BAT thermogenesis and activation. Herein, we sought to determine the effect of topical application of menthol (10% w/v [4 g/kg] cream formulation/day for 15 days) on temperature sensitivity behaviour (thermal gradient assay, nesting behaviour), adaptive thermogenesis (infrared thermography, core body temperature), BAT sympathetic innervation (tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry) and activation (18F-FDG PET-CT analysis, Uncoupling Protein 1 immunohistochemistry and BAT gene expression), whole-body energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) and other metabolic variables in male C57BL/6N mice. We show that male C57BL/6N mice: (a) develop a warm-seeking and cold-avoiding thermal preference phenotype; (b) display increased locomotor activity and adaptive thermogenesis; (c) show augmented sympathetic innervation in BAT and its activation; (d) exhibit enhanced gluconeogenic capacity (increased glucose excursion in response to pyruvate) and insulin sensitivity; and (e) show enhanced whole-body energy expenditure and induced lipid-utilizing phenotype after topical menthol application. Taken together, our findings highlight that pharmacological cold mimicking using topical menthol application presents a potential therapeutic strategy to counter weight gain and related complications.

Exact solutions for thermally induced electromechanical fields of PN junctions in centrosymmetric semiconductors

PN junctions play important roles in semiconductor devices. Flexoelectricity, an electromechanical coupling between strain gradient and electric polarization, has non-negligible contributions in nano-devices. The thermoflexoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which temperature gradients generate inhomogeneous strains and further induce flexoelectric polarizations. Therefore, temperature gradients can affect carrier transport in PN junctions through the thermoflexoelectric effect. In this paper, a one-dimensional model of the PN junction under a uniform temperature change is established. Exact solutions for the electromechanical fields in the PN junction are obtained for the first time. The effects of the temperature gradient, doping level, and flexoelectric coefficient on the electromechanical behaviors of the PN junction are numerically analyzed. The results indicate that carrier concentrations in the p and n regions are sensitive to temperature gradients because of the screening effect of the mobile charge on the flexoelectric polarization induced by the temperature gradient. Meanwhile, the flexoelectric field and the initial built-in electric field in the depletion region jointly determine the magnitude of the potential barrier, and thus, the temperature-gradient-induced flexoelectric field can tune the switching characteristics of the PN junction. This study provides a theoretical basis for the tuning of the electromechanical behavior of the PN junction by thermally induced flexoelectric fields.

Bidirectional, Multilayer MXene/Polyimide Aerogels for Ultra-Broadband Microwave Absorption.

To obtain high-performance electromagnetic microwave (EM) absorption materials with broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) and reduced thickness, designing structures has proved to be a promising way. Herein, ultra-broadband multilayer bidirectional MXene/polyimide EM absorption aerogels containing multi-structures on scales ranging from the micro- to the macroscale are produced with the aid of electric and temperature fields. On the microscale, under the action of electric force and temperature gradient, the ordered structures made of aligned Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets and the microscale layered aerogel walls enable the bidirectional aerogel to achieve a wide EAB of 8.58GHz at a thickness of 2.1mm. This is ascribed to the numerous aligned nanosheets and layered aerogel walls perpendicular to the incident EMs, facilitating the conversion of electromagnetic energy into electrical energy. Furthermore, on the macroscale, the multilayer bidirectional aerogel with non-gradient structures effectively resolves the conflict between impedance matching and energy loss, resulting in an ultrawide EAB of 9.41GHz at a thickness of 3mm. This innovative design of electric-field-assisted multilayer bidirectional aerogels with multiscale structural coupling may provide feasible and effective pathways for the development of advanced EM absorption materials.

Analysis of the LTNE and LTE system with thermal gradients and a heat source in a fluid layer overlying on porous layer

Analysis of the LTNE and LTE system with thermal gradients and a heat source in a fluid layer overlying on porous layer

Proton Conducting Neuromorphic Materials and Devices.

Neuromorphic computing and artificial intelligence hardware generally aims to emulate features found in biological neural circuit components and to enable the development of energy-efficient machines. In the biological brain, ionic currents and temporal concentration gradients control information flow and storage. It is therefore of interest to examine materials and devices for neuromorphic computing wherein ionic and electronic currents can propagate. Protons being mobile under an external electric field offers a compelling avenue for facilitating biological functionalities in artificial synapses and neurons. In this review, we first highlight the interesting biological analog of protons as neurotransmitters in various animals. We then discuss the experimental approaches and mechanisms of proton doping in various classes of inorganic and organic proton-conducting materials for the advancement of neuromorphic architectures. Since hydrogen is among the lightest of elements, characterization in a solid matrix requires advanced techniques. We review powerful synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques for characterizing hydrogen doping in various materials as well as complementary scattering techniques to detect hydrogen. First-principles calculations are then discussed as they help provide an understanding of proton migration and electronic structure modification. Outstanding scientific challenges to further our understanding of proton doping and its use in emerging neuromorphic electronics are pointed out.

