Therapeutic Sessions Research Articles

Mimikveränderungen während einer Traumatherapie

Background: Clinicians frequently describe changes in facial affective behavior during the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An increase in facial affective behavior is seen in association with a reduction of numbing symptoms. Objective: The purpose of this exploratory study was to demonstrate the changes in facial affective behavior (especially negative affects) during inpatient eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment and to examine to what extent these changes correspond to shifts in symptom severity. Material and methods: Facial affective behavior was coded during therapeutic sessions for 16 patients who were chronically traumatized during their youth, using the facial action coding system (FACS) for 3 time points, before, during and 1 year after treatment with EMDR. Data of the impact of event scale revised (IES-R), the symptom checklist (SCL-90-R), Beck depression inventory (BDI-V) and a questionnaire for dissociative symptoms (FDS) was documented for 16 female patients with a mean age of 39 years (SD = ±10). Results and conclusion: There was a significant change in facial affective behavior during and after treatment (χ2(2) = 5.73, p = 0.030). Total facial affective behavior and the expression of negative affect significantly increased 1 year after therapy; however, there were no significant correlations between the change of facial affective behavior during EMDR treatment and relevant outcome variables. Further research will show if monitoring facial affective behavior is useful to assess therapeutic success, especially with respect to social interactions.

Animal-assisted therapy used for anxiety disorders in patients with learning disabilities: An observational study

IntroductionAnimal-assisted therapy is defined as the positive interaction between an animal and a patient within a therapeutic framework. Previous studies have reported on the beneficial effects of animal-assisted therapy with patients suffering from anxiety, a major challenge for professionals caring for patients with intellectual disability. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities such as depression or anxiety within this population is two to four times higher than in the general population. Finding new treatment options for such anxiety disorders is important. The aim of this observational study was to explore whether the level of anxiety decreased when a dog was present during therapy for people with learning disability. MethodThis was an observational study which involved 53 adult patients with mild learning disabilities (26 men) average age, 36.5±11.2years.The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was completed by participants with the therapist, before and after two 30-min therapeutic sessions, one in the presence of a dog and the other with only the therapist. ResultsThe STAI score significantly decreased after the session with the dog, which was not the case after the session without the dog). After the animal-assisted session, the STAI score was significantly lower (Z=−4.654; p<0.0001), which was not the case for the session without the dog (Z=−1.054; p=0.295). There was a significant difference in anxiety between men and women. ConclusionResults suggest that there are positive benefits of animal-assisted therapy for individuals with learning disabilities which require confirmation in a randomized controlled trial.

The Effect of Movement Activities in Synchronization With Music on Motor Proficiency of Children With Autism

Objectives: Although social deficits are the main features of autism, children in autism spectrum disorder often too display difficulties with posture, coordination and motor planning. As such, poor motor skills are believed to be associated with greater difficulties in social communication. Some recent studies show that music can improve the sensory processing and motor functions by affecting brain connectivity. The present study aims to examine the effect of movement activities in synchronization with music on motor proficiency of 7 to 14 years old children with low functioning autism.Materials & Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial design was used in this study. Twenty two subjects participated in the study and assigned into experimental and control groups randomly. The interventions consisted of movement activities with music for experimental group and without music for control group. Motor proficiency of subjects such as balance performance, bilateral coordination and upper limb coordination were assessed by trained independent evaluator before the treatment and also after 12th and 24th therapeutic sessions using 3 subtests of Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP). The effect of interventions in two groups were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results indicated that both interventions improved motor performance in the participants but the effects of interventions on balance performance (P<0.001), bilateral coordination (P<0.05) and upper limb coordination (P<0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Movement therapy is beneficial for children with autism, but movement activities in synchronization with music can accelerate improvements in motor proficiency of these children.

