Theory Of Transmission Research Articles

Parental Transmission and the Importance of the (Noncausal) Effects of Education on Political Engagement: Missing the Forest for the Trees

By most accounts, an important prerequisite for a well-functioning democracy is engaged citizens. A very prominent explanation of variation in political engagement suggests that parental transmission through socialization accounts for individual-level differences in political engagement. In this paper, we show, using a large Danish twin survey (N = 2,071), that classic formulations of parental transmission theory can be supplemented by findings from the biopolitics literature, allowing us to disentangle when heritable factors are important and when socialization factors are important predictors of political engagement. We show that as the level of family politicization and consistency increases, the influence of genes decreases. We take this to imply that family socialization can compensate for (genetic) individual differences and foster increased political engagement. By only focusing on the “causal” effect of education, we are missing the forest for the trees.

Comprehensive study of electromagnetic wave absorption properties of GdMnO3-MoSe2 hybrid composites

Recently, the public does not avoid the use of RF/microwave communication and non-communication devices, which means they will be constantly exposed to radiation from those devices, which will worsen their health in the long term, as well as there will be interference and coupling effects between devices. In this paper, a novel and high-performance absorber material is created and analyzed. The microscopic and macroscopic properties of Gadolinium Manganite (GdMnO3), Molybdenum Diselenide (MoSe2), and three mixtures of GdMnO3-MoSe2 (GdMo) with 20, 30, and 40% filler loading were investigated. The procedure for producing the five materials was explained and described in detail. The mixture of GdMo with 20, 30, and 40 wt% filler loading has the features of GdMnO3 and MoSe2. For macroscopic analysis, the measured relative complex permittivity and permeability of the five synthesized materials are modeled using the Lorentz dispersion model. Among the five study materials, GdMo with 40 wt% filler loading shows the highest electric and magnetic losses with loss tangent, tan δe ≈ 0.228 and tan δm ≈ 0.38 where the absorption performance is better compared to its pristine components, namely GdMnO3 and MoSe2. Based on the transmission theory of metal plate backing materials, the GdMo with 40 wt% filler loading and thicknesses ranging from 0.0014 m to 0.0021 m, which is terminated by a metal plate on the back side, exhibited the optimum microwave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss value better than −20 dB at X-band operating frequency. Without a metal backing, a 0.008 m thickness of GdMo with 40 wt% can achieve reflection loss, RL of −10 dB from 9.2 GHz to 12.4 GHz, and RL of −20 dB from 11.1 GHz to 12.4 GHz.

Introduction to "The Beginnings of Systematic Studies of the Genetics of Schizophrenia: 1916-1933".

We here want to introduce this special issue of Schizophrenia Bulletin by providing some background about the history of psychiatric genetics before 1910, the choice of the 5 papers here examined, the methodology we used in writing these papers, the relevance for contemporary psychiatric genetics and a background on our approach to the relationship of the authors of these papers to the eugenic, racist policies of the German National Socialists that led to the large-scale involuntary sterilization of the mentally ill, and the K-4 program of wide-scale murder of mentally ill and handicapped children and adults and the Holocaust. We recommend that interested individuals read the 5 papers in order as this will help them see the historical progression of the methods and results in this early phase of psychiatric genetics research. To appreciate the papers reviewed in this special issue, it is helpful to understand the status of the field of psychiatric genetics circa 1910, before the first important papers based on the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900. K.S.K. has recently written a review paper covering this literature “The Pre-History of Psychiatric Genetics: 1780-1910”,1 which can be consulted by readers interested in this topic. Briefly, in the 19th century, far and away the most common data point used in the psychiatric genetic investigation was a statement in an asylum record of the presence or absence of a “hereditary burden” for the patient, a term broadly congruent with what we might now call a “positive family history.” However, its use was complicated by the fact that across different hospitals, different groups of relatives were included (eg, direct ancestors only, eg, parents and grandparents or direct + collateral including aunts/uncles and potentially siblings), and different conditions were considered as affected (narrowly defined insanity, more broadly defined mental illness, alcoholism, eccentricities, epilepsy, etc.). Few of these relatives were ever personally examined by the alienist recording this information. Common topics of interest at that time included the relationship between a heredity burden and the sex of the patient, the recurrence of episodes of insanity, and the degree of homogeneity versus heterogeneity of transmission of mental illnesses in families.1,2 No formal theories of hereditary transmission were ever examined as the first detailed application of both the biometrical school of Galton and Pearson and Mendelian theory to insanity were not published until the first and second decades of the 20th century.3–8

Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Low Back Pain Syndrome: Mechanisms of Modulation, Technical Features and Clinical Application.

Chronic low-back pain (CLBP) is a common disease with several negative consequences on the quality of life, work and activity ability and increased costs to the health-care system. When pharmacological, psychological, physical and occupational therapies or surgery fail to reduce CLBP, patients may be a candidate for Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS). SCS consists of the transcutaneous or surgical implantation of different types of electrodes in the epidural space; electrodes are then connected to an Implanted Pulse Generator (IPG) that generates stimulating currents. Through spinal and supraspinal mechanisms based on the “gate control theory for pain transmission”, SCS reduces symptoms of CLBP in the almost totality of well-selected patients and its effect lasts up to eight years in around 75% of patients. However, the evidence in favor of SCS still remains weak, mainly due to poor trial methodology and design. This narrative review is mainly addressed to those professionals that may encounter patients with CLBP failing conventional treatments. For this reason, we report the mechanisms of pain relief during SCS, the technical features and some clinical considerations about the application of SCS in patients with CLBP.

Multi-layer networks research on analyzing supply risk transmission of lithium industry chain

Lithium is crucial for low-carbon economic transformation, which presents a strong growth in demand worldwide. To explore the foreseeable and hidden systemic risks in the trade network, the article integrates virus transmission theory with complex network theory to analyze the mechanism of risk transmission in the trade network system of the lithium industry chain. This paper constructs multi-layer risk transmission networks (MRTN) based on the lithium industry chain to simulate the dynamic process of risk transmission along the industrial chain and evaluate the extent and path of risk transmission. The results show that the risk transmission in the lithium trade network system belongs to “minority communication” and is of a “robust-yet-fragile” characterization. Diversified trade relationships increase network flexibility and anti-risk capabilities of countries in the network but also decrease the leaderships of some hub countries. During the transmission process, there are four patterns: direct contact transmission, indirect contact transmission, nucleus transmission, and spatial transmission. The finding can serve for decision-makers to seek effective strategies to build a more resilient trade system and hence improve lithium supply security and efficiency.

Intelligent Distributed Data Storage for Wireless Communications in B5G Networks

With the deployment and commercialization of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication network, the access nodes and data volume of wireless network show a massive and blowout growth trend. Taking beyond 5G (B5G) edge intelligent network as the research object, based on the deep integration of storage / computing and communication, this paper focuses on the theory and key technology of system intelligent transmission, so as to effectively support the related applications of B5G edge intelligent network in the future. This paper analyzes the research status of data storage, studies the real field distributed storage computing system, and designs the corresponding flashback shift code and error correction scheme with low storage space overhead.

Generalized partially coherent power-exponent-phase vortex beams

We propose a generalized partially coherent power-exponent-phase vortex beam, and study its generation and propagation characteristics in space-frequency domain. A complete transmission theory suitable for all generalized power-exponent-phase vortex beams is established and then demonstrated by experiments. The results show that generalized partially coherent power-exponent-phase vortex beams have their own characteristics in fan-shaped intensity distribution, intensity distribution of main lobes and side lobes and phase singularities. By combining theory and experiments, we summarize these characteristics, and put forward some potential application prospects.

