Thermal Character Research Articles

Heating manifestations at the onset of the 29 June 2012 flare

Analysis of GOES data for the SOL2012-06-29T04:09 flare, class C4.6, shows a thermal character of the energy release for several minutes before the impulsive stage. Plasma heating to temperatures above 10 MK leads to the appearance of plasma jets along open field lines and in large loops. This work examines the relationship between the heated plasma and the flare structure and its dynamics, using observations in the X-ray, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and radio-wave ranges. Particular attention is drawn to the detection of narrow-band fine temporal structures of radio emission before and after the impulsive stage of the flare in dynamic spectra. In the initial stage, broadband pulses in the decimeter range are observed which can be associated with the formation of thermal fronts in the jets. A series of super-bright drifting bursts in the centimeter range occurs after the end of the impulsive energy release in the flare kernel. Using data from the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (5.7 GHz), we managed to localize the position of the source of the fine structure of drifting bursts at the remote footpoint of the large-scale flare loop.

Проявления нагрева в начале вспышки 29 июня 2012 г.

Analysis of GOES data for the SOL2012-06-29T04:09 flare, class C4.6, shows a thermal character of the energy release for several minutes before the impulsive stage. Plasma heating to temperatures above 10 MK leads to the appearance of plasma jets along open field lines and in large loops. This work examines the relationship between the heated plasma and the flare structure and its dynamics, using observations in the X-ray, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and radio-wave ranges. Particular attention is drawn to the detection of narrow-band fine temporal structures of radio emission before and after the impulsive stage of the flare in dynamic spectra. In the initial stage, broadband pulses in the decimeter range are observed which can be associated with the formation of thermal fronts in the jets. A series of super-bright drifting bursts in the centimeter range occurs after the end of the impulsive energy release in the flare kernel. Using data from the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (5.7 GHz), we managed to localize the position of the source of the fine structure of drifting bursts at the remote footpoint of the large-scale flare loop.

Energy-Efficient and Effective MCF-7 Cell Ablation and Electrothermal Therapy Enabled by M13-WS2-PEG Nanostructures.

Thermal agents (TAs) have exhibited promise in clinical tests when utilized in cancer thermal therapy (TT). While rapid degradation of TAs may address safety concerns, it limits the thermal stability required for effective treatment. TAs, which possess exceptional thermal stability, experience gradual deterioration. There are few approaches that effectively address the trade-off between improving thermal stability and simultaneously boosting material deterioration. Here, we control the thermal character of tungsten disulfide (WS2)-based 2D materials by utilizing an M13 phage through Joule heating (the M13-WS2-PEG nanostructures were generated and termed a tripartite (T) nanostructure), and developed a T nanostructure-driven TT platform (we called it T-TT) for efficient thermal ablation of clinically relevant MCF-7 cells. A relative cell viability of ~59% was achieved, as well as onset time of degradation of ~0.5 week. The T-TT platform also discloses an energy density of 5.9 J/mL. Furthermore, the phage-conjugated WS2 can be utilized to achieve ultrasound imaging for disease monitoring. Therefore, this research not only presents a thermal agent that overcomes TA limitations, but also demonstrates a practical application of WS2-type material system in ultra-energy efficient and effective cancer therapy.

Universality of the thermodynamics of a quantum-mechanically radiating black hole departing from thermality

Mathur and Mehta won the third prize in the 2023 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Competition for proving the universality of black hole (BH) thermodynamics. Specifically, they demonstrated that any Extremely Compact Object (ECO) must have the same BH thermodynamic properties regardless of whether or not the ECO possesses an event horizon. The result is remarkable, but it was obtained under the approximation according to which the BH emission spectrum has an exactly thermal character. In fact, strong arguments based on energy conservation and BH back reaction imply that the spectrum of the Hawking radiation cannot be exactly thermal. In this work the result of Mathur and Mehta will be extended to the case where the radiation spectrum is not exactly thermal using the concept of BH dynamical state.