The therapeutic contribution of music in music-assisted systematic desensitization for substance addiction treatment: A pilot study

We previously reported that music-assisted systematic desensitization can counter-condition substance-related cues and reduce the implicated craving responses, as well as improve cognitive and psychopathological components of substance addiction. This follow-up study investigated the therapeutic contribution of listening to recorded New Age relaxing music in counterconditioning external substance-conditioned cues, as well as in the amelioration of everyday life craving reactivity, craving beliefs and depression. Twenty-one substance addicted individuals participated in a three-week randomized controlled trial consisting of two therapeutic sessions per week. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two study groups, systematic desensitization combined with listening to New Age relaxing music recorded in individual MP3 devices, and systematic desensitization without music. Measurements of craving in response to external substance-conditioned cues, craving beliefs, everyday craving reactivity and depression took place at baseline, post-treatment and one month after the end of treatment. No significant group differences in the outcome measures were observed between both arms of the study but within group and time results suggest that listening to New Age relaxing music significantly enhances systematic desensitization and accounts for significant reductions of craving responses to external substance-conditioned cues and of craving beliefs associated with compulsive behaviour in the music group. Our study provides the first evidence on the potential therapeutic contribution of music to cue counterconditioning in substance addiction treatment. Further investigation on the capacity of music to increase the effectiveness of systematic desensitization seems warranted.

Experiencia y existencia en las Psicoterapias Humanistas

Una de las características distintivas de las psicoterapias humanistas es su carácter experiencial, de tal forma que frecuentemente se las denomina “psicoterapias experienciales”. Otro de los rasgos de la Psicología y Psicoterapias Humanistas es su carácter de “existencial” y también por eso se refieren a ellas como existencial-humanistas. Estos dos adjetivos hacen referencia a la globalidad e inmediatez en la adquisición de la sabiduría (terapéutica) y a su significatividad respecto al conjunto del proyecto vital. El artículo abordará estos temas, y preguntas tales como: ¿Qué conlleva y cómo se le da la cualidad de “experiencial” o de “existencial” en la sala de terapia? ¿Por qué han optado las psicoterapias humanistas por este enfoque? ¿Se sobrevaloran, en el proceso terapéutico de las psicoterapias humanistas, alguno de los subsistemas o niveles que configuran la experiencia en detrimento o disociándolo de los otros? ¿Tienen en cuenta el contexto del sujeto más allá de la sala de terapia? ¿Se contempla la perspectiva del momento evolutivo en que se encuentra la persona y la tarea a realizar en este período de su vida? ¿Hay un ir y venir entre el presente de la experiencia “aquí y ahora” y el conjunto del proyecto vital de la persona? La multiplicidad de dimensiones e inteligencias que conlleva el hecho de ser humano necesitan estructurarse en un hilo conductor teleológico y plástico que dé sentido al proceso, de modo que cada sesión terapéutica sea un momento único, en el seno de una vida única y llena de sentido.

User-centred app design for speech sound disorders interventions with tablet computers

Traditional speech and language pathology practice (SLPP) faces challenges delivering effective and timely therapy due to long waiting lists, the need for regular practice outside the clinic and a lack of children’s motivation to engage in persistent practice. Technology has untapped potential to address these issues and improve SLPP. This paper describes the design of a tablet app for delivering technology-enhanced therapy for children with speech sound disorders and investigates the impact of the use of apps on SLPP. The initial design was informed by a nation-wide survey of speech-language pathologists (SLPs). The quantitative analysis disclosed that even though SLPs positively perceive mobile technology, they do not currently fully exploit it in their practice due to a lack of apps in their native language and the limited usefulness of apps in foreign languages. Using a user-centred design process, a multidisciplinary team created three prototypes and a final version of an app that has been tested in real therapeutic sessions during everyday practice and informed by feedback from SLPs and children. The observation analysis is presented based on an adaptation of Koole’s FRAME model. The qualitative findings indicate that SLPs identify mobile apps as enabling greater mobility, allowing new therapeutic approaches, creating possibilities for practice outside the therapeutic setting and increasing children’s motivation, supporting greater persistence to practise in the context of the therapy.