Effect of Composition and Pouring Temperature of Cu-Sn on Fluidity and Mechanical Properties of Investment Casting

The composition and pouring temperature are important parameters in metal casting. Many cast product failures are caused by ignorance of the influence of both. This research aims to determine the effect of adding tin composition and pouring temperature on fluidity, microstructure and mechanical properties including tensile strength and hardness of tin bronze (Cu-Sn). The Cu-Sn is widely used as employed in the research is Cu (20, 22 and 24) wt.%Sn alloy using the investment casting method. Variations in pouring temperature treatment TS1 = 1000°C and TS2 = 1100°C. The mold for the fluidity test is made with a wax pattern then coated in clay. The mold dimensions are 400 mm long with mold cavity variations of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 mm. Several parameters: increasing the pouring temperature, adding tin composition, decreasing the temperature gradient between the molten metal and the mold walls result in a decrease in the solidification rate which can increase fluidity. The α + δ phase transition to β and γ intermetallic phases decreases fluidity at &amp;gt;22wt.%Sn. The columnar dendrite microstructure increases with the addition of tin composition and pouring temperature. The mechanical properties of tensile strength decrease, hardness increases and the alloy becomes more brittle with increasing tin composition.

Continuous Wave Mode Test of Conduction-Cooled Nb3Sn Radio Frequency Superconducting Cavities at Peking University

A liquid helium-free cryostat for radio frequency (RF) test of the superconducting cavity is designed and constructed. Gifford-Mcmahon (G-M) cryocoolers are used to provide cooling capacity, and the heat leakage at 4 K is less than 0.02 W. Vertical and horizontal tests of two Nb3Sn cavities are carried out in the cryostat with different surface treatments outside the cavities. Both of the cavities achieve stable continuous wave (CW) operation. A novel treatment, which cold-sprayed a 3.5 mm thick Cu layer onto the outside of the cavity, enables the maintenance of an average temperature of 5.5 K in the cavity at a RF loss of 10 W, implying that the thermal stability and uniformity of the cavity has been significantly improved. Through the synergistic control of four metal film resistors, a cooling rate of 0.06 K/min near 18 K is realized, and the cavity temperature gradient is reduced to 0.17 K/m, which effectively improves the RF performance of the cavity. The maximum Eacc of the cavity reaches 3.42 MV/m, and the Q0 is 1.1 × 109. An electromagnetic–thermal coupling simulation model for the superconducting cavity is established and is in good agreement with the experimental results. The simulation results show that the cavity with a Cu-spraying treatment and the thermal links of 5N Al can satisfy the Eacc of 10 MV/m under conduction cooling.

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Performance for Turbulent Water Flow through Dimpled Pipe

Dimples are tiny indentations on the surfaces of the body that enhance heat transfer and alter fluid flow characteristics on or within the body. Numerical investigations were conducted to analyse the heat transfer and flow characteristics in a cross-combined dimple tube in the range of Reynolds numbers from 6000 to 14000. The finite volume method recognised a novel enhancement model utilising methods for composite-form surfaces. Compared to a smooth tube working similarly, the effects significantly improve the heat transfer index, performance evaluation criteria, and friction factor. A three-dimensional simulation was conducted to clarify the underlying process by which dimples affect thermal performance. The simulation findings suggest that the dimples effectively enhance heat transfer by altering the temperature distribution and increasing the temperature gradient within the central area of the dimple section. A concave surface profile disrupts the flow and prevents the formation of a stable boundary layer, promoting the mixing of hot and cold fluids. Furthermore, the study investigates how geometric characteristics impact thermal and hydraulic efficiencies, emphasising that larger dimples improve overall thermo-hydraulic performance. Specifically, the heat transfer enhancement achieved an average increase of 17.3%, ranging from 18.03% to 38.6%, surpassing that of the traditional smooth tube.

3D printing of functionally graded nanocomposites: An investigation of microstructural, rheological, and mechanical behavior