Extension during the Liebig Orogeny: Revised tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic central Australia

Magnetotelluric imaging of a lithospheric-scale boundary in central Australia has been used to support a model of collision between the North Australian Craton and an exotic continental ribbon referred to as the Warumpi Province during the late Paleoproterozoic Liebig Orogeny (c. 1640 Ma). This idea of collision has become an important element to reconstructions of late Paleoproterozoic Australia. In this study, we present mineral equilibria forward models from c. 1640 Ma metamorphic rocks to delineate the thermal regime associated with the Liebig Orogeny. Liebig-aged cordierite–orthopyroxene–biotite–quartz–plagioclase–K-feldspar–ilmenite–magnetite assemblages constrain peak metamorphic conditions to 4–5 kbar and 770–800 °C. These conditions are indicative of a high geothermal gradient regime and the mineral assemblage evolution shows no evidence for significant pressure changes that would generally support a crustal thickening model. Detrital zircon age spectra for the metasediments in the assumed exotic crust are broadly similar to the age record in the Aileron Province in the southern part of the North Australian Craton. Furthermore, εNd and εHf isotopic data of Liebig-aged granitic rocks make it permissible that they are derived from melting of North Australian Craton crust. This suggests the Warumpi Province was not exotic to the North Australian Craton and was instead a part of it. On the basis of the shared history between the Warumpi and Aileron Provinces and the newly constrained thermal character of c. 1640 Ma metamorphism, we suggest the Liebig Orogeny was characterised by extensional deformation of the North Australian Craton in the upper plate above a southward retreating subduction system. Tectonically, the Liebig Orogeny is interpreted to record a back-arc regime characterised by sedimentation, mafic and felsic magmatism, and predominantly contact metamorphism, and represents the continuation of a long-lived (c. 200 Ma) upper plate system that dictated the evolution of the North Australian Craton during the late Paleoproterozoic.

Self-Healing and Recyclable Polyurethane/Nanocellulose Elastomer Based on the Diels-Alder Reaction.

With the background of the fossil fuel energy crisis, the development of self-healing and recyclable polymer materials has become a research hotspot. In this work, a kind of cross-linking agent with pendent furan groups was first prepared and then used to produce the Polyurethane elastomer based on Diels-Alder chemistry (EPU-DA). In addition, in order to further enhance the mechanical properties of the elastomer, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were added into the Polyurethane system to prepare a series of composites with various contents of CNF (wt% = 0.1~0.7). Herein, the FTIR and DSC were used to confirm structure and thermal reversible character. The tensile test also indicated that the addition of CNF increased the mechanical properties compared to the pure Polyurethane elastomer. Due to their reversible DA covalent bonds, the elastomer and composites were recycled under high-temperature conditions, which extends Polyurethane elastomers' practical applications. Moreover, damaged coating can also be repaired, endowing this Polyurethane material with good potential for application in the field of metal protection.

Real‐Time Observation of Slowed Charge Density Wave Dynamics in Thinned 1T‐TaS2

AbstractTransient electrical pulsing is used to investigate the slowed charge density wave (CDW) kinetics of 1T‐TaS2. These measurements distinguish a fast response of the material, consistent with the onset of self‐heating, from much slower transients that occur on timescales orders of magnitude longer than this. The latter variations appear consistent with slow configurational changes in the CDW, which, due to the thin nature of the 1T‐TaS2, can be distinguished from the much faster dynamics of Joule heating. Experiments in which the cooling of the material is interrupted, demonstrate the possibility of “programming” it in different, strongly nonequilibrium, CDW phases. Collectively, the results point to the existence of a complex free‐energy space for the thinned material, whose multi‐valley structure and hidden metastable states govern the resulting thermal and field‐driven dynamics. Crucially, this work demonstrates that while the CDW dynamics in this material may have a thermal character, the timescales associated with these motions can be very different from those on which self‐heating occurs. This discovery will be important for efforts to implement active devices that utilize the CDW states of thinned 1T‐TaS2.

The surface temperatures of flat areas on the Moon

Lunar surface temperature (LST) is a quantity of special interest for interpreting the thermal character of the regolith. It is affected by the solar irradiance, earthshine, and heat flow for the flat areas on the Moon. We present an improved transient temperature model to calculate temperatures of lunar flat surfaces. The model consists of one-dimensional thermal diffusion equation and two boundary conditions. The improved lunar surface boundary condition allows one to precisely determine the effective solar irradiance (ESI) and earthshine. The simulated surface temperatures suggest consistency with the measured temperatures from the thermocouples of Apollo 15 and 17 heat flow experiments. From the LST simulated with the improved model, it is found the annual-seasonal variations present obvious latitude characters, with the highest surface temperature occurring in late October, November, and December separately at high (>∼72°) latitudes, middle latitudes, and low (<∼20°) latitudes, respectively; the lowest surface temperatures occur in late July. Furthermore, the discrepancies between the maximum and minimum temperatures decrease as latitude increases, as do the maximum and minimum lunar surface temperatures. The surface daytime temperature would change by 179.4 K with a 1322.5 W/m2 change in the ESI. A 0.12 W/m2 and 0.02 W/m2 change of the earthshine and heat flow would lead to 0.5 and 0.09 K in surface nighttime temperature, respectively.