5G Wireless Multimedia-Assisted Marketing Strategy Establishment and Effect Evaluation

5G wireless networks are attracting attention due to their high data rates and robustness to multimedia options. Based on 5G wireless multimedia technology, this paper constructs an auxiliary marketing strategy for multipath collaboration. Based on the 5G wireless network system, the model solves the optimization problem of effective service energy consumption. The solution of the problem is obtained through a two-step solution and related algorithms, and the numerical simulation proves that the multipath cooperative transmission strategy has the advantages of network delay and effective service performance. In the simulation process, a 5G NR downlink system simulation model is established according to the wireless data transmission theory; in the marketing strategy estimation, the decision feedback marketing strategy estimation algorithm is improved to improve the marketing strategy estimation performance, which can effectively reduce insertion loss of the network. The results show that with the increase of the marketing data center density, the receiving delay decreases and the energy efficiency increases; when the number of video contents in the marketing data center is configured as 264, the effective service performance under the single-path transmission strategy can be achieved. Compared with the minimum value of the effective service energy consumption under the single-path transmission strategy, the minimum value of the effective service energy consumption under the multipath cooperative transmission strategy is reduced by 11.5%, which effectively improves the network throughput of data.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of random transmission events: from information sharing to epidemic spread

Random transmission events between individuals occurring at short scales control patterns emerging at much larger scales in natural and artificial systems. Examples range from the spatial propagation of an infectious pathogen in an animal population to the spread of misinformation in online social networks or the sharing of target locations between robot units in a swarm. Despite the ubiquity of information transfer events, a general methodology to quantify spatio-temporal transmission processes has remained elusive. The challenge in predicting when and where information is passed from one individual to another stems from the limited number of analytic approaches and from the large fluctuations and inherent computational cost of stochastic simulation outputs, the main theoretical tool available to study such processes so far. Here we overcome these limitations by developing an analytic theory of transmission dynamics between randomly moving agents in arbitrary spatial domains and with arbitrary information transfer efficiency. We move beyond well-known approximations employed to study reaction diffusion phenomena, such as the motion and reaction limited regimes, by quantifying exactly the mean reaction time in presence of multiple heterogeneous reactive locations. To demonstrate the wide applicability of our theory we employ it in different scenarios. We show how the type of spatial confinement may change by many orders of magnitude the time scale at which transmission occurs. When acquiring information represents the ability to capture, we use our formalism to uncover counterintuitive evasive strategies in a predator–prey contest between territorial animals. When information transmission represents the transfer of an infectious pathogen, we consider a population with susceptible, infected and recovered individuals that move and pass infection upon meeting and predict analytically the basic reproduction number. Finally we show how to apply the transmission theory semi-analytically when the topology of where individuals move is that of a network.

Помехоустойчивость когерентного приема двоичных сигналов с прямоугольной огибающей в гидроакустическом канале связи

Goals. The main purpose of this work is to develop a methodology for determining the parameters of binary signals, at which the signals become relatively invariant to frequency distortions in the marine environment. The frequency distortion of the signals is caused by the uneven frequency response of the attenuation of the marine environment. The main part of this technique is to assess the effect of frequency distortion of signals on the noise immunity of reception. In accordance with this, the error probabilities of signal receivers with various types of manipulation are determined, which are optimal in the absence of errors. Methods. The provisions of applied hydroacoustics, the theory of random processes and the theory of transmission of discrete messages are used. The main content. The paper considered a model of a single-beam hydro-acoustic communication channel, characteristic of the deep sea, when the receiver or transmitter is located in the depths of the sea. The transmission coefficient of the channel is used as a transmission coefficient with a Gaussian amplitude-frequency characteristic and a linear phase-frequency characteristic. The error probabilities of coherent binary signal receivers with amplitude, frequency and phase manipulation with a rectangular envelope are determined. Coherent receivers optimal by the criterion of maximum likelihood under the action of white Gaussian noise and the absence of distortion in the marine environment are considered as receivers. A logarithmic measure of increasing the probability of error is introduced, which characterizes the deterioration of noise immunity due to frequency distortions in the channel. For some typical cases, the values of signal parameters are determined that are relatively in-variant to frequency distortions in the marine environment. Results. Expressions of the error probability of coherent binary signal receivers with amplitude, frequency and phase manipulation with a rectangular envelope are found. A logarithmic measure of the relative increase in the probability of error compared to the case of no distortion is introduced. The functional dependence of this measure on the duration of the signal transmission, the carrier frequency and the initial phase of the signal, as well as on the communication distance and the signal-to-noise ratio is determined. On the plane of the carrier frequency, the duration of the signal, for each type of signal, a boundary of the region is constructed, above which the signals are relatively invariant to frequency distortions in the marine environment. For communication ranges R = 1.5 km and 3 km and typical carrier frequencies, the minimum values of the duration of invariant signals are given.

