Thermal Blanket Research Articles

Five-year soil warming changes soil C and N dynamics in a single rice paddy field in Japan

Soil temperature is an important determinant of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, but its effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) dynamics as well as rice biomass in rice paddy ecosystems are not fully understood. We conducted a five-year soil warming experiment in a single-cropping paddy field in Japan. Soil temperatures were elevated by approximate 2 °C with heating wires during the rice growing season and by approximate 1 °C with nighttime thermal blankets during the fallow season. Soil samples were collected in autumn after rice harvest and in spring after fallow each year, and anaerobically incubated at 30 °C for four weeks to determine soil C decomposition and N mineralization potentials. The SOC and TN contents, rice biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentrations were measured in the study. Soil warming did not significantly enhance rice aboveground and root biomasses, but it significantly decreased SOC and TN contents and thus decreased soil C decomposition and N mineralization potentials due to depletion of available C and N. Moreover, soil warming significantly decreased DOC concentration but significantly increased MBC concentration. The ratios of C decomposition potential to N mineralization potential, decomposition potential to SOC, and N mineralization to TN were not affected by soil warming. There were significant seasonal and annual variations in SOC, C decomposition and N mineralization potentials, soil DOC and MBC under each temperature treatments. Our study implied that soil warming can decrease soil C and N stocks in paddy ecosystem probably via stimulating microbial activities and accelerating the depletion of DOC. This study further highlights the importance of long-term in situ observation of C and N dynamics and their availabilities in rice paddy ecosystems under increasing global warming scenarios.

Influence of the Coating System on the Acoustic, Thermal and Luminous Performance of Brazilian Buildings

This work presents an extensive numerical simulation to analyze the influence of the coating layers on the performance of construction systems, in order to make the constructions projects feasible, not only economically but also technically. Through numerical simulations based on a defined reference model, the present work studied the influence of different layers of floor, roof and internal and external wall systems, on the acoustic, thermal, and luminous performance of buildings in Brazil. The results showed the materials and elements with the greatest influence on: lighting performance are the internal finishes of the environment and the type of glass used in the external windows. On thermal performance, all elements of the roofing system and façades, especially an absence of external cladding and the use of thermal blankets on the roof, have greater influence. The acoustic performance of the façade function on the external windows and acoustic performance of the floor system are mainly influenced by the thickness of the structural element and the use of a ceiling and acoustic blanket; acoustic performance of internal walls is affected by typology of the structured element of the wall and thickness.

Material selection using Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution EDAS Mehtod

Material selection Introduction: Material selection is design Any step in the process Also refers to physical substance. In the context of prod-uct design, the main objective of material selection is, Product performance when meeting goals Reduces costs. Given with usage, features and costs The starting object is the candidate Methodology of products Best for exam. Material selection is often a material symbol or differ-ential heat transfer from the given temperature to reduce Relevant performance to benefit Desired using code Material has properties, A ther-mal blanket is the worst heat Has conductivity. A Characteristics of the designer's materials Thorough knowledge of behavior should be. Sub-ject selection is requirements of a given application Perfectly suited to complement, It is the process of selecting the material. under their working conditions Mechanical properties, chemical properties, Physical properties, electrical properties, cost Various factors such as exami-nation requirements make decisions. of the material selection process. Research significance: Material selection is of a given application Very suitable to meet the needs It is the process of selecting the object. Mechanical properties, chemical properties, Physical properties, electrical properties and cost In deciding the exam requirements like Various factors go into it. In the context of product design, the main objective of material selection is, Product performance goals Cost reduction while meeting. Best for a given application Proper selection of material, can-didate properties of materials and Starting with costs. Methodology: based on the distance from the mean solution evaluation (EDAS) is a new and efficient MCDM is proper. In this way alternatives are preferred based on their distance from the mean solution is determined. From the analysis in which EDAS (Avg evaluation based on distance from solution) method is the best solution. Short range and negative the ideal is the solution with the longest distance from the solution determines, but of these distances the comparison is not significant. Alternative: Aluminum 2024-26, Aluminum 5052-0, Stainless Steel 301-FH, Stainless Steel 310-3AH, titanium Ti–6Al–4V, Inconel 718. Evaluation Preference: Toughness index, Yield strength, Young’s modulus, Density, Thermal conductivity, Specific heat Results: From the result it is seen that Stainless Steel 301-FH is got the first rank where as is the titanium Ti–6Al–4V is having the lowest rank. Conclusion: As a result, stainless steel 301-FH ranked first, while titanium Ti–6Al-4V ranked lowest.