Thermoanalytical techniques applied to the solid-state characterization of atorvastatin calcium trihydrate form I

Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate (ACT) is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent whose thermal character remains largely unknown or else mischaracterized due to being called both “atorvastatin” and “atorvastatin form I” indiscriminately in the literature. Developing stable drugs, however, requires ensuring and thus understanding the reliable thermal behavior of trihydrate drugs, for pharmaceutical manufacturing can involve temperatures that might cause phase transition and/or the dehydration of the drugs, with implications for its physical characteristics, its chemical characteristics, and/or the pharmaceutical product's bioactivity. Against that background, in our study we investigated both a solid-state and thermal characterization of ACT via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), and ex situ variable temperature PXRD techniques, all as integral parts of drug development. DSC and TGA curves clarified ACT's thermal stability and dehydration, and the ACT sample was identified as Form I of the trihydrate, which remains stable until approximately 40 °C. DSC showed no significant changes during melting with different heating rates, while the TGA curve revealed the stepwise loss of water molecules following heating. Ex situ PXRD suggested no abrupt changes to the trihydrate's crystal lattice during the dehydration of the first two moles of water molecules. Moreover, HSM clearly showed a unique water loss event never before visualized. Last, HSM confirmed the drug's crystallinity, its crystal shape, and the presence of an isotropic liquid after continuous heating, which remained until cooling to room temperature.

STUDY OF THE CURRENT IN THE MULTIELECTRODE PLANT BATH

Active resistance heating multi-electrode ore-thermal furnaces, being in quasi-stationary and transient modes, work in the conditions of electric loop dissymmetry formed by the furnace transformers, current supply and bath caused by the action of different factors of geometric, electromagnetic, thermal and technological character. They worsen the energetic, technological and operational performances. The present methods of studying the electric processes in the furnace loop do not allow in full measure to reveal, consider and eliminate factor actions resulting in phenomena causing electrical duty dissymmetry. Unbalance of the system of currents flowing from the electrode to electrode passing the melt and unbalance of the system of currents flowing directly onto the melt influence the dissymmetry of the furnace loop electrical duty.
 
 The work objective is forming the calculated formulas for determining the resistance heating three-electrode furnace bath “star” and “triangle” currents and by means of them studying the electrode and bath geometrical parameters influence on the mentioned currents.
 
 Materials and methods. The study object is currents flowing in the resistance heating three-phase, three-electrode furnace bath. When carrying out the studies, methods of electrical technology theory and computer mathematic simulation with COMSOL Multiphysics software environment are used.
 
 Results of the study. The study novelty lies in the elaboration of procedure for constructing formulas for calculating the resistance heating three-electrode furnace bath “star” and “triangle” currents with electrode arbitrary location and dissymmetric current system feeding the bath. Influence of the round electrode embedding diameter and the diameter of their dissociation in the three-electrode furnace bath into the currents flowing from the electrode surfaces to the bottom and from the electrode to electrode passing the melt in cases of three-phase symmetric electrode current system and geometrical symmetry of electrode location in the bath is studied.
 
 Findings. Calculation procedure of the resistance heating three-electrode furnace bath “star” and ‘triangle” currents with arbitrary electrode location is developed based on the joint use of the direct admittances and difference-potential coefficients of the equivalent circuits.