Impact of Childhood Psychosocial Stressors on Adolescence Period and Its Management: A Case Study of Conversion Disorder

AbstractFunctional Neurological Symptom Disorder, previously called as Conversion disorder, is very common psychological disorder in eastern countries like Pakistan. This case study is describing how psychosocial factors produce stress and made a young girl dysfunctional in all aspect of life. The patient F.Z was18 years old unmarried girl and educated up till intermediate. She was unemployed and last born among 6 siblings; 4 sisters and 2 brothers. She was brought to the psychiatry indoor ward with speech symptom; un-able to speak (aphonia), sensory symptom; could not see (psychogenic blindness) and more over since last few months she had paralysis of lower limbs. Apart from those symptoms she reported poor appetite, remained sad and tearful. She was assessed thro-ugh both informal and formal psychological assessmentIt was interpreted that she had insecure, disturbed childhood and had lots of stressors in her life which caused severe maladjustment, interpersonal conflict, feeling of rejection and loneliness. According to DSM-5 she was diagnosed with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder with comorbid Depressive Symptoms. The intervention plan comprised of psychodynamic, behavioral and cognitive approaches; techniques include catharsis, free association, anxiety reduction techniques, cognitive restructuring, graded task, mastery and pleasure technique, family psycho-education along with physiotherapy and physical exercise. Thirteen (13) therapeutic sessions were conducted along with anti-depressants and the patient showed marked improvement in all areas of her daily life. Family was psycho-educated to bring her for follow-up sessions.

Regulating Affective Involvement in In-Session Verbal Interaction by Shifting Perspective: A Longitudinal Study of One Client-Therapist Dyad in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Our study examined in-session affect regulation as a self-regulatory process as well as a process of interpersonal regulation during the psychoanalytical therapeutic session. We used a novel approach for studying affective involvement by analyzing narrative perspective (NP) taken by client and analyst. In a longitudinal study of 18 months we observed the interaction of one client—therapist dyad during the psychoanalytic session in the early and working phases of psychotherapy. Transcribed sessions were segmented into intonation units, and participants’ use of NP was then coded for each intonation unit line based on six linguistic variables shown to signal affective involvement in earlier studies: verb tense, subject number and person, diegesis, focalization, and discourse level. We found that affective involvement on the part of both speakers was higher at the working phase. The client’s involvement was higher than the therapist’s. We describe an affect-regulation cycle characteristic of the interaction. Our approach proves to be useful in analyzing regulation of affective involvement and its long term change. Differences were detectable in the self and interactive regulatory strategies of affective involvement.

Das videogestützte Reflecting Team

Summary The video-supported Reflecting Team. Approaching a systemic method to the present conditions of therapeutic work The goal of this paper is presenting an innovative variation of the systemic method Reflecting Team (RT), thus proposing a concept for theoretical and most of all practical realization in counselling and treatment. On that, we assume that RT can only be established lastingly in contexts with limited financial resources, when there is a constructive discourse about it. Since the costs in finances, personnel and time for classical RT are so high it is until today not used widely, we started experimenting with models more manageable in therapeutic practice. In short, our modified variation uses video recording of a therapeutic session for presentation to a reflecting group. After forming hypotheses together the commentaries of the group are videotaped, presented to the clients and being worked on in the therapy session. The development and exploration of this newly interpreted model of the RT gave room for controversial and inventive discussion with teaching and interested learning therapists of the BIF e. V. Thoughts about effectiveness as well as trust between client, therapist and reflecting group are being presented below as well as premonitions of starting processes of manipulation consciously or subconsciously. By the publication of this paper we hope to widen the discussion of therapeutic professionals to further develop the current findings.

Horses Working in Therapeutic Riding Programs: Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Glucose, and Behavior Stress Indicators

In order to determine horses' stress and ensure health and welfare of horses working with military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a therapeutic horseback riding program, we measured the stress levels of the horses. Five horses worked in two 6-week therapeutic riding sessions: one 6-week session ridden by military veterans with PTSD (session 1) and one 6-week session ridden by experienced riders (session 2). Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), glucose, and cortisol levels were determined on a resting day (baseline [BL]) and in weeks 1, 3, and 6 before each riding class (T1), after tacking (T2), and after each riding class (T3). Behavioral patterns for stress were determined before venipuncture at the same intervals. In session 1, cortisol level at BL was significantly lower than at T1 and T3, whereas in session 2, it was significantly higher than at T1 and T3. Cortisol level in session 1 was significantly higher than session 2 at T1 and T3. No significant differences were found between two sessions or over time for ACTH. Glucose level at BL was significantly higher than at T3 in session 1 and higher than at T1 in session 2. Glucose level in session 1 was significantly higher than session 2 at T1, T2, and T3. Stress behavior scores were significantly lower in session 1 than session 2. Although physiological and behavioral patterns for stress varied across experimental conditions, they remained within normal reference ranges. There was no evidence that horses carrying riders with a disability were unduly stressed.