New Thermodynamics: Rethinking the Science of Climate Change

Statistical analysis shows that climate change is due to human activities. The accepted reason being the greenhouse effect, which is based on the erroneous assumption that homonuclear gases are opaque to thermal energy. The reality is that all polyatomic gases absorb and then radially radiate thermal energy, as proven by their heat capacities. The greenhouse effect, then becomes secondary. Thermal energy generated by human activities is part of Earth’s anthroposphere which is where climate change is measured. Such human-generated thermal energy is absorbed by all our atmosphere’s polyatomic gases, which is then radially radiated by those very gases. Therefore, our whole atmosphere forms Earth’s thermal blanket, and human’s activities becomes the root cause of climate change. Our Sun’s influx starts outside of Earth’s thermal blanket, with much of its visible light reaching Earth’s surface. However, the majority of the Sun’s insolation is at thermal wavelengths, which are readily absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, and whose energy are then radially radiated by its polyatomic gases.

New Thermodynamics: Rethinking the Science of Climate Change

Statistical analysis shows that climate change is due to human activities. The accepted reason being the greenhouse effect, which is based on the erroneous assumption that homonuclear gases are opaque to thermal energy. The reality is that all polyatomic gases absorb and then radially radiate thermal energy, as proven by their heat capacities. The greenhouse effect, then becomes secondary. Thermal energy generated by human activities is part of Earth’s anthroposphere which is where climate change is measured. Such human-generated thermal energy is absorbed by all our atmosphere’s polyatomic gases, which is then radially radiated by those very gases. Therefore, our whole atmosphere forms Earth’s thermal blanket, and human’s activities becomes the root cause of climate change. Our Sun’s influx starts outside of Earth’s thermal blanket, with much of its visible light reaching Earth’s surface. However, the majority of the Sun’s insolation is at thermal wavelengths, which are readily absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, and whose energy are then radially radiated by its polyatomic gases.

The thickness and deposition rate effects on structural and optical properties of aluminized PET

In this study, we used the PVD method by thermal evaporation technique, in which aluminum deposited on a 13 microm polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The aluminum deposition was carried out in different thicknesses (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 nm) on both sides of the substrate and two different deposition rates (a high rate of 6 nm/s and a low rate of 0.4 nm/s). Absorptance and emittance analyses were done. These analyses were evaluated by ECSS-Q70-71A standard for use in thermal blankets. According to analyses and evaluation, it was found that the sample with a thickness of 150 nm has the optimum values of absorptance and emittance for use in the thermal layers. Surface morphologies of the samples with the thicknesses of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 nm were investigated using AFM analysis. Other structural properties of the Al-PET sample with a thickness of 150 nm were determined by structural analyses, including XRD, FTIR, and FESEM.

