Infrared Camera Research Articles

Rod-type handheld hybrid nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered speed sensing applications

Nanogenerators offer a promising solution for converting mechanical movements into electricity with significant implications for portable electronics. Herein, we propose a novel approach using magnesium (Mg)-doped zinc oxide (ZMO) nanoflakes (NFs) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite films, which serve as the negative tribo-layer in a triboelectric/piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator (HNG) operating in contact-separation mode. The ZMO NFs, with an optimized Mg concentration for a high dielectric constant, are mixed into PDMS, and their concentration is further optimized to achieve the highest electrical output from the HNG. The optimized device generates a voltage, current, and power density of approximately 186 V, 5.23 μA, and 1.56 W/m2, respectively while also exhibiting high stability. The electricity generated by this HNG is successfully utilized to power commercial portable electronics. To further enhance its practicality, six similar HNGs were fabricated and integrated into a 3D printed structure, forming a rod-type handheld HNG (RTH-HNG). The energy-harvesting capability of the RTH-HNG is systematically investigated under applied external forces. Additionally, the speed-sensing ability of the RTH-HNG during hand-shaking motions is assessed, with the system demonstrating an accuracy of up to 94 % when compared to a commercially available infrared sensor. Moreover, the real-time vibrational energy harvesting capability of the RTH-HNG was demonstrated by attaching it to a bicycle. Therefore, the proposed RTH-HNG can function not only as a mechanical energy harvester for powering small portable electronics but also as a self-sufficient speed sensor for various real-time applications.

Assessment of Spatial Characterization Metrics for On-Orbit Performance of Landsat 8 and 9 Thermal Infrared Sensors

Assessment of Spatial Characterization Metrics for On-Orbit Performance of Landsat 8 and 9 Thermal Infrared Sensors

Assessment of Architectural Heritage and Historic Structures Through Aerial Thermography

Objective: The objective of this study is to verify the applicability of aerial thermography as a complement to common inspections in the heritage field, assessing what it can contribute as a complement to such exclusively visual inspections. Theoretical Framework: The contribution of terrestrial thermography and aerial thermography to the heritage field is briefly presented, justifying the limitations of terrestrial thermography and the advantages of aerial thermography. Method: Within the framework of this research, the inspection was carried out, with a drone with a thermographic camera, on three unique elements of great heritage relevance, previously visually inspected by a drone with a photographic camera: the Roman Bridge of Alcántara, the Aqueduct of Segovia and the Roman Bridge of Alconétar. Results and Discussion: The results obtained in the inspections carried out allow us to draw the first conclusions on the applicability of this technology to architectural heritage: the inspections will demonstrate the usefulness of thermography for the diagnosis of lesions on stone that do not occur at a superficial level. . Implications of the Research: The usefulness of thermography for the diagnosis of lesions on stone that do not occur at a superficial level and that, when they appear on the surface, are already at an advanced stage of development inside the element. Early detection of such lesions can be key when trying to adopt early therapies that are less aggressive and costly, thus avoiding further damage to the constituent elements of the monument to be protected. Originality/Value: This study contributes to verifying the use of microtechnology tools that speed up the control and monitoring processes of damaging phenomena, eliminating the risks to the safety and health of workers and considerably reducing the risks to the architectural monument to be inspected.

Accelerating the Diagnosis of Pandemic Infection Based on Rapid Sampling Algorithm for Fast-Response Breath Gas Analyzers.

This paper presents a novel technique for extracting the alveolar part of human breath. Gas exchange occurs between blood and inhaled air in the alveoli, which is helpful in medical diagnostics based on breath analysis. Consequently, the alveolar portion of the exhaled air contains specific concentrations of endogenous EVOC (exogenous volatile organic compound), which, among other factors, depend on the person's health condition. As this part of the breath enables the screening for diseases, accurate sample collection for testing is crucial. Inaccurate sampling can significantly alter the composition of the specimen, alter the concentration of EVOC (biomarkers) and adversely affect the diagnosis. Furthermore, the volume of alveolar air is minimal (usually <350 mL), especially in the case of people affected by respiratory system problems. For these reasons, precise sampling is a key factor in the effectiveness of medical diagnostic systems. A new technique ensuring high accuracy and repeatability is presented in the article. It is based on analyzing the changes in carbon dioxide concentration in human breath using a fast and compensated non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor and the simple moving adjacent average (SMAA) algorithm. Research has shown that this method accurately identifies exhalation phases with an uncertainty as low as 20 ms. This provides around 350 ms of breath duration for carrying out additional stages of the diagnostic process using various types of analyzers.