Évaluation de la transition pédiatrie-gastroentérologie d’adultes des enfants atteints de maladie inflammatoire cryptogénique intestinale

Assess the transition of children followed for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to the adult gastroenterology care unit and the development of joint medical visits (JMVs). This study was conducted at the Rennes University Hospital (Brittany, France). All patients with IBD and relayed to an adult gastroenterologist (GE) between 2000and 2014were included. The following medical data were collected: age, gender, clinical status, disease activity, type of follow-up (freelance or at hospital), medical history, disease locations, and treatments received. Patients who were relayed in the same hospital attended a JMV with both the pediatric and adult gastroenterologists. Patients and parents were interviewed with a questionnaire sent by mail. They were asked how they had perceived the transition with questionnaires containing specific items about the JMV. The answers of the patients who attended JMVs were compared to those who did not attend. Eighty-two patients were included. The patient response rate was 56% (parents, 59%). The average age at transition was 18±0.8years. Fifty patients were relayed in the same hospital with 30attending a JMV. These patients suffered from more severe disease than other patients. Thirty-nine patients felt ready to transition (87%). The JMV was deemed beneficial or very beneficial (74%) for both follow-up and the benefits of the GE's knowledge of the medical file. The parents' responses did not differ from the patients'. Development of the JMV enables a successful transition for pediatric patients with IBD. It could be improved by developing specific therapeutic education sessions based on transition training.

Integrative Intensive Retreats for Veteran Couples and Families: A Pilot Study Assessing Change in Relationship Adjustment, Posttraumatic Growth, and Trauma Symptoms.

We assessed a brief, systemic retreat-style intervention that was developed to address concerns about the utilization of services for veterans coping with traumatic stress. A total of 76 dyads (N=152) were assessed before and after a 4-day retreat, which included psychoeducation, group and conjoint therapeutic sessions, and recreational relaxation components. Overall, participants reported a reduction in trauma symptoms, but only support persons experienced a significant increase in posttraumatic growth from pretest to posttest. Both veterans and their romantic partners reported an increase in relationship adjustment after the retreat. Opportunities to address the needs of this population by removing barriers to treatment and reducing feelings of isolation, as well as implications for similar treatments are discussed.

Assistive Robot, RGB-D Sensor and Graphical User Interface to Encourage Communication Skills in ASD Population

The main feature of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) is the difficulty in communicating with others and struggling to maintain a functional contact with the environment. This work presents the implementation of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Digital PECS Therapy that will enable ASD population to overcome their impairments. The GUI was integrated with a depth sensor, to recognize hand gestures of autistic subjects, a monitor, where specific tools have been displayed, and a humanoid robot (Aldebaran Robotics NAO), used as a medium that will allow people with ASD to communicate their needs. Subjects can select the displayed pictures they want with hand movements, and the robot pronounces the represented objects. The system has been validated during therapeutic sessions with autistic subjects and the results are here reported and discussed supporting the idea that the presence of the robot helps to elicit triadic interactions in ASD.

ENDOSCOPIC DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY OF CHEMICAL BURNS IN RESPIRATORY TRACTS

Results of endoscopic diagnostics and treatment of 58 victims with chemical burns of airways are reported. They made 16.9% of observations of all patients admitted to hospital with poisonings by cauterizing substances. Endoscopic and X-ray semiotics of airways chemical burns is reported. The incidence and severity of airways lesions in relation to the degree of esophagus chemical burns were assessed. It is established that burn laryngotracheo bronchitis became complicated by the development of pneumonia in 77.6% of observations , and in 6.9% by cicatricial narrowing of the trachea and bronchi. Localization and the development speed of infiltrative changes in lungs allow to assume that the aspiration of cauterizing liquids plays the key role in the pneumonia genesis. The therapeutic bronchoscopy included toilet bronchoscopy of the trachea bronchial tree with 0.01% solution of dioxydin and laser photo stimulation with a red- range low-energy laser. Therapeutic sessions were carried out 3 times a week. From 1 to 10 sessions were performed depending on the severity of airways chemical burns. Convalescence of all patients was achieved.