AbstractManufacturing functionally graded material through 3D printing is challenging owing to the deposition of different materials with different thermal properties in each layer, leading to a higher thermal gradient between deposited and depositing layers, resulting in improper bonding between them and, hence, reduced mechanical properties. This study focuses on 3D printing of functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐based lightweight functionally graded nanocomposites (FGNCs) and their investigation for microstructural, rheological, physical, and mechanical properties. Functionalized MWCNTs (0.5% → 5%) are initially compounded with widely utilized HDPE to develop nanocomposites (H0.5→H5 pellets) for extruding filaments for 3D printing. 3D‐printed FGNC samples are investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheology, density, tensile, and flexural tests. SEM and rheology confirm the homogeneous dispersion of the filler in HDPE and the processing parameters suitability in blending, extrusion, and 3D printing. Complex viscosity (η*), loss modulus (E″), and storage modulus (E′) of FGNCs increase, while the damping decreases with the MWCNTs rise in the graded layers. Density results revealed the highest weight saving potential (~12%) of FGNC‐2 (H1–H3–H5), showing great weight saving potential. Tensile and flexural properties rise when the MWCNTs content rises in the graded layer. The FGNC‐2 showed the highest tensile strength and moduli, 37.12% and 90.41% higher than HDPE. Flexural strength and moduli are also found to be the highest for FGNC‐2, 28.57%, and 26.83% higher than HDPE. The highest specific moduli and strength are found for FGNC‐2, 46.16% and 44.14% higher than HDPE, respectively. Experimental findings are found to be strongly in agreement with numerical findings. 3D‐printed FGNC‐2 demonstrated the best flexural and tensile characteristics with the lowest weight and hence can be used to make practical parts and structures that need variable stiffness.Highlights FGNCs functionally graded n anocomposites are concurrently 3D printed. FGNC‐2 exhibited the highest weight saving potential of 12%. FGNC‐2 showed 90.41% and 37.12% enhanced tensile modulus and strength. FGNC‐2 displayed 28.57% and 26.83% improved flexural strength and modulus. FGNCs exhibited better mechanical performance than the homogeneous NCs.

Spiral-scanning electromagnetic heating of helical gears based on a coordinate system linkage method

In the field of electromagnetic heating, continuous scanning heating is one of the crucial approaches to minimizing the temperature distribution gradient in basic components such as helical gears. However, in the process of dynamic heating, the spiral tooth shape of helical gears complicates the coupling relationship between the induction coil and the gear. Therefore, the distribution mechanism of magneto-thermal properties is difficult to investigate. A new spiral scanning electromagnetic heating method for helical gears − Coordinate System Linkage Method (CSLM) −is proposed. To facilitate the precise movement of the profiling induction coil, we formulate a set of coordinate systems by integrating the spiral characteristics of the gear. The mathematical model is constructed by segmenting the spiral-scanning motion and delineating its interrelationships. On this basis, an electric–magnetic-thermal coupling model specific to spiral-scanning heating is enabled. For the process of spiral-scanning heating, two coil scanning methods are designed: “sudden speed change” and “gradual speed change”. A comparative study reveals the temperature difference along the tooth width with the “gradual speed change” method is smaller than that with the “sudden speed change” method. Moreover, controlling the coil scanning speed appropriately can minimize the temperature gradient of the entire gear, while changing the initial heating position of the coil can balance the end-face effect. Both of these measures effectively equalize the temperature distribution along the tooth width. Finally, an experimental platform for spiral scanning heating of the helical gear is constructed to confirm the correctness of the simulation results, which likewise demonstrates the effectiveness of the method in improving temperature uniformity. This study provides a measurable theoretical reference basis for the electromagnetic heat transfer of irregular workpieces with spiral features to accurately control the temperature gradient.

Some like it hot: Seed thermal threshold variation in obligate seeding Acacia pulchella along a climate gradient

Dormancy in seeds is a key persistence mechanism for many flowering plants. Physically dormant (PY) seeds have water impermeable seed coats, and in fire-prone systems a common mechanism for dormancy release is fire-induced soil heating. However, the thermal thresholds innate to seeds with PY may be influenced by vegetation, climate, and fire regimes, varying substantially between populations of the same species. To investigate intraspecific variation of thermal thresholds in PY seeds, we sampled obligate seeding Acacia pulchella (Fabaceae) which produces PY seeds. Sampling was undertaken from 13 populations across a climate gradient of rainfall and temperature, and between two vegetation communities in fire-prone Mediterranean-type ecosystems of south-west Western Australia. To test a range of weather and fire-induced soil heating dormancy-break scenarios, we conducted dry heat shock experiments between 40 and 140 °C for 10 min and scored germination for 16 weeks. We created population-specific thermal performance curves and extracted the dormancy release temperature at which 50 % of the seeds had germinated (DRT50), the optimum dormancy-breaking temperature to stimulate maximum germination (T0), and the lethal temperature at which 50 % of the seeds were killed (LT50). Generalised linear models were used to examine relationships between thermal thresholds and possible vegetation, climate, and fire regime drivers of intraspecific variation in seed traits. We found that thermal thresholds differed between vegetation communities, with thresholds consistently higher in forest-type ecosystems compared to open woodland, and the influence of climate varied significantly between the two communities. Seeds from Jarrah Forest populations had a DRT50 16.0 °C higher, a T0 9.7 °C higher, and LT50 7.8 °C higher than seeds from Banksia woodlands. A high rate of non-dormancy was identified in one population that had lost fire in its system and displayed significant germination after both summer and fire-related temperatures. The PY thermal thresholds modelled here provide insight into the strong influence of variable soil heating as a function of vegetation and fuel dynamics in fire-prone environments. Our findings highlight the significant intraspecific variation for this species and suggest that fire-induced soil heating generated by vegetation characteristics may be an overlooked element of fire regimes shaping seed traits.