Thermal Characteristics of the Small Joints of the Hands Between Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Healthy Controls.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the thermal characteristics of the small joints of the hands between patients with Rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls. Patients and Methods: Fifty-two patients with Rheumatoid arthritis and twenty-six healthy controls were included in the study. Joint tenderness was evaluated using Ritchie Articular index. Joint tenderness was scored from 0 to 3. Thermal data was collected from the hand regions of individuals. A FLIR T450sc microbolometer infrared thermal camera with 320x240 resolution was used for the thermography of individuals. Bilaterally proximal interphalangeal joints (1-5) and metacarpophalangeal joints (1-5) were evaluated. The mean temperature was compared between patients and healthy controls Results: The mean temperature values of the joints in the patients with a Rheumatoid arthritis RAI score of 0, 1, 2,3 were 32.43 ± 1.59°C; 32.71 ± 1.36°C; 33.12 ± 1.23°C; 33.60 ± 0.99 respectively. The mean temperature was 31.14 ± 1.51°C in healthy controls. The mean temperature values of the joints in the Rheumatoid arthritis patients with RAI score of 0 was higher compared to healthy controls (p&lt;0.05). Patients with a Ritchie sensitivity score of 1 had a higher mean temperature compared to patients with score of 0 (p&lt;0.05). In Rheumatoid arthritis patients, the joints with a RAI score of 1 had higher mean temperature values than the joints with RAI score of 0 (p&lt;0.05). The mean temperature values of the joints with RAI score of 2 were also higher than the joints with RAI score of 1 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Thermal imaging may be an objective tool for diagnosis and assessing disease activity in Rheumatoid arthritis.

A Review of Three-Dimensional RGB Images and Drone Thermal Camera Images Merged for Building Information Modeling for Energy Audit

The site visit is the core of the energy audit, where you inspect, measure, and document the building's energy performance and efficiency. Various tools and techniques may be used for this purpose, such as a walk-through survey to observe the building's condition, a blower door test to measure air tightness and infiltration, a thermographic scan to detect heat loss and gain, a lighting audit to assess lighting quality, quantity, and controls, a plug load audit to quantify appliance and equipment energy consumption, a submetering or data logging system to monitor specific systems or zones, and a power quality analyzer to measure electrical parameters and harmonics. Additionally, it is important to interview the building's owner, manager, and occupants in order to gain their feedback and suggestions on energy performance and issues. This paper review of how a drone can help in the energy audit of a building using thermal images and RGB images from thermal camera which will be use in Building Information Modelling (BIM). There are a variety of relevant literatures that serve as sources of inspiration for the conduct of this study. One example is the utilization of teleoperated helicopters that are equipped with an infrared thermal camera. These helicopters are intended to be investigated for energy audits in order to readily assess the conditions of the structure. More improvements will be made to the collected photographs, such as merging them with three-dimensional RGB images. This will allow for an exact determination of which area of the building need upgrading in order to reduce the amount of energy that is emitted; this notion is similar to that of finite element analysis.

Capillary interaction of copper melt with dense and porous MAX phase (Cr, Mn)2AlC