Atomic oxygen durable ultra-black polyimide nanocomposite films in solar spectrum

Black thermal control blankets have been widely used in spacecraft for eliminating stray light around high-resolution optical instruments. However, the limited absorption in visible light range, the fast degradation upon hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) in low Earth orbit (LEO), and the poor adhesion of black coatings with substrate confined their applications into board solar spectrum and multi-layer interface engineering. In this work, a nanocomposite polyimide film containing a trisilanolphenyl POSS, a dye of solvent black 34, and a carbon black of CABOT M800 has been designed. With an ingredient of 20 wt% POSS, 5 wt% dye, and 10 wt% carbon black, the nanocomposite polyimide film PPIBC10 exhibited an ultra-low transmittance near zero in the range 200–2000 nm, a low reflectance below 5% in UV range and below 2% in VIS-IR range, and a low erosion yield of 0.49 ± 0.11 × 10−24 cm3 atom−1 upon a 2.27 × 1020 atoms cm−2 hyperthermal AO exposure, with an absorptance of 0.983, an emissivity of 0.86, and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 20 ppm oC−1. SEM and XPS analysis indicated that a uniform SiOx passivating network was formed on surface upon the hyperthermal AO exposure. The tensile strength decreased with increasing additives, and kept stable upon the AO exposure, for there was only sub-micrometer in erosion depth. The thermal expansion coefficients of the nanocomposite films are comparable to that of Kapton, which benefits interface engineering. The small granularity of tens of micrometers and good solubility in poly(amic acid) of additives POSS, dye, and carbon black benefit potential manufacture. This study suggests an ultra-black AO durable polyimide film for potential applications in LEO.

Spraying of a powder coating on an inner body of a nozzle assembly using a detonation method

Objective. Determining of heat treatment influence on a thermal blanket persistency and geometrical dimensions of its parts.Methods of research. Metallographical surface evaluations of a work-hardened parts geometrical measurements, measuring the adhesion.Results. The article details a detonation spraying of a metal powder coating using condensed high-energy materials based on engineered installation. Results of derived thermal blanket are featured.Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty. Behavior patterns of inner bodyof a nozzle assembly was established. It was identified that heat processing leads to changes in metallurgical structure in an anti-abrasion coating. It was defined that heat processing results in no cracks, cleavages or swellings.В ходе работы была проведена серия постановочных экспериментов по определению влияния термообработки (ТО) теплозащитного покрытия ТЗП-2 на стойкость покрытия. Сравнительные исследования проводились на 2 корпусах внутренних сопловых аппаратов (СА). Выбран оптимальный режим термической обработки.Practical value. During work the series of raising experiments were conducted on determination of influence of heat treatment (HT) of heatcover coverage of HCC-2 on firmness of coverage and geometrical sizes of details. Comparative researches were conducted on 2 corps of internal nozzle vehicles (NV). Optimal heat treatment conditions were established.

Effects of the thermal blanket on AMS-02

This study evaluates effects of the thermal blanket on various components of AMS-02 using telemetry data from before and after installation. In principle, the thermal blanket stabilizes the temperature of the covered components. When the external heat flux increases, the thermal blanket restrains the increase in the component temperature. In contrast, when the external heat flux decreases, the thermal blanket reduces the heat dissipation. The thermal blanket effectively solves low-temperature warnings of BOX-C, a vital component of the gas circulation system in the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) located on the port-wake side of AMS-02. However, the effect on inner components, which are not covered by the thermal blanket, is less significant. In the meantime, the thermal blanket prevents heat dissipation from the interior of AMS-02 to the outer space, which can cause high-temperature warnings at internal components such as the Power Distribution System (PDS) and the photomultiplier tubes in the Time of Flight (TOF).

An open-label, randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of the Orve+wrap® versus Forced Air Warming in restoring normothermia in the postanaesthetic care unit.

