Speech Acts Research Articles

THE PHENOMENON OF AGGRESSION IN LANGUAGE: THE PROBLEM OF TERMINOLOGY

The article highlights the main approaches to describing aggression in language. The polyphonic status of speech aggression is associated with the interdisciplinarity of this phenomenon and is explained by the widespread spread of aggression in modern speech practice. The purpose of this article is to present and compare the approaches available in language to the study of aggression and the definition of aggression within the framework of a linguocognitive approach. The directions of scientific linguistic thought in the study of aggression are described and its typological differences are established, which serve as the basis for conceptual approaches to classifying its types. The typology of verbal aggression in the works of Russian researchers in the following areas is considered: 1) speech act, 2) form of speech behaviour, 3) communicative strategy, 4) speech (communicative) action. It is established that verbal aggression includes not only the known means of its verbalisation, but also all possible conditions of the communicative space, the specifics of the discourse in which it is represented, the state and status of communicants. This is due to a comprehensive approach to understanding verbal aggression, which consists in harming the addressee or the object of speech. Choosing an aggressive form of speech behaviour, the speaker performs two functions: adaptation or protection. These functions of human aggression determine its existence in different types of discourse, determine the forms of its verbalisation.

Relevansi Kegiatan Khitobah terhadap Kemampuan Public Speaking Peserta Didik di MAN 2 Karanganyar

One of MAN 2 Karanganyar's efforts in helping students improve students' public speaking skills can be done at school through various forms of activities, one of which is speech or khitobah activities. This paper describes the relevance of khitobah activities to students' public speaking skills at MAN 2 Karanganyar. The purpose of this paper is to describe the khitobah activities at MAN 2 Karanganyar, the obstacles experienced and the supporting factors and their relevance to the public speaking skills of MAN 2 Karanganyar students. The data sources of this research are rohis members, students who have served and supervising teachers. The research methods used in this research are interviews and direct observation. The results of this study indicate that the positive impact felt by students who berkhitobah is their public speaking skills are increasing, namely their religious knowledge is increasing because students also indirectly while learning religion through khitobah dzuhur activities. Learners also learn to understand how the method and how to give a good speech or khitobah.

The Function of Memes in Political Discourse

AbstractThe use of memes has become increasingly widespread in political discourse. However, there is a dearth of philosophical discussion on memes and their impact on political discourse. This paper addresses this gap in the literature and bridges the divide between the empirical and philosophical work on memes by offering a functionalist account which allows for a more in-depth analysis of the role memes play in political discourse. We offer a taxonomy of the eight key characteristics of memes: 1. humor; 2. fostering in-group identity; 3. caricatures; 4. replicability; 5. context collapse; 6. hermeneutical resources; 7. low reputational cost; 8. signaling. On the positive side, the propensity memes have to foster in-group identity and to function as a hermeneutical tool for people to make sense of their own experiences are a boon especially to marginalized communities. On the flipside, the creation of an in-group/out-group dynamic can also be exploited by sinister political actors, especially since the low reputational cost of circulating memes allows for plausible deniability. We use the analysis in this paper to jumpstart a discussion of how we should understand memes and debate which norms should govern the novel speech act of posting a meme given its impact on political discourse. Based on our findings, we end with a call to adopt stricter norms for the act of posting a meme.

RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY OF EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF THE ORTHODOX BELIEVERS OF UKRAINE

The article attempts to analyze the interaction of the religious language sphere with the Ukrainian language in the context of the religious discourse. Due to the ability of religious discourse to interact with other types of discourse, the speech activity of Orthodox believers is realized within institutional and personal discourses, the latter of which covers the sphere of interpersonal communication in the context of everyday interactions. The objective of the study is to find out the specifics of the functioning of lexical units expressing religious meanings in everyday language of Orthodox believers of Ukraine. The attributive and modus specificity of language of the religious sphere makes it possible to distinguish the language of religion as a representative of the meaning of the existence of religion and the religious language as the embodiment of manifestations of religion in the socio-cultural context. The religious language, which is objectified in the everyday language of Orthodox believers, includes a set of language units and lexical-semantic constructions peculiar to the church-religious sphere. At the same time, the everyday language of believers is characterized by coexistence of lexical units of sacred and national languages, an appeal to the emotional sphere of believers, and the use of verbal and non-verbal means of communication. The everyday language of Orthodox believers includes theological terms, church Slavonicisms, archaisms, historicisms, borrowed words. It also contains the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and acts as an additional means of communication in the context of social interactions.