In the present work, we experimentally studied the interaction of a pure copper melt with a dense MAX-phase (Cr, Mn)2AlC after sintering by the electric pulse plasma method and a porous phase obtained by pressing at room temperature. The porous phase (20 % porosity) absorbs molten copper at temperatures above 1200 °C; the kinetics of absorption was directly measured using high-speed thermal and video cameras. The experiments were carried out in a vacuum of 10–3 Pa. Studies using scanning electron microscopy, EDX spectral analysis and X-ray diffraction have shown that a chemical interaction of the MAX-phase with a copper melt occurs with the formation of a solution of aluminum and chromium in copper and the decomposition of the MAX-phase to chromium carbides (stable or metastable). The dense, sintered sample also actively interacts with the melt, although the contact angles exceed 100°. The difference between porous and dense samples lies in the kinetics of interaction. The results were compared with experiments on wetting the Cr2AlC MAX-phase with a Cu (0.8 at.% Cr) melt conducted earlier. The described experimental conditions and the results of determining chemical and phase changes in the process of capillary interaction indicate the possibility of creating a composite material with a submicron structure of chromium carbide impregnated with aluminum bronze.

Thermal video-based hand gestures recognition using lightweight CNN

AbstractHand gesture recognition has gained a lot of attention in computer vision due to multiple applications. Further, most of the existing works utilized RGB data for hand gesture recognition. However, RGB cameras mainly depend on lighting, angles, and other factors including skin color which impacts the accuracy. Thus, we propose a methodology for video hand gesture recognition using thermal data in this work. Initially, we created a dataset of short video sequences captured from a thermal camera. Thereafter, a lightweight convolutional neural network model (CNN) is proposed for hand gesture recognition. Further, the performance of the proposed CNN model is evaluated on different sizes of the dataset consisting of 15, 10, and 5 frames per sequence. Results show that the proposed model achieves an accuracy of $$97\% \pm (0.05)$$, $$96\% \pm (0.05)$$, and $$87\% \pm (0.1)$$ on the dataset consisting of 15, 10, and 5 frames per sequence, respectively.

Augmented Reality Interface for Adverse-Visibility Conditions Validated by First Responders in Rescue Training Scenarios

Updating the equipment of the first responder (FR) by providing them with new capabilities and useful information will inevitably lead to better mission success rates and, therefore, more lives saved. This paper describes the design and implementation of a modular interface for augmented reality displays integrated into standard FR equipment that will provide support during the adverse-visibility situations that the rescuers find during their missions. This interface includes assistance based on the machine learning module denoted as Robust Vision Module, which detects relevant objects in a rescue scenario, particularly victims, using the feed from a thermal camera. This feed can be displayed directly alongside the detected objects, helping FRs to avoid missing anything during their operations. Additionally, the information exposition in the interface is organized according to the biometrical parameters of FRs during the operations. The main novelty of the project is its orientation towards useful solutions for FRs focusing on something occasionally ignored during research projects: the point of view of the final user. The functionalities have been designed after multiple iterations between researchers and FRs, involving testing and evaluation through realistic situations in training scenarios. Thanks to this feedback, the overall satisfaction according to the evaluations of 18 FRs is 3.84 out of 5 for the Robust Vision Module and 3.99 out of 5 for the complete AR interface. These functionalities and the different display modes available for the FRs to adapt to each situation are detailed in this paper.

Metoda pomiaru parametrów kamer termowizyjnych za pomocą zautomatyzowanego stanowiska pomiarowego

To achieve precise and repeatable measurements of thermal camera’s parameters, it is essential to eliminate human error. For this purpose, an automated test bench has been developed that allows fully automatic, semi-automatic and manual control of the measurement process. The designed stand supports remote control via Ethernet interface or USB connection. The developed software enables control, data recording and parameter determination of thermal cameras. The test bench ensures high quality and reliability of thermal measurements, enabling controlled examination of camera characteristics with minimal operator involvement.

Infrared Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for the Assessment of Mastitis in Dairy Ruminants.

Among the health issues of major concern in dairy ruminants, mastitis stands out as being associated with considerable losses in productivity and compromised animal health and welfare. Currently, the available methods for the early detection of mastitis are either inaccurate, requiring further validation, or expensive and labor intensive. Moreover, most of them cannot be applied at the point of care. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a rapid, non-invasive technology that can be used in situ to measure udder temperature and identify variations and inconsistencies thereof, serving as a benchmarking tool for the assessment of udders' physiological and/or health status. Despite the numerous applications in livestock farming, IRT is still underexploited due to the lack of standardized operation procedures and significant gaps regarding the optimum settings of the thermal cameras, which are currently exploited on a case-specific basis. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was twofold: first, to provide the state of knowledge on the applications of IRT for the assessment of udder health status in dairy ruminants, and second, to summarize and discuss the major strengths and weaknesses of IRT application at the point of care, as well as future challenges and opportunities of its extensive adoption for the diagnosis of udder health status and control of mastitis at the animal and herd levels.