Effect of Nanostructured Inorganic Ceramic Filler on Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes

In view of the ongoing changes in energy science and technology, the possibilities of energy storage are getting increasingly important. In particular, storing electrical energy is more complex than with fossil fuels.Lithium-Ion batteries are the most commonly used media for energy storage, but they also have some safety-related problems: toxic decomposition products can leak out and the devices can catch fire. Research is underway to find alternatives to minimize this potential hazards. Great improvements in safety matters can be achieved by replacing liquid electrolytes with ceramic/polymer hybrid electrolytes. These hybrid electrolytes combine the advantages of polymer electrolytes with the benefits of inorganic ceramic fillers.1 Flexibility, good contact ability and in addition the good processability is provided through the polymer. The inorganic ceramic filler in contrast adds mechanical stability, opens new pathways for the Lithium-Ions and can enhance the stability of the electrolyte.Figure 1: different Lithium-ion pathways in ceramic/polymer hybrid electrolytes dependent on different filler amounts. 2 In this work the impact of the manufacturing method on the conductivity of a series of electrolytes was examined. Therefore, hot pressing, solution casting and electrospinning were tested. Also, different distribution methods for the particles in the material were tested to monitor the influence of agglomeration on the conductivity. The materials were characterized regarding the crystallinity using X-Ray diffraction, the surface and particle distribution was monitored with SEM/EDX, the thermal character was investigated using DSC, the conductivity was determined using impedance spectroscopy and the electrochemical behavior was tested using cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the Arrhenius equation was used to interpret the results of impedance spectroscopy regarding their activation energy. The addition of inorganic ceramic fillers leads to an enhancement of the ionic conductivity in PEO based electrolytes and increases processability and stability of the electrolyte. In this work conductivities of 10-5 S/cm were reached at room temperature. The performance of the electrolyte was increased above three orders of magnitude compared to a PEO electrolyte without inorganic ceramic fillers. Walke, P.; Kirchberger, A.; Reiter, F.; Esken, D.; Nilges, T., Effect of nanostructured Al2O3 on poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid polymer electrolytes. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2021, 76 (10-12), 615-624. Chen, L.; Li, Y.; Li, S.-P.; Fan, L.-Z.; Nan, C.-W.; Goodenough, J. B., PEO/garnet composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: From “ceramic-in-polymer” to “polymer-in-ceramic”. Nano Energy 2018, 46, 176-184. Figure 1

Improved functional properties of Dioscorea alata var. Purpurea flour after heat moisture treatment: Thermal, pasting, and granule stability

Heat moisture treatment (HMT) of flour is a critical process in the food industry that affects the functionality and quality of flour-based products. The study aims to elucidate the complex interactions between heat, moisture, and flour components, including proteins, starches, and lipids, to gain insights into the mechanisms that influence the functional properties of treated flour. By enhancing this understanding, it will be possible to optimize the HMT process parameters and manipulate the flour characteristics to meet the specific requirements of different food applications. Purple yam flour was successfully modified by heat–moisture-treatment (HMT) with an autoclave (AHMT) and oven (OHMT) as thermal sources. After HMT treatment, purple yam flour was analyzed for oil (OAC) and water (WAC) absorption capacity and several related characterizations such as thermal character using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), surface structural using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and paste properties using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). The findings have shown that O-HMT and A-HMT flours had an increasement in all the OAC, WAC, and thermal characteristics (To, Tp, Tc, ΔT) as compared to the original flour with an increment in gelatinization temperature by 1–4 °C. There were no alterations in granule morphology with O-HMT and A-HMT treatments and they demonstrated only an accumulation at 30% moisture content treatment. Pasting characteristics presented an increasement in dough processing temperatures causing both modification treatments within the range of 3–15 °C. Meanwhile, peak, trough, breakdown, back, and final viscosities were decreased due to O-HMT and A-HMT treatments. The present study demonstrates that both treatments enhanced the performance properties of purple yam flour and that could be considered safe methods for modifying the functional flours derived from purple yam.

Coil High Voltage Spark Plug Boots Insulators Material Selection Using MCDM, Simulation, and Experimental Validation

The examination and choice of an alternate composite material for the high-voltage circuit of Otto cycle internal combustion engines—more commonly known as gasoline engines—are presented in the research that follows. To do this, multicriteria selection procedures are employed, and the outcomes are validated through the use of thermal character simulation software and standard laboratory tests. Nylon is the recommended material for Coils on Plug (COP) high-voltage insulators. Four of the six multicriteria selection techniques utilized in this study were found to be effective. It was discovered through the virtual simulation process that, even in the same environment with the same edge circumstances, the thermal behavior of the materials differs dramatically because the quadrants exhibit different behavior depending on the material. Given that nylon has a lower elasticity modulus than silicone, it was determined that the dimensions are crucial for the nylon Spark Plug Boot (SPB) to comply with the dielectric isolation process. It must have a minimal clearance in order to be related to the geometry of the spark plug and perform the perfect insulation in this manner.