Optical super-resolution nanothermometry via stimulated emission depletion imaging of upconverting nanoparticles.

From engineering improved device performance to unraveling the breakdown of classical heat transfer laws, far-field optical temperature mapping with nanoscale spatial resolution would benefit diverse areas. However, these attributes are traditionally in opposition because conventional far-field optical temperature mapping techniques are inherently diffraction limited. Optical super-resolution imaging techniques revolutionized biological imaging, but such approaches have yet to be applied to thermometry. Here, we demonstrate a super-resolution nanothermometry technique based on highly doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) that enable stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution imaging. We identify a ratiometric thermometry signal and maintain imaging resolution better than ~120 nm for the relevant spectral bands. We also form self-assembled UCNP monolayers and multilayers and implement a detection scheme with scan times >0.25 μm2/min. We further show that STED nanothermometry reveals a temperature gradient across a joule-heated microstructure that is undetectable with diffraction limited thermometry, indicating the potential of this technique to uncover local temperature variation in wide-ranging practical applications.

Equilibrium model approach to predict local chemical changes in recovery boiler deposits

A step-by-step equilibrium model approach was developed to estimate and describe the enrichment of K and Cl within recovery boiler deposits. The model predicts free melt movement towards colder temperatures within deposits. Due to a temperature gradient, the melt amount and composition differ across the deposit. The melt movement affects the local composition, which leads to changes in the local phase composition. The model predicts how the deposit profile changes due to melt migration into pores within the deposits. Changes in the deposit composition profile also affect the melting behavior locally, resulting in lower local melting temperatures, which can be detrimental to heat exchanger materials. The modeling results were compared to earlier published laboratory and full-scale boiler measurements, and there is a good agreement between the results. The model predicts a local decrease in the first melting temperature of recovery boiler deposits by ∼30 °C. These findings closely align with experimental results, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms of melt percolation and intra-deposit aging processes. The proposed step-by-step model offers a means to achieve more accurate estimations of locally prevalent first melting temperatures in recovery boiler deposits.

Inter-ELM pedestal turbulence dynamics dependence on q95 and temperature gradient

A series of dedicated experiments from the DIII-D tokamak provide spatially and temporally resolved measurements of electron density and temperature, and multiscale and multichannel fluctuations over a wide range of conditions. Measurements of long wavelength density fluctuations in the type-I ELMing H-mode pedestals routinely reveal a coexistence of multiple instabilities that exhibit dramatic different dynamic behaviors as q95 and temperature gradients are varied, apparently responsible for limiting pedestal temperature profiles. Two distinct frequency bands of density fluctuations are modulated by an ELM cycle with frequency above 200 kHz propagating in the electron diamagnetic direction in the lab frame (electron mode) and below 200 kHz propagating in the ion diamagnetic direction (ion mode). The electron mode amplitude peaks near the electron temperature gradient region and increases with q95 which seems to be correlated with the increased χe at higher q95, similar to the characteristics expected for the micro-tearing mode (MTM). At higher q95, during the inter-ELM period, the ion mode decays at the later phase of the ELM cycle. Consistently, the poloidal correlation length of the ion mode is also found to reduce, which suggests the possible E × B flow shear suppression of the ion mode at the later phase of the ELM cycle as the Er well recovers. In contrast, the electron mode grows during the ELM cycle and reaches saturation at around 50%–60% of the ELM period. Linear gyrokinetic simulations find the MTMs to be the most unstable mode in the pedestal electron temperature gradient region. The higher q95 and lower magnetic shear destabilize the MTMs. These observations provide key insights into the underlying physics of multifield properties and a rich dataset of experimental ‘fingerprints’ that enable new tests of theoretical pedestal models and lead to the development of a predictive model for pedestal formation on the ITER and future burning plasma experiments.

Real-space calculation of thermal Hall effects in strained and disordered kagome ferromagnets

Ferromagnetic insulators may exhibit magnon Hall effects when subjected to a temperature gradient due to the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction. In this study, we investigate the magnon thermal Hall conductivity κxy of kagome ferromagnets in real space using the kernel polynomial method. We first establish the formalism in real space within the framework of linear response theory, which enables efficient numerical calculations of thermal transport properties under various imperfections. The validity and accuracy of the real-space approach are confirmed by comparing the calculations with those obtained in momentum space. This approach is particularly advantageous for computing the thermal transport coefficients of disordered lattices. We consider two types of disorder in kagome ferromagnets and observe that both types significantly influence κxy across the entire temperature range. This is in contrast to the effects of strains, where strains primarily impact the maximum values of κxy .