184 Effects of cattle hide color and changing environmental conditions at northern latitudes on feeder cattle performance and behavior

Abstract While suitable research has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on feeder cattle welfare, we have seen limited work done that assesses the relationship of hide color and cattle thermoregulation in response to extreme environmental changes, particularly of those seen at northern latitudes. Specifically, there is limited research on the effects of environmental stressors and cattle hide color on performance and intake. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate feeder cattle performance in response to environmental conditions and hide color. Angus-based yearling steers [n = 40; average body weight (BW) = 409.28 kg were stratified by BW and hide color (red, white, and black) and were randomized into 10 pens at the Northern Agricultural Research Center in Havre, MT. Steers were on trial from 20 February 2023 to 11 July 2023 (141 d) and fitted with an electronic ear tag and adapted to the Vytelle system (Vytelle, Lenexa, KS) for 14 d prior to the start of the study. All 10 pens consisted of two electronic feed bunks equipped with an antenna to detect animal presence, load cells to measure feed disappearance and wireless transfer to a data-acquisition computer. Finishing diet (8.6% CP, 75% TDN) consisted of 69% corn, 21% corn silage, 10% wheat straw, and 0.45 kgּ animal-1ּ d-1 of beef grower pellet with a fortified mineral and vitamin package. Initial and final unshrunk BW were obtained on two consecutive days and averaged. Every 28 d during the experiment, steers were weighed prior to feeding and a measurement of coat depth was taken. Animal surface temperature was recorded via a FLIR E5xt thermal imaging camera on the same day of every week at 0730 h (prior to feeding) and 1330 h (6 h post feeding), for 20 wk. There was no difference in hair depth between the white hided steers and other treatments (P ≥ 0.26). However, there was a treatment effect (P = 0.01) of hide color on cattle surface temperature, with black and red hided steers averaging 2.85°C greater than white hided steers. There was no effect of treatment on average daily gain (P = 0.55) averaging 1.34 kg/d. Additionally, there was no treatment effect on average daily intake (P = 0.36), averaging 10.76 kg per day. There was a treatment effect on gain to feed efficiency (P = 0.05); however, post hoc means separation analysis showed no difference between treatments. In summary, although there were treatment effects on animal surface temperature, they were not reflected in animal performance.

Registration of thermal images of dead teeth to identify odontogenic infection foci

Infrared thermal imaging (IRT) remotely and contactless maps the temperature on the examined surface, recording the distribution of infrared radiation emitted by each body whose temperature is higher than absolute zero. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of thermography in the assessment of asymptomatic infection foci in patients with high systemic infection. The 150 cases diagnosed based on roentgenograms, divided into 6 groups of diagnosed odontogenic lesions, along with a control group. Thermal imaging was performed with a FLIR Systems T1020 thermal camera. Thermal image analysis was performed using ThermaCAM Researcher Pro 2.10, MS Office Excel 2022 and Statistica 10. The periapical areas of selected dead teeth were selected as areas of interest. The Mann Whitney’s U test showed statistically significant (p < 0.001) differences in average temperature between each patient’s and healthy group. Depper’s analysis showed statistical significance also between the ZM and BZ groups (p = 0.004). Moreover, obtained results may also suggest that thermal imaging can be useful in identify odontogenic infection foci. The thermal asymmetry of periapical tissues of teeth differentiates dead from living teeth, as well as individual pathologies related to the process of gangrenous pulp decay. Thermographic mapping is a promising diagnostic technique that can detect asymptomatic inflammations that carry the risk of infection of the entire body.