To determine the clinical effectiveness and safety of the Orve+wrap® thermal blanket. Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is a common problem in postanaesthetic care units and can have significant effects on patients' postoperative morbidity. Despite its commercial availability, there is no clinical evidence on the effectiveness of Orve+wrap®. A single centre prospective, open-label, noninferiority randomised controlled trial. Postoperative hypothermic (35.0-35.9°C) patients who had undergone elective surgery were randomised to receive either Orve+wrap® or Forced Air Warming during their PACU stay. Patient temperatures were recorded every 10min using zero-heat-flux thermometry. This study is reported using CONSORT Extension checklist for noninferiority and equivalence trials. Between December 2016-October 2018, 129 patients were randomised to receive either Orve+wrap® blanket (n=65, 50.3%) or Forced Air Warming (n=64, 49.7%). The mean 60-min postoperative temperature of patients receiving Orve+wrap® blanket was 36.2 and 36.3°C for the patients receiving Forced Air Warming. The predefined noninferiority margin of a mean difference in temperature of 0.3°C was not reached between the groups at 60min. Additionally, there were no statistical differences between adverse event rates across these groups. In the context of this study, warming patients with the Orve+wrap® was noninferior to Forced Air Warming. There were comparable rates of associated postoperative consequences of warming (shivering, hypotension, arrhythmias or surgical site infections), between the groups. The Orve+wrap® potentially provides an alternative warming method to Forced Air Warming for patients requiring short-term postoperative warming. However, there are still a number of unknowns regarding the Orve+wrap® performance and further exploration is required.

Exploration and optimization on the usage of micro-perforated panels as trim panels in commercial aircrafts

Micro-perforated panels (MPPs), as an alternative to porous materials for sound absorption, have been commonly used in electronic industries and aircraft engines but are barely used in aircraft cabins. The effect of MPPs on the sound insulation and absorption properties of aircraft cabin panels has been investigated in this article. Theoretical modeling has been conducted on an aircraft cabin panel structure with a trim panel replaced by an MPP trim panel, using the transfer matrix method and the classic MPP theory. It is indicated by the theoretical results that, although the sound transmission loss (STL) of the cabin panel with an MPP trim panel is lower than that with an un-perforated panel, the MPP trim panel can significantly enhance the sound absorption coefficient of the entire cabin panel structure. Based on the well-developed MPP theory, the sound absorption coefficient of an aircraft cabin panel with an MPP trim panel can be improved by optimizing the MPP's parameters at a specific frequency. Taking an engine frequency 273 Hz as an example, the optimization can increase the sound absorption coefficient to 1 by using the doublelayered MPPs. When the thermal acoustic insulation blanket is considered, although the STL of the proposed structure with double-layered MPP trim panels in a diffuse field is lower than those without MPP trim panels, the sound absorption in the cabin is significantly enhanced due to the double-layer MPP trim panel at the specific engine frequency and across all frequencies. The STL of the structure with double-layered MPP trim panels and TAIB can be higher than 40 dB from 880 Hz in a diffuse field, which implies its effectiveness as sound insulation structure in aviation industry. MPP trim panels provide a new idea for the design of aircraft cabin panels and areworthy of further research

Heat- and cooling systems

Introduction. The article discusses the various aspects of the use of foamed polyethylene, implemented at sports facilities in Armenia. Firstly, it is a roof insulation system. Secondly, the implementation of insulation systems to preserve the cold in the territory of open sports facilities, in particular, to preserve snow reserves in ski resorts. Additional requirements are imposed on the thermal insulation material for such structures. The material, in addition to high thermotechnical properties, must be airtight, lightweight, easy to install and maintain, durable, resistant to infection by bacteria and fungi, it is easy to tolerate temperature extremes. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a study of the properties (heat conductivity density, vapor permeability, water absorption) and application features (resistance to the effects of temperature, humidity, aggressive components contained in the air, that is, its high operational stability) of rolled non-cross-linked polyethylene foam when creating insulating sheets that protect snow from melting. Results. It was found that polyethylene foam in the insulating system maintains the stability of mechanical and thermophysical properties. Taking into account all the functional features of the implementation of insulation systems, the principles of protection and preservation (conservation) of snow cover have been developed, implemented on the mountain slopes and plateau of ski facilities. Rolls of foamed polyethylene were joined end-to-end and mechanically fixed. Conclusions. Thus, a seamless insulating coating was formed, covering the entire hillside — “thermal blanket”. The insulation system is operated during the off-season between March and September, during a period of stable positive temperatures.