Interlanguage impoliteness in criticism by the English learners from Javanese background over social status and distance

The present study analyses the impoliteness of criticism over social status and distance, incorporating the concept of "levels of imposition." Criticism as a fundamental speech act is commonly used by people in the modern era, either in the digital world or the real world. It usually contains impoliteness if it embodies negative behavior, conveying criticism. This study belonged to an interlanguage pragmatics study and used forty participants from English language learners having Javanese backgrounds. It also applied the role play technique to take data to be analyzed using mixed method analysis. The data showed that the criticizer performed various impoliteness strategies in criticism, considering familiar and unfamiliar relationships in different social status levels. They mainly performed bald-on-record impoliteness and adhered to other strategies such as negative, positive, and mock politeness. Besides that, delivering criticism in high intonation was also perceived as a part of impoliteness. Therefore, it suggested conducting another research concerning paralinguistics and impoliteness in various communication contexts.

Fregean Aletheic Objectualism, the Flaw of False Assertion, and Truth as a Norm of Assertion

Gottlob Frege is an aletheic objectualist who regards truth as an object. For him, truth is the truth-value True, which is an object referred to by true sentences. Some interpreters argue that Frege’s claim that the True is an object is merely a byproduct of the technical features of his formal logic, Begriffsschrift. However, Frege’s works instead suggest that aletheic objectualism constitutes his philosophical position on the metaphysics of truth. Although Fregean aletheic objectualism may seem counterintuitive and unfruitful, it is, in fact, quite useful. Viewing truth as an object provides a new explanation for why there is a pro tanto reason to consider false assertion flawed. This explanation in turn strengthens support for the popular view that assertion is a norm-laden speech act.

Analysis of politeness strategies in kῖmwῖmbῖ (E531) condolence messages

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the politeness strategies used by condolers in expressing condolence in Kῖmwῖmbῖ. Death is a natural part of human life. Regardless of its cause, it is usually very painful and therefore, losing a loved one causes deep feelings of loss and sorrow not only to the family of the deceased but also to friends and relatives. The main purpose of expressing condolence is to convey sympathy or compassion to the bereaved. Yule (2017) argues that in linguistic politeness, face is the most important concept and claims that a person’s face in pragmatics is their public self-image. In expressing condolence, condolers threaten the face of the bereaved but also employ politeness strategies to formulate messages in order to save the bereaved’s face. The study adopted the qualitative and quantitative research approaches and used Brown and Levinson (1978) Politeness Theory. Politeness theory focuses on ‘saving face’ which is a key aspect in politeness. The study was conducted in Chogoria Division, Maara Subcounty, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to sample twenty condolence messages for analysis. A guiding card was used to categorize the condolence utterances with politeness strategies. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively providing explanation of these politeness strategies and giving their frequencies and percentages in tables. It was established that the four politeness strategies proposed in the politeness theory are used in expressing condolence in Kῖmwῖmbῖ, with positive politeness strategy being the most used. The findings add to the existing knowledge in pragmatics, especially on politeness and burial discourse. Similarly, the study provides data which can be used to compare with other languages hence aiding in generalizing conclusions of condolence speech act.

Exploring Speech Acts in Suicide Notes from the Forensic Linguistics Approach: A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Cases

Suicide notes are the information left by people who commit suicide. In these notes, people employ various speech strategies to express their emotion and will. The strategies and content in suicide note vary with culture. Using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) and Chinese LIWC (CLIWC) programs, this study looks at the speech actions in suicide notes as well as the linguistic and affective traits of suicide notes from Chinese and American individuals. The results show that while expressive acts and social words are more prevalent in American notes, suggesting stronger social connectivity, forceful acts predominate in all countries. Chinese suicide notes, on the other hand, show more directed actions and a greater frequency of both good and negative feelings in these actions. Despite the study’s limitations due to the small sample size, it provides valuable insights into the cultural differences in the language of suicide and suggests directions for future research, including larger-scale analyses and the development of AI-driven tools for suicide prevention.