Generalized Kubelka's theory for light transmission in multilayer materials and its application for UV light penetration in filtering facepiece respirators.

The spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 has resulted in the shortage of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). As a result, the use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for disinfection and reuse of FFRs has been the topic of much investigation. In this article, a mathematical model is developed based on Kubelka's theory to determine light transmission in multilayer materials, such as N95 masks. Using this model, the predicted UV transmittance and absorbance of a N95 mask layers were found to be in close agreement with the experimental values. In addition, when the mask was exposed to UV equally from both surfaces, the estimated minimum UV irradiance inside the N95 mask was 14.5% of the incident irradiance, suggesting a significant degree of light penetration. The proposed model provides a simple and practical methodology for the design and use of UV decontamination equipment for FFRs and other multilayer materials.

Applied Electromagnetics Course with a Conceiving-Designing-Implementing-Operating Approach in Engineering Education

This paper describes and discusses the implementation of a project-based undergraduate course on applied electromagnetics in electronics engineering with a conceiving-designing-implementing-operating (CDIO) approach involving active project-based learning (PBL). The course, which requires a combination of mathematical and physics concepts for its completion, allows students to understand the principles of electromagnetic transmission theory in wireless communication systems. This paper presents the course proposal, its project description, and results hinting at the relationship with the CDIO process. The proposed projects allow students to engage in core concepts such as complex vectors, Maxwell’s equations, boundary conditions, Poynting's theorem, uniform plane waves, reflection and transmission of waves, waveguides, cavity resonators, and computer-assisted design. The proposed methodology results suggest that students lowered their perception of the difficulty of the course, and most students recognized a better learning process of the core concepts for this course. In addition, students’ final course grades showed an average improvement of approximately 6% compared with the final grades of other groups with different methodologies.

Monitoring COVID-19 in Colombia during the first year of the pandemic.

Background:COVID-19 cases in Medellín, the second largest city in Colombia, were monitored during the first year of the pandemic using both mathematical models based on transmission theory and surveillance from each observed epidemic phase.Design and Methods:Expected cases were estimated using mandatory reporting data from Colombia’s national epidemiological surveillance system from March 7, 2020 to March 7, 2021. Initially, the range of daily expected cases was estimated using a Borel-Tanner stochastic model and a deterministic Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model. A subsequent expanded version of the SIR model was used to include asymptomatic cases, severe cases and deaths. The moving average, standard deviation, and goodness of fit of estimated cases relative to confirmed reported cases were assessed, and local transmission in Medellin was contrasted with national transmission in Colombia.Results:The initial phase was characterized by imported case detection and the later phase by community transmission and increases in case magnitude and severity. In the initial phase, a maximum range of expected cases was obtained based on the stochastic model, which even accounted for the reduction of new imported cases following the closure of international airports. The deterministic estimate achieved an adequate fit with respect to accumulated cases until the conclusion of the mandatory national quarantine and gradual reopening, when reported cases increased. The estimated new cases were reasonably fit with the maximum reported incidence.Conclusion:Adequate model fit was obtained with the reported data. This experience of monitoring epidemic trajectory can be extended using models adapted to local conditions.