Maintenance modelling for work rolls in hot finishing mill group with constraint of thermal character

A maintenance model is specially developed for the work rolls equipped in the hot finishing mill group, with the purpose to decrease the total maintenance cost for the roll group under the constraint of the production batches and the roll thermal character. During the maintenance modelling at roll level, the impacts of the surface wear of the work roll on its failure rate state, the production quality and the preventive maintenance cost are deeply discussed. Then, a preventive maintenance grouping method is further proposed at roll group level, with the mutual restriction between the adjustable replacement time of the roll group and the optimal maintenance time of each work roll involved. The case study shows that the proposed maintenance model is practical for the maintenance scheduling of the work rolls in the real rolling production scenario. The total maintenance cost under the proposed maintenance method is always lower that the ones under the individual OM method and the maintenance window-based OM method.

Numerical Solution for Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Line Contact with Couple Stress Fluid as Lubricant

In this paper, the detail analysis of the influence of thermal and non-Newtonian aspects of lubricant (couple stress fluid) on EHL line contact as a function of slide-roll ratio is presented. The novel low complexity FAS(Full approximation scheme), of Multigrid scheme, with Jacobi dipole and Gauss Seidel relaxationis used for the solution of coupled equations viz.modified Reynolds equation, film thickness equation and energy equation satisfying appropriate boundary conditions. The analysis reveals the combined influence of non-Newtonian, thermal and slide-roll ratio (of bearing movingwith different speeds) on pressure, film thickness and pressure spike covering wide range of physical parameters of interest. Results show that pressure spike is strongly influenced by thermal, slide-roll ratio and non-Newtonian character of lubricant with negligible effect on overall pressure distribution. Also, minimum film thickness is slightly altered and it increases with increase in couple stress parameter. These findings confirm the importance of non-Newtonian and thermal effects in the study of EHL.

Numerical study on the performance of Al2O3/water nanofluids as a coolant in the fin channel heat sink for an electronic device cooling

This research analysis is a numerical examination of a fin channel heatsink using coolants Al2O3/water nanofluids and distilled water. Because of its high thermal conductivity and stable character, Al2O3 has been the subject of recent research. Literature has also shown that compared to other nanoparticles Alumina has the lowest rate of precipitation and the most reliable emulsification. The channel finned heat sink with fins is widely used to dissipate heat from tiny electronic components. In this research, the heat transmission properties, thermal resistance, and Nusselt number of Al2O3/water nanofluids were studied using inlet velocities, and different volume concentrations in the heat sink and then compared the results with the distilled water performances. To examine the effectiveness of the fin channel heat sinks the ANSYS-CFX software is used. The consequences show a maximum improvement of 68% heat transfer coefficient at inlet velocity range from 0.02 m/sto0.10 m/s and at different boundary conditions. Furthermore, the thermal resistance of the (Al2O3/water) nanofluids is much lower than distilled water and hence it is used to reduce the temperature.

Optimize the Location of Embedded Pipes by Using Low-Grade Natural Thermal Energy/Waste Heat for Thermal Activated Façade

The final effect of a thermal activated façade (TAF) wouldn’t only be influenced by the thermal character of the wall, dimensions and distance of the embedded pipes besides flow rate and temperature of the medium, but also by the location of the pipes. The location of the embedded pipes not only affects the final effect of thermoactivated, there is at the same time an obvious correspondence with the temperature of the medium. The simulations and lab investigations have concluded that the optimization the depth of embedded pipes, is necessary in order to use low-grade natural thermal energy/waste heat (LGTE) to achieve TAF. Using the bench mark of the “equivalent thermal resistance” (ER-Value), it is clear that the closer the pipes are located to the outside, the less energy grade is required. However, not all of the LGTE with higher temperature than outdoor air can be used for TAF. The limit of LGTE is the “Invalid Medium Temperature” (IVMT); although there is still a temperature difference between the medium and the outdoor environment, its thermal driving potential is not enough to form an effective heat transfer between the pipe and its surrounding per unit length, so that the medium circulation in the wall hardly contributes to changing the temperature gradient in the wall.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Lotion