Creation of multimodal digital twins with reflexive AGI multilogic and multisensory

Reflexive AGI multilogic, multimodality and multisensors are the basis for the multidisciplinary development of intelligent digital twins. Multimodality is implemented in several formats: text, image, speech, formulas, etc. Multilogic is implemented according to several rules or methods or ways of working with knowledge and data, and the criterion for selecting the best result from all implementations. AGI multilogic carries out judgment, understanding, perception, comparison, analysis, choice, etc. Understanding is realized using the technology of unified objectification of the ontology of subject areas for the implementation of specific activities. Multisensor systems are combined groups of electro-optical, spectroscopic and holographic sensors, and combined series of sensors, such as a thermal imager, color camera, low-light camera, laser rangefinder, laser designator, laser, pointer-illuminator and others. Multisensory systems help monitor the psyche and performance of a person at the level of medical indicators of his physical condition in the process of joint activities with digital twins. Multimodal digital twin with AGI multilogic and multisensory is good human assistant in many areas of activity.

The diurnal variation of dust and water ice aerosol optical depth at Jezero crater observed by MEDA/TIRS over a full Martian year

The Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) on the Perseverance rover has provided nearly two full Mars years of systematic monitoring of the total aerosol optical depth above Jezero Crater. These observations span a wide range of timescales, capturing seasonal patterns, diurnal variations, and minute-to-minute fluctuations in aerosol loading. By combining TIRS retrievals with orbital observations, the relative contributions of dust and water ice aerosols can be estimated, revealing their different seasonal and diurnal behaviors. The TIRS record shows distinct periods of dust storm activity, including strong regional storms during the perihelion season as well as short-lived but intense dust events outside the typical dust storm season. Water ice clouds exhibit pronounced seasonal and diurnal variability, with peak activity occurring during the aphelion season but with a presence throughout the year. The diurnal variation of clouds differs significantly between the aphelion and perihelion seasons, with clouds persisting throughout the night during the aphelion season, while largely absent outside of specific periods after sunrise and sunset during the perihelion season. These results provide new insights into the complex behavior of aerosols at Jezero Crater and their connections to atmospheric dynamics and the Martian dust and water cycles.

Gas Detection and Classification Using Multimodal Data Based on Federated Learning.

The identification of gas leakages is a significant factor to be taken into consideration in various industries such as coal mines, chemical industries, etc., as well as in residential applications. In order to reduce damage to the environment as well as human lives, early detection and gas type identification are necessary. The main focus of this paper is multimodal gas data that were obtained simultaneously by using multiple sensors for gas detection and a thermal imaging camera. As the reliability and sensitivity of low-cost sensors are less, they are not suitable for gas detection over long distances. In order to overcome the drawbacks of relying just on sensors to identify gases, a thermal camera capable of detecting temperature changes is also used in the collection of the current multimodal dataset The multimodal dataset comprises 6400 samples, including smoke, perfume, a combination of both, and neutral environments. In this paper, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are trained on thermal image data, utilizing variants such as bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), dense LSTM, and a fusion of both datasets to effectively classify comma separated value (CSV) data from gas sensors. The dataset can be used as a valuable source for research scholars and system developers to improvise their artificial intelligence (AI) models used for gas leakage detection. Furthermore, in order to ensure the privacy of the client's data, this paper explores the implementation of federated learning for privacy-protected gas leakage classification, demonstrating comparable accuracy to traditional deep learning approaches.

Effect of Back Plate Preheating Assistance System and Deep Rolling Process on Microstructure Defects and Axial Force Reduction of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 Joint.

This study investigates the effects of a back plate preheating assistance system and deep rolling (DR) on axial force and tunnel defects during friction stir welding (FSW). Different preheating configurations-advancing side (AS), retreating side (RS), and both sides-were examined to evaluate their impact on axial force reduction, temperature distribution, and defect minimization. Axial force measurements were taken using a dynamometer, and temperature histories were recorded with a thermal camera. The results demonstrate that a preheating temperature of 200 °C is optimal, reducing axial force by 30.24% and enhancing material flow. This temperature also facilitated deeper tool penetration, especially when preheating was applied to both sides. Preheating on the AS resulted in the smallest tunnel defects, reducing defect size by 80.15% on the RS and 96.91% on the AS compared to the non-preheated condition. While DR further reduced tunnel defects, its effectiveness was limited by the proximity of defects to the surface. These findings offer significant insights for improving the FSW process.