Analysis of High-Frequency Atmospheric Windows for Terahertz Transmission Along Earth-Space Paths

The atmospheric absorption effect greatly increases the transmission loss of terahertz (THz) waves, which limits the transmission distance. In this article, with the support of sufficient antenna gain, a series of high-frequency THz transmission windows in the ground-satellite link are presented. First, the more ideal ground-based site is determined. Based on the path loss model and the layered transmission theory, the total path loss is obtained. Combined with signal transmit power, antenna gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and noise power, total usable bandwidths and transmission windows in the 0.2–15 THz corresponding to antenna gain from 0 to 100 dBi are given. By taking the high-altitude platform as a relay link, the usable transmission windows are also given. The first six transmission windows are identified as [0.4776–0.48645 THz], [0.4906–0.49975 THz], [0.6618–0.6811 THz], [12.1015–12.10355 THz], [12.10425–12.11285 THz], and [12.11505–12.14355 THz] bands against 100 dBi gain near 1 and 10 THz bands, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of ice clouds on the transmission characteristics is analyzed. The additional attenuation in the partial usable atmospheric window frequency range can reach 1.84 dB typical, which is directly related to the effective radius and shape of particles.

Analytical Approach for Estimation of Wave Transmission Coefficient for Π-Shaped Floating Breakwater

This study presents a simplified analytical approach, based on power transmission theory, to estimate the transmission coefficient of a π-shaped floating breakwater (FB) with finite width. In evaluating the transmitted wave power, this approach considers both the incident wave kinetic power and the heave oscillation of the FB. Additional power due to the acceleration of the floating body and the hydrodynamic mass increases the transmitted wave power behind the FB and consequently increases the transmission coefficient. The proposed theoretical approach is validated using laboratory-scale experimental data obtained from the literature for π-shaped FB. The results of the proposed approach are in good to excellent agreement with those of experimental studies. In addition, the reliability of the proposed approach is assessed by comparing its results with those of other theoretical models. The effects of sea depth, relative draft, and incident wave height on the magnitude of the transmission coefficient are examined. It is found that the effect of the incident wave height distinguishes the proposed model from others in the existing literature.

Unsaturated transport properties of water molecules and ions in graphene oxide / hydrated calcium silicate nanochannels: from basic principles to complex environmental performance effects

The problems of traditional concrete such as brittleness, poor toughness and short service life of concrete engineering under acid rain or marine environment need to be solved urgently. Hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) is a key component to improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. However, the traditional method of concrete material design based on empirical models or comparative tests has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of concrete. The synthesis method, molecular structure and properties of C-S-H were systematically described in this paper; The interface structure and interaction of graphene oxide / calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H / GO) were discussed. On this basis, the saturated and unsaturated transport characteristics of ions and water molecules in C-S-H / GO nanochannels under the environment of ocean and acid rain were introduced. The contents of this review provide the basis for improving the multi-scale transmission theory and microstructure design of concrete. It has important guiding significance for analyzing and improving the service life of concrete in complex environment.

Scientific and Folk Theories of Viral Transmission: A Comparison of COVID-19 and the Common Cold.