Designing And Implementation Of An Intelligent Monitoring System For Hand Rehabilitation Exercises

Background: intelligent hand rehabilitee exerciser provides direct supervising on therapeutic movements which patient with hemiplegia disorder have done during treatment sessions. This instrument improves hand functions without continuous present of therapist.Objectives: purpose of this study is indirect palpation control in hand rehabilitive exercises among hemiplegia patients. In that, encourage hemiplegia patients to repeat hand therapeutic movements without continuous present of therapist.Finally, intelligent hand rehabilitee exerciser flourishes the quality and quantity hand functions.Methods: participants include 13 hemiplegia patients and 3 healthy persons who followed seventy therapeutic sessions. Functional movements and quality of life were assessed . moreover recorded captures were examined by specialists.Result: kinematic parameters (average and maximum velocity , maximum angular velocity ) , acceleration , accurate movements or ability to induce profit motor pattern 3-5 and trunk movements pattern with final scoring the movements showed increasing the upper limb function with intelligent hand rehabilitee exerciser.Conclusion: Results depict intelligent hand rehabilitee exerciser increased in accurate thera peutic exercises and quality of life in hemiplegia patients also , confidence coefficient of specialists had improvement.

Médiations thérapeutiques et processus de symbolisation : de l’expérience sensible à la modélisation

AimTherapeutic mediations are frequently used in mental health services. However, only a small number of studies are designed to assess their effectiveness and try to analyze their effects. In this paper we propose a summary of the research in this area in order to develop a general theory of therapeutic mediation from a psychoanalytic point of view. This topic is also discussed from the viewpoint of the qualitative analysis of the processes involved and the modeling of psychotherapies. MethodOur analyses are underpinned by the theoretical framework of the School of Lyon, which differs from art therapy by the fact that it takes into account the effects of associativity and the different modes of transference. A reflection on the therapeutic framework and group dynamics is also proposed to cast light on mediation processes. ResultsFour assumptions concerning the processes underpinning therapeutic mediation are proposed. First (1) there is a spontaneous tendency of the psychic reality to “print” its mark in its environment in order to self-represent it own processes in an externalized manner. These processes concern essentially (2) non-symbolized psychic elements that will return during the therapeutic sessions and will be “projected” into the mediation. These non-symbolized elements will be expressed (3) according to the ongoing, sensory aspects of the mediation, which can take place only if (4) the properties of the mediation echo the characteristics of the psychic reality in the form of a “resonance” between the psyche and the subject of the mediation. DiscussionTheories on mediation processes also need quantitative and qualitative assessments of the effects of the mediation and its mode of action. Nevertheless, these evaluations also need to consider the particularity of the psychic reality. The risk is otherwise that of distorting clinical reality and producing a surface analysis giving a false image of clinical practice far removed from “ecological” institutional aspects. Thus, to move from experience to modeling of these processes, what is needed is meta-models – taking the form of grids – corresponding to specific epistemological properties. ConclusionCurrent developments of theories and evaluations in the domain of therapeutic mediation are improving our understanding of reasons for the effectiveness of these settings, and also help clinicians to improve the reflexivity inherent in this practice.

Modeling Contrast-Imaging-Assisted Optimal Targeted Drug Delivery: A Touchable Communication Channel Estimation and Waveform Design Perspective.

To maximize the effect of treatment and minimize the adverse effect on patients, we propose to optimize nanorobots-assisted targeted drug delivery (TDD) for locoregional treatment of tumor from the perspective of touchable communication channel estimation and waveform design. The drug particles are the information molecules; the loading/injection and unloading of the drug correspond to the transmitting and receiving processes; the concentration-time profile of the drug particles administered corresponds to the signaling pulse. Given this analogy, we first propose to use contrast-enhanced microwave imaging (CMI) as a pretherapeutic evaluation technique to determine the pharmacokinetic model of nanorobots-assisted TDD. The CMI system applies an information-theoretic-criteria-based algorithm to estimate drug accumulation in tumor, which is analogous to the estimation of channel impulse response in the communication context. Subsequently, we present three strategies for optimal targeted therapies from the communication waveform design perspective, which are based on minimization of residual drug molecules at the end of each therapeutic session (i.e., inter-symbol interference), maximization of duration when the drug intensity is above a prespecified threshold during each therapeutic session (i.e., non-fade duration), and minimization of average rate that a therapeutic operation is not received correctly at tumor (i.e., bit error rate). Finally, numerical examples are applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical framework.