Oppressive expression and the Czech and Slovak communities of Northern Ireland

Feminist philosophers of language have, in the last several decades, demonstrated the usefulness of employing a speech-act theoretical lens to understand how expression works to enact and reinforce oppression. Despite the growing influence of these approaches in the philosophy and political theory literature, however, their use in other disciplines remains severely limited. This is surprising, especially given the real potential of the speech-act approach to illuminate the mechanisms by which everyday acts contribute to large-scale oppressions. This paper takes up this call for interdisciplinarity, utilising a speech-act theory of oppression to better understand the real-life experiences of the under-researched Czech and Slovak communities of Northern Ireland. Using semi-structured interviews followed by thematic analysis, our study expands our understanding of oppressive speech by revealing a complex relationship between victims’ experiences and their understanding of wider societal oppression, exposing a channel via which victims can exercise agency by contesting attempts to reinforce their oppression. In so doing, the study also draws attention to a novel theoretical lens with which to understand experiences of harmful speech, one which is currently under-utilised by those outside of the philosophy/political theory disciplines.

Pragmatic Analysis in Speech Acts (bahasa ogan) used between Buyers and Wanita Bakul in Batu putih Village

This research aims to discover the types of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts used by buyers and Wanita Bakul in Batuputih village. The method used in this research is qualitative with descriptive type. The data collection techniques used are recording techniques and listening and recording techniques. The data source in this research was obtained from buyers and Wanita Bakul in Batuputih village, who engaged in speech act interactions using oganese language in buying and selling transactions. The researchers used proficient free involved listening, recording, and Wanita Bakul note-taking techniques to collect the data required in this research. The results show that the speech acts used in buying and selling interactions in Batuputih village, total number of speech acts was 84, locutionary act 9, illocutionary act 25 and perlocutionary act 29. The perlocutionary act is the most dominant speech act between buyers and Wanita Bakul interactions in Batuputih village.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACT IN OPRAH WINFREY’S MOTIVATIONAL SPEECH “LIFE ADVICE WILL CHANGE YOUR FUTURE”

This research was designed in descriptive qualitative research. The aims of the research were to find out direct and indirect speech act and the contextual meaning in Oprah Winfrey’s Motivational Speech “Life Advice Will Change Your Future”. In collecting the data, the researcher used content Analysis technique. The researcher used Miles and Huberman theory in analyzing the data. In doing the research, the theory of Finegan is used. Finegan stated that there were two types of speech act, direct and indirect speech act and it can be in the form of representatives, commissives, directives, declarations, expressives and verdictives. The result shows that there were found 30 expression of direct speech act and 26 expression of indirect speech act. Therefore, speech act can be found in many discourses and daily life conversation. The researcher expected that this research will be useful for teacher, students, and the next researcher who are going to do related research.

DEVELOPMENT OF COHERENT SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION CULTURE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AT THE LESSONS OF THE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATIONAL FIELD

The article investigates the peculiarities of the development of coherent speech and culture of communication of primary school students in the lessons of language and literature educational branch. The competence-based approach to speech and culture of communication, the emphasis shifts from the language-centred concept to the anthropocentric one, when the development of subject-subject learning is emphasised and a linguistic personality is formed, which possesses a set of abilities and properties that allow creating oral and written speech works, adequately understanding texts addressed to communicators, that is, communicating fully and effectively. The most important means of awakening the child’s self-awareness, stimulating his/her spiritual development, according to the national didactic tradition, is teaching the native language, which is the basis of national and cultural self-identification. One of the main methods of work on coherent speech and culture of communication is practical exercises, which are used in phases: the first phase is the task, which should contain a motive for performing a certain speech action/activity, a speech situation) and explanations of what and how the student should do (orally or in writing; independently or in pairs, in a group; in a notebook or on the board); the second phase is a sample of performance; the third phase is the task performance; the fourth phase is control, which can be either teacher’s control, self-control, or students’ mutual control. The exercises aimed at forming orthoepic, pronunciation, accentological and lexical norms, distinguishing intonation in sentences are systematised. Exercises aimed at studying the peculiarities of figurative meaning will be relevant. Grammatical skills are an integral part of all types of speech activity, the formation, improvement and development of which is the main task of teaching. As a result of working with primary school students using a system of exercises to form a culture of speech, not only does the students’ speech culture improve, but also their memory improves, they develop an attentive, thoughtful attitude to language and books, and the level of spelling literacy and interest in Ukrainian language lessons increases.