Disease transmission is a fruitful domain in which to examine how scientific and folk theories interrelate, given laypeople’s access to multiple sources of information to explain events of personal significance. The current paper reports an in-depth survey of U.S. adults’ (N = 238) causal reasoning about two viral illnesses: a novel, deadly disease that has massively disrupted everyone’s lives (COVID-19), and a familiar, innocuous disease that has essentially no serious consequences (the common cold). Participants received a series of closed-ended and open-ended questions probing their reasoning about disease transmission, with a focus on causal mechanisms underlying disease contraction, transmission, treatment, and prevention; non-visible (internal) biological processes; and ontological frameworks regarding what kinds of entities viruses are. We also assessed participants’ attitudes, such as their trust in scientific experts and willingness to be vaccinated. Results indicated complexity in people’s reasoning, consistent with the co-existence of multiple explanatory frameworks. An understanding of viral transmission and viral replication existed alongside folk theories, placeholder beliefs, and lack of differentiation between viral and non-viral disease. For example, roughly 40% of participants who explained illness in terms of the transmission of viruses also endorsed a non-viral folk theory, such as exposure to cold weather or special foods as curative. Additionally, participants made use of competing modes of construal (biological, mechanical, and psychological) when explaining how viruses operate, such as framing the immune system response (biological) as cells trying to fight off the virus (psychological). Indeed, participants who displayed greater knowledge about viral transmission were significantly more likely to anthropomorphize bodily processes. Although comparisons of COVID-19 and the common cold revealed relatively few differences, the latter, more familiar disease elicited consistently lower levels of accuracy and greater reliance on folk theories. Moreover, for COVID-19 in particular, accuracy positively correlated with attitudes (trusting medical scientists and taking the disease more seriously), self-protective behaviors (such as social distancing and mask-wearing), and willingness to be vaccinated. For both diseases, self-assessed knowledge about the disease negatively predicted accuracy. The results are discussed in relation to challenges for formal models of explanatory reasoning.

What Counts as Evidence in the Understanding of School Exclusion in England?

Exclusion from school can be regarded as a seemingly simple but in fact a rather complex intervention in response to the “wicked problem” of behavior in schools. This manuscript will discuss what counts as evidence that may used to inform policy and judgments on practices of exclusion. The role of evidence, and how this is measured, has long been an issue of contention in educational research. This is particularly true for research that focuses on educational inequality and inclusion or exclusion. In this manuscript we will discuss issues concerning evidence with respect to two aspects of exclusion in England. Firstly, we will focus on questions concerning the scale of the problem, examining both the statistical evidence of official exclusions and data concerning the myriad of ways in which children may experience other forms of exclusion. Taken together, this indicates an under-estimate of the numbers of young people missing an education. We then move to a consideration of the evaluation of means of reducing exclusion, arguing for a shift from an individual to a systemic in context account that recognizes the role of cultural transmission and cultural historical theory.

Metaphors for Personalization：Modern Analysis of Egyptian and Chinese Human-Bird-Combination Eagle Totem Art as

Egypt and China were essential in the evolution of human totemic culture. This paper focuses on their imaginative usage of anthropomorphic metaphors. According to research on totemism, the Chinese have three totemic concepts: totem-kin, totem-ancestor, and totem-God. If the concept of "anthropomorphic metaphor" is based on a variant of philosophical or theological terminology to focus on the "bird-totemic system of artistic meaning," it can be determined that the creative function of the institutional totems is explicit and the creative function of the individual totems is implicit, and that this manifestation of the institutional totems leads to their superficiality, with the result that a series of negative effects must inevitably ensue. To dispel the misunderstanding of the artistic connotation of the human-bird-eagle totems, it is necessary to promote our subjective consciousness through the self-conscious and speculative ideas in the individual totems in order to further liberate the life energy of humans in the contemporary spiritual construction. On the basis of Roland Barth's theory of symbol transmission, we attempt to investigate the notion that the individual consciousness represented by ancient totemic culture is power, which can assist in forming an understanding of the functioning in ancient culture.

Characterization of Dendritic Defects of Polyethylene Insulation Materials Based on Microstrip Gap Resonator

This article attempts to reveal the detection ability of microstrip slot resonator for water and electrical tree defects in insulating samples. The characteristics of microstrip gap resonator are analyzed in high-frequency electromagnetic simulation software. A gap capacitance extraction method is proposed based on two-port transmission theory, and the gap capacitances under different dielectric constants are analyzed based on this method. The resonant frequency of sensor is found to be negatively correlated with the dielectric constant of the materials. In the experimental part, the sensor made of double-sided copper clad plate with medium FR4 was used to detect the water tree and electrical tree in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) samples, and the experiment results showed good feasibility.