From “Face to Face” Sessions to Education on Smartphone: What are the Implications for Persons with Chronic Diseases?

The use of digital solutions is rapidly expanding, including for the prospect of reducing social inequalities and geographical disparities as respect to access to health care and therapeutic education. Here, we question the transformations caused by the switching from therapeutic patient education sessions conducted face to face to the use of virtual digital applications developed on smartphones. From the perspective of developing health literacy, we analyse three complementary corpus: 9 in situ observations of educative sessions involving 34 patients, 27 observations of users of tablets with interactive application and 12 semi-structured interviews conducted with adults at home. Switching from face to face education sessions to education proposed on available smartphone application questions the changes of the trainers’ and carers’ roles and postures, the activities of the learners, the continuity of the educational process, and the contexts in which chronic illness is updated. The results obtained here question the development of digital education, while pinpointing numerous precautions to be taken for this development and the practical use of digital technology. Our analysis invite to continue innovations but suggests to accompany the advent of digital technology in the field of health and patient education by well-documented and grounded scientific work.

Computational gait analysis using fuzzy logic for everyday clinical purposes – preliminary findings

Abstract Background: Proper, early, and exact identification of gait impairments and their causes is regarded as a prerequisite for specific therapy and a useful control tool to assess efficacy of rehabilitation. There is a need for simple tools allowing for quickly detecting general tendencies. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present the outcomes of traditional and fuzzy-based analysis of the outcomes of post-stroke gait reeducation using the NeuroDevelopmental Treatment-Bobath (NDT-Bobath) method. Materials and methods: The research was conducted among 40 adult people: 20 of them after ischemic stroke constituted the study group, and 20 healthy people constituted the reference group. Study group members were treated through 2 weeks (10 therapeutic sessions) using the NDT-Bobath method. Spatio-temporal gait parameters were assessed before and after therapy and compared using novel fuzzy-based assessment tool. Results: Achieved results of rehabilitation, observed as changes of gait parameters, were statistically relevant and reflected recovery. One-number outcomes from the proposed fuzzy-based estimator proved moderate to high consistency with the results of the traditional gait assessment. Conclusions: Observed statistically significant and favorable changes in the health status of patients, described by gait parameters, were reflected also in outcomes of fuzzy-based analysis. Proposed fuzzy-based measure increases possibility of the clinical gait assessment toward more objective clinical reasoning based on common use of the mHealth solutions.

Improving Aggression Regulation in Highly Gifted Underachievers: An Evaluation Study Based on a Mixed Methods Design

Background: Gifted adolescents suffering from severe intellectual inhibition may generally not be helped by pedagogical means alone. This special blockade results from a deep disturbance of the affective and pulsional functioning and can be treated by music psychotherapy in individual sessions, combined with psycho-pedagogical applications of music therapy in group sessions. Methods: The integrated treatment programme was evaluated by means of a prospective longitudinal study, using a mixed research methodology that combined a psychometric scale, a projective test, and an observational frame for the music therapeutic sessions. Two clinical subgroups of students treated by the above described psychotherapeutic approach (N = 20 + 23) were compared with a control group (N = 43) of students who received only traditional pedagogical measures. Results: The changes induced in the two clinical subgroups on emotional and conduct variables point to a better integration and elaboration of aggressive drives leading to an increase in creativity and intrinsic motivation. There were also positive changes in school results. On variables linked to aggressivity, the control group partially evolved in an opposite direction. Discussion: The observed changes are discussed at the light of structural psychopathology. As to the chosen research methodology, a person-centred approach, combined with a quasi-experimental design, is liable to meet Wampold’s conclusions on psychotherapy research. Conclusions: The outcome of the study stresses the opportunity to offer music psychotherapy to highly gifted underachievers as a means of tertiary prevention.