How the Rejection of Incompatible Speech Acts Transforms Human Cognition

AbstractEngaging with the literature on transformative conceptions of rationality, I argue for the following position on the way reason transforms human cognition: when the capacity for knowing that one ought to do something is directed at one's own speech acts, an initially domain‐specific and practical grasp of genus/species relations – manifest in the ability to select among the various permitted ways to do as one judges one ought – becomes a mechanism through which the reflective study of genus/species relations hones the domain‐general classificatory abilities that accompany adult human language use. In this fashion, our instinctive behaviors may be transformed: we might cease to respond to events simply as (e.g.) fearful or enraging, recognize these motivations as cases of cowardice and recklessness, and begin to treat them as opportunities for courage and restraint.

God’s Migrant Caravan: Migration Rhetoric as Missionary Strategy in Acts 7:1-60

Abstract This article explores Stephen’s speech in Acts 7 as a migration narrative that legitimates the Jesus movement’s mission to the Gentiles. In response to the opponents’ charge that Stephen has spoken against the Law and the Temple, Luke uses Exodus rhetoric—its topoi of Liberation, Wilderness Wanderings, and Promised Land—to redefine the Exodus as an ongoing migration journey. Consequently, Luke transforms the nascent Jesus movement into a migrant caravan and portrays God as a migrant deity who is comfortable accompanying believers in a tent. Reading against the grain, Stephen’s speech contrasts the naivete of the Jesus movement with the zeal of manumitted Diaspora Jews. Thus, as a migration narrative, Stephen’s speech reveals the tensions, hopes, and disenchaments that leaving or returning to one’s home entails.

Exclamation, intensity, and emotive assertion

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel analysis of exclamations as assertions equivalent to particular uses of declarative sentences with emotive verbs. Focusing on wh-exclamatives and declarative exclamations, we offer a wide range of arguments for why they are both assertive. We further argue that like emotive verbs, exclamations convey a presupposition not of factivity but of subjective veridicality anchored to the speaker, and assert the emotion (of surprise, amazement, or a negative emotion). Our analysis proposes a syntax-semantics for exclamations without a speech act operator, and exclamativity surfaces as an attitude rather than a speech act. This seems to be well motivated by the Greek, German as well as English facts we examine in the paper. Illocutionary operator approaches cannot capture the facts discussed here, and they also fail to determine precisely what the exclamative force might be.

Stages of teaching law students to draft international legal documents in English based on artificial intelligence tools

Importance. At the present time, the technologies of artificial intelligence are gradually finding their way into a wide variety of different fields of professional activity, including education. Over the past years, there has appeared a great corpus of research in pedagogical and methodical literature dedicated to the didactic and methodological potential of artificial intelligence. This study represents how the use of artificial intelligence technologies can diversify the learning and professional practice of learners, as well as take over some of the routine functions of a teacher. Genie AI, LegalAI, AI Legal Document Generator – these are all new artificial intelligence tools that allow international law students to draft international legal documents according to the characteristics of the legal systems of foreign authorities. At the same time, their linguodidactic potential is insufficiently revealed, which requires the development of a step-by-step methodology for teaching students to draft international legal documents in a foreign language based on these artificial intelligence tools. The aim of the research is to develop a step-by-step methodology for teaching law students to draft international legal documents based on artificial intelligence tools.Materials and Methods. The study is conducted on the basis of an expert approach. The materials are scientific articles considered with pedagogy and teaching foreign language methodology published in Higher Attestation Commission scientific journals and journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. Scientific literature analysis, methods of observation, and survey of university professors who deliver profile disciplines to students of the ‘Jurisprudence’ major, are used.Results and Discussion. A step-by-step methodology of teaching law students to draft international legal documents based on Genie AI, LegalAI, AI Legal Document Generator artificial intelligence tools is developed. The methodology consists of the following series of steps: 1) students study the structure of an international legal document taking into account the specificities of the legal systems of the participating countries in a regular class as part of an integrated course;2) students study or repeat an active vocabulary and grammar that are used in the process of drafting an international legal document; 3) explanation of the goals of drafting international legal documents on the basis of Genie AI learning practice, defining it’s stages and period to the students;4) discussion about information security and author ethics and the inadmissibility of unauthorised borrowing of generative AI material; 5) extracurricular independent educational practice on drafting international legal documents by students with the artificial intelligence tool; 6) mutual evaluation and discussion in small groups of students regarding international legal documents drafted with artificial intelligence tools; 7) selective evaluation by the instructor of legal documents drafted by students on the basis of practice with the artificial intelligence tool; 8) students’ reflection on the usefulness of using the artificial intelligence tool for drafting international legal documents.Conclusion. The novelty of the research lies in the development of a step-by-step methodology for teaching law students to draft international legal documents based on Genie AI, LegalAI, AI Legal Document Generator artificial intelligence tools. Prospects for further works are studying the linguodidactic potential of other artificial intelligence tools created for lawyers, and developing methods of teaching language aspects, types of speech activity, and specialised disciplines on their basis.