Modeling heating demands in a Chinese-style solar greenhouse using the transient building energy simulation model TRNSYS

TRNSYS is a powerful building simulation software widely used for transient simulation of thermal systems in the commercial and residential buildings but it has not been well studied for its application in greenhouses. This study presents a complete TRNSYS model (include all possible heat sources and sinks) for predicting the transient heating requirement of a conceptual Chinese-style solar greenhouse (CSG) for Canadian Prairies, but still need to make some significant assumptions. Therefore, the simulation errors caused by these assumptions are analyzed by comparing the TRNSYS simulated heating requirements with that from a newly developed and validated heating simulation model (CSGHEAT) for CSG. The results showed that the monthly average difference in the heating load simulation of the two models is about 5.0% when some specific features (thermal blanket and plants) are excluded for heating simulation; however, the difference could be significantly higher (33–68%) when solar radiation based control operation of thermal blanket and transient moisture production rate are modeled using CSGHEAT. The results show that these assumptions (fixed-schedule for the thermal blanket, day-night schedule for moisture gain, and fixed infiltration rate) in TRNSYS can cause significant errors for the heating load prediction of CSG. Hence, building simulation software like TRNSYS needs complicated modifications or sub-models for reducing the prediction uncertainty of greenhouse microclimates.

Suppression of Antenna Backscatter on a Nanosat Using a Resistively Loaded FSS Absorber

A very thin microwave absorber that can be integrated into the outermost layer of thermal blankets is proposed as a means to electromagnetically decouple payload antennas from spacecraft platforms. The effectiveness of this concept is evaluated for a critical test case where a linearly polarized dipole antenna working at 10 GHz is placed at three different distances above the surface of a $\text{10 cm}$ Nanosat mock-up. This scenario is chosen as the dipole will radiate into both half spaces and any reflections from the vehicle onto which it is mounted will significantly affect its behavior. A resistively loaded frequency selective surface (FSS) absorber is employed to supress the energy contained in the antenna backlobes, and it is shown that the installed performance for all three geometries closely resembles the beam shape of the antenna in isolation. Experimental results have been obtained for one arrangement to confirm that the directive gain is increased by 18 dB in the boresight direction. The FSS absorber is composed of an array of resistively loaded hexagonal patches that are patterned on a 1.12 mm ( $\lambda /25$ ) thick foil-backed polyethylene terephthalate sheet to replicate the physical construction of commercially available space blankets.

INNOVATIVE DEVICES FOR LOCAL HEATING BASED ON METALLIZED CONDUCTIVE FILAMENTS TO MAINTAIN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE HUMAN BODY AT LOW TEMPERATURES, INCLUDING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Relevance. Maintaining the optimal temperature of the human body, as well as its timely warming at low ambient temperatures is one of the main tasks within first medical care.Intention. To present specifications of thermal products developed at Institute of Engineering Physics (Serpukhov city, Moscow region).Methodology. Innovative products for local heating based on metallized conductive filaments to maintain the temperature of the human body at low temperatures, including severe diseases and emergency situations.Results and Discussion. Specifications of thermal bags and blankets equipped with autonomous electric heating system and also autonomous heating system for infusion solutions are described. Similar characteristics of the products are as follows: high reliability, operational convenience and safety; materials that withstand repeated sanitary hygienic treatment without induction of static electricity; regulation of ambient temperature for heating with visual indication of operation; domestic materials, equipment and accessories; absolute fire safety, moisture and frost resistance of materials that do not emit toxic substances; power supply from rechargeable batteries; the battery charge time from the charger ≤ 71/2 hours. According to the pilot studies, thermal devices for autonomous heating of severely ill and injured are highly effective.Conclusion. The conclusion is made on the appropriateness and effectiveness of thermal devices for first aid and medical care at low temperatures for seriously ill and emergency affected employees of the Russian EMERCOM and personnel of emergency and disaster medicine teams of Russia.