In the present work, Fluconazole -SLNs were successfully prepared by high shear homogenization and ultrasonication technique. The results showed that the entrapment efficiency %, zeta potential, zeta size, morphology, thermal character and the in-vitro drug release from Fluconazole -SLNs dispersion and from Fluconazole -SLNs lotion were greatly affected by the type and concentration of surfactant and concentration of the used lipid which affect the in-vitro antifungal character of the prepared Fluconazole -SLNs lotion. The sustained release behavior of Fluconazole -SLNs gel with favorable physicochemical Properties can form a foundation for further clinical studies using these prepared lotions for topical delivery of Fluconazole. Topical treatment of the skin infection has been mainly used due to its eminence over oral treatment to avoid systemic adverse effects, target the site of infection for application of drug formulation and to increase the patient compliance. The vesicular, colloidal and nanoparticulate carriers systems are used for the topical antifungal treatment. A vesicular carrier such as transferosomes and ethosomes has demonstrated as they increased drug transdermal penetration. Formulation of topical product plays a main role for penetration of the drug through skin. Lipophilicity of drug molecules is also effective parameter in physiochemical property. Some antifungal drugs are more lipophilic compounds which affect the penetration of drugs through stratum corneum. Various formulations have emerged, to optimize new drug delivery carriers for antifungal treatment.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЇ УЛЬТРАЗВУКУ НА ЕЛЕКТРОННИЙ ТРАНСПОРТ 2DEG ТА 3DEG НОСІЇВ ЗАРЯДУ В ГЕТЕРОСТРУКТУРАХ GaN/AlGaN/GaN/AlN

We have conducted the temperature and amplitude dependencies of the charge carriers concentration and its mobility analysis in GaN/Al0,2Ga0,8N/GaN/AlN on sapphire structures growing MOCVD method under the ultrasonic loading (longitudinal waves, fUS = 9 MHz). We found out the temperature peculiarities of electronic characteristics changes, it is allowed us to consider our system as complex with parallel conduction channels. In order to study the effect of ultrasound loading separately on both the flow of 3DEG and 2DEG charge carriers, a mathematical operation of separating these flows was carried out. It is shown, that at high temperatures (Т ˃ 200 K), 3DEG conductivity prevails, which has a thermal activation character and is described by the acoustically induced transformation of the metastable DX center. At temperatures (T ˂ 150K), 2DEG conductivity prevails. Thus, AlGaN/GaN and GaN/AlGaN boundaries can exhibit 2DEG conductivity (σ2D), while film layers (GaN buffer and AlGaN barrier layer are 3DEG conductivity (σ3D)). In the AlxGa1-xN structures containing DX centers, under US loading, there is a periodic change in the distance between the positions of the donor atom. Here, the determining mechanism is tunneling, the nature of which is related with dislocations. The horizontal sections observed in the experiment arise as a result of the tunnel emission of charge carriers through the quasi-resonant level. It was established that 3DEG and 2DEG charge carriers differ in the nature of temperature changes in concentration (with increasing temperature, there is an increase in 3DEG concentration and independence from temperature in 2DEG concentration) and mobility (decrease in 3DEG, but increase in 2DEG). It is shown that the influence of ultrasound in both cases, both for 3DEG and for 2DEG, of charge carriers is qualitatively similar - there is an increase in the 3DEG and 2DEG carriers concentration and a decrease in the absolute values of 3DEG and 2DEG mobility. Acoustically induced changes in electrical parameters most likely occur near dislocations that actively interact with ultrasonic waves.

Real-Time Identification of Nonstandard Thermal Inkjet Codes on the Surface of Hot-Rolled Steel Sheets in Complex Environments

Many steel mills currently rely on thermal spray codes to carry and convey information about the steel plate at different stages of production. Thermal inkjet codes are patterns of numbers, letters, and symbols formed by continuous spraying of high-temperature resistant coatings on the surface of billets, so it is especially important to identify thermal inkjet code information accurately and timely during the processing stage of steel plates. Most of the existing mainstream identification methods rely on manual visual observation and traditional image recognition to obtain them, with low recognition efficiency and poor recognition effect. In this paper, a lightweight YOLO with ResNet18 as the backbone network is used as the detection and recognition framework, and deformable convolution and text feature extraction techniques are purposefully added to detect the location of thermal inkjet codes images to achieve accurate and fast positioning and segmentation of thermal spray codes. Meanwhile, an attention mechanism-based character recognition module is added to quickly infer the content within the ROI location of thermal inkjet codes. The experimental results show that the thermal inkjet code character recognition method proposed in this paper has a high recognition rate and fast recognition speed, which meets the practical application requirements of relevant enterprises.