Politeness in Expressive Speech Acts: A Cyber Pragmatics Approach

Politeness in Expressive Speech Acts: A Cyber Pragmatics Approach

On a new approach to studying lexical metonymy. Review of a monograph: Ilyukhina N.A. Lexical metonymy in linguistic and cognitive comprehension. Samara: OOO «SAMARAMA», 2023, 172 p. ISBN 978-5-6050869-9-4

This review is devoted to the monograph «Lexical metonymy in linguistic and cognitive comprehension» by N.A. Ilyukhina, who examines the problems of using metonymic nomination of objects, processes and persons in various denotative and discursive spheres. The relevance of the issues raised in the monograph is determined by the important role of associative thinking in the process of understanding the reality and complexity of mental connections between referents, which become the objects of metonymic nomination. The review describes the issues that have become the focus of the researcher’s attention, in particular, the typologization of lexical metonymy, substantive and verbal metonymy, metonymic transfer of definitions, metonymy in various denotative and discursive spheres. The problem of the research lies in the complexity of the linguistic representation of the cognitive mechanisms of metonymic transfer, in understanding the mental connections between the part and the whole, due to which their names can replace each other in language and speech. During the research N.A. Ilyukhina used an up-to-date method of linguocognitive analysis. As a result of the conducted fundamental research, N.A. Ilyukhina comes to a number of important conclusions. The most significant and interesting conclusions are about the unified cognitive foundations of the main transfers in the system of language and speech; about the connection of the transfer vector with the structural type of a multi-faceted concept, which contains knowledge about the corresponding referent, nominated or defined by the word; about the most significant role of the cognitive metonymic mechanism in speech activity; about the «ubiquity», universality, versatility and expansion of linguistic metonymy due to its cognitive foundations; about the possibility of using metonymy as a basis for other tropes. The monograph is of considerable interest to researchers dealing with the problems of metonymy, cognitive linguistics, semasiology, and semantics of discourse.

The name as a speech act

Drawing on the philosophy of language and anthroponymy, we aim to outline a theory of proper names, deliberately sidestepping conventional perspectives, which we have systematically addressed in previous instances. Articulating a distinctive viewpoint, grounded in the established connotations of the anthroponym (most notably its characterization as a rigid designator), we aim to demonstrate that names function as any linguistic sign, not deprived of any of its dimensions. We will also consider situations involving name changes, whether undertaken with the consent of the bearer or independently of their will. To the best of our current knowledge, the examination of proper names as speech acts has not received substantial attention in past or contemporary studies; hence, we will allocate appropriate attention to it. Furthermore, our investigation will encompass discussions on unconventional anthroponyms, addressing them as a key facet of our current research agenda.

The influence of UGC features on consumers' purchase intention in social e-commerce platforms: Taking Xiaohongshu as an example

With the rapid development of social e-commerce, content-based social e-commerce platforms have become one of the main channels for consumers to obtain information. And this social e-commerce platform relies on user generated content to convey valuable information to users. The relationship between user generated content and user purchase intention is still a question worth exploring. This article starts from an empirical perspective and studies the mediating variables between UGC text features and consumer purchase intention in social e-commerce platforms. Based on speech act theory (SAT) and receptor stimulus response theory (SOR), research hypotheses are proposed, with perceived value, perceived risk, and perceived interest as mediating variables. By using AMOS to construct a structural effects equation for verification, it is concluded that UGC text features can positively affect perceived value, perceived risk, perceived interest, and have an effective impact on purchase intention.