Investigation on the performance of the thermal blanket on the Transition Radiation Detector gas system of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

Abstract Temperature anomaly has the possibility to most quickly occur on the gas circulating pumps of the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) gas system according to the temperature records of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station (ISS). A thermal blanket has been taken as an effective response measure. In this paper, temperature variations of the TRD gas system with β angle before and after installing the thermal blanket are studied and the occurrence laws of the temperature anomaly are determined. Results show that the temperature anomalies are concentrated respectively on the β intervals of − 65 ° , − 28 ° , − 25 ° , + 28 ° , and + 44 ° , + 75 ° before installing the thermal blanket. Installation of the thermal blanket can effectively solve the temperature anomalies in the β interval of − 60 ° , + 60 ° but not in the β intervals of − 75 ° , − 60 ° and + 60 ° , + 75 ° . Then the causes of the temperature anomalies on TRD gas system are investigated based on the on-orbit temperature records. We find the ISS maneuver is an important reason. For the temperature anomalies that may still tend to occur after installing the thermal blanket, the appropriate temperature control suggestions are proposed, which can provide insights into the long-term operation of the AMS and design of the future payload.

New Thermodynamics: Global Warming and Man’s Activities

A previously published new kinetic theory not only improves the fit with accepted empirical findings, it also means that intermolecular collisions are inelastic. Combined with a previously published new understanding of lost work and the realization that the whole atmosphere acts as a thermal blanket completely changes our understanding, as to how man’s activities relate to global warming.

New Thermodynamics: Global Warming and Man’s Activities

A previously published new kinetic theory not only improves the fit with accepted empirical findings, it also means that intermolecular collisions are inelastic. Combined with a previously published new understanding of lost work and the realization that the whole atmosphere acts as a thermal blanket completely changes our understanding, as to how man’s activities relate to global warming.

Resistively loaded ultra‐thin FSS absorbers for radio‐frequency enhancement of spacecraft thermal blankets

This study reports the use of metal-backed frequency selective surface (FSS) absorbers as a means to control the scattering of electromagnetic energy from satellite platforms which are covered with thermal blankets. This is achieved by exploiting the similarity of the physical construction of this class of absorber and the dielectric clad foil-backed outermost layer of space blankets. Simulated results are presented for five absorber designs which are suitable for mechanical integration into the top surface of a multi-layer insulator. These were constructed using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) material with sheet thickness in the range 140 μ m ( λ / 213 ) − 1120 μ m ( λ / 25 ). The optimum performance around 10 GHz was obtained from an array of hexagonal patch elements with the conductivity of the silver plating adjusted to achieve the desired resistive loading. At normal incidence, the FSS-based structures presented −10 dB reflectivity bandwidths that are strongly dependent on the thickness of the PET sheet and vary between 2 and 16%. The design methodology is verified by measuring the radar backscatter from 140 and 1120 μ m thick absorbers in the frequency range 8–12 GHz.

A Comparison of Internal and External Preheat Methods for NMC Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) performance can be significantly declined when operated at cold climates in terms of capacity loss, resistance increase and accelerated aging rates. To prevent this downgrade and to maintain the optimal operation of battery cells, a preheat process is taking place, which can be implemented either by internal or external techniques. The former is performed actively, by circulating a constant amplitude and frequency alternative pulse current (APC) at the battery cell’s terminal and preheating it internally by harvesting its generated Joule losses. The latter is achieved passively, by enclosing the cell into thermal blankets. In this work, a comparison of these two preheating strategies is presented, by proposing electro-thermal and lifetime models of a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC/G) 20 Ah pouch battery cell. Heat transfer, energy efficiencies and degradation costs are estimated during operation of the preheat techniques. Validation of the model showed a good agreement between the model and experimental data, and a study case is proposed to estimate and compare the cost efficiency of the methods as based for an economic study.