Effects of exogenous deoxyribonuclease I in collagen antibody-induced arthritis

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with a high concentration of extracellular DNA (ecDNA). This could be a consequence of the inflammation, but the ecDNA could also be involved in the unknown etiopathogenesis of RA. Clearance of ecDNA is hypothesized to prevent the development of RA. This study aimed to analyze the effects of exogenous deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) administration in an animal model of RA.MethodsThe collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model of RA was induced in adult female DBA/1J mice. CAIA mice were treated with saline or DNase I (10 mg/kg) every 12 h for the whole duration of the experiment. Arthritic scores were assessed. Paw volume and temperature were assessed using a plethysmometer and a thermal camera, respectively. Plasma ecDNA and its subcellular origin were analyzed using fluorometry and real-time PCR. DNase activity was quantified with single radial enzyme diffusion method.ResultsThe CAIA model was successfully induced as proved by a higher volume, temperature and the overall arthritis score in comparison to controls. The administration of DNase I resulted in a nearly two-fold increase in serum DNase activity. Still, it did affect neither plasma ecDNA, nor the arthritis score or other measures of joint inflammation.ConclusionOur results suggest that exogenous DNase I does not prevent the development of CAIA in mice. Whether this is true for other animal models of arthritis or clinical RA requires further research. EcDNA does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of CAIA. Additional studies are also needed to elucidate the role of ecDNA in the development of RA, focusing especially on its origin and inhibition of ecDNA release.

Study of the Effect of Initial Plate Temperature in Jet Impingement Cooling Process

The microstructure characteristics and the properties of rolled steels are significantly affected by the heat transfer and boiling phenomena occurring during the jet impingement cooling on run‐out tables (ROT). In this study, experiments are conducted using a full industrial‐scale ROT facility with rectangular plates made of low‐carbon stainless steel (type 316L). The plate is heated up to a temperature ranging from to , then rapidly impinged using a single circular water jet, and the temperature drop is captured using an infrared thermal camera (FLIR A615 25°–50 Hz type). The dissipated heat flux, estimated experimentally using a 2D inverse heat conduction analysis, ranges from 6.1 to 3.4 MW m−2 across different zones along the plate surface. The impact of different initial plate temperature on the boiling behavior is studied by developing a 2D‐computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and the results are closely aligned with the experimental findings. The results reveal that when estimating the heat flux from CFD simulations, the best accuracy is obtained when considering fluid temperature at a point close to the plate surface (about 1 μm above the surface). Furthermore, the maximum extracted heat flux (MHF) is significantly influenced by the initial temperature of the plate. Increasing the initial plate temperature from 500 to 900 °C led to an increase of 82% in the MHF in stagnation zone, and 137% increase in the parallel‐flow region. The CFD model presented in this study and the full calculation of the boiling curves numerically will pave the road for investigating various practical parameters in jet impingement cooling.

High-Accuracy Calibration Method of a Thermal Camera Using Two Reference Blackbodies.

Body temperature is one of the most important physiological parameters of a human being used to assess his basic vital functions. In medical practice, various types of measuring instruments are used to measure temperature, such as liquid thermometers, electronic thermometers, non-contact ear thermometers, and non-contact forehead thermometers. Such body temperature measurement techniques require the connection of appropriate sensors to a person, and non-contact thermometers operate over short distances and force a specific position of the person during the measurement. As a result, using the above methods, it is practically impossible to perform body temperature measurements of a moving human being. A thermal imaging camera can be used effectively for the purpose of the temperature measurement of moving objects, but the remote measurement of a human body temperature using a thermal imaging camera is affected by many factors that are difficult to control. Accurate remote measurement of human body temperature requires a measurement system that implements a specialized temperature determination algorithm. This article presents a model of a measurement system that facilitates the development of a highly accurate temperature measurement method. For the model, its parameters were determined on the calibration stand. The correct operation of the developed method and the effectiveness of temperature measurement have been confirmed by tests on a test stand using reference radiation sources.