Theory Of Planned Behavior Factors Research Articles

The moderating role of individualism/collectivism in predicting male Chinese university students' exercise behavior using the theory of planned behavior

The purpose of this study was to check the moderating role of individualism/collectivism in predicting male Chinese university students’ exercise behavior using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. The TPB model was validated through SEM (structure equation model), and the moderating effect of individualism and collectivism was validated through a hierarchical regression and simple slopes analysis using a sample collected from 115 male Chinese university students. The results showed that the product terms of individualism and TPB factors were not able to significantly predict exercise intention after inclusion in the regression equation, nor were the product terms of collectivism and PBC (perceived behavior control) able to do so. However, the product terms of collectivism and attitude, as well as collectivism and SN (subjective norm) were able to significantly predict exercise intention when included in the regression equation. That is, horizontal and vertical collectivism can significantly moderate TPB constructs, primarily by moderating the relationship between attitude-exercise intention and SN-exercise intention. This study found that the predictive validity of exercise attitudes on exercise intentions in TPB constructs is greater only at low levels of horizontal and vertical collectivism and low at high levels. The predictive validity of SN is greater at high levels of horizontal and vertical collectivism and low in the inverse case. This research serves to enrich the theoretical framework for the theory of planned behavior and provides useful information for understanding university students’ exercise intentions and behaviors.

Verifying the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior model for predicting illegal use of online content: the role of outcome expectancies and social loafing

BackgroundCurrently, laypeople can earn profit by producing content; therefore, it should be noted that the unauthorized use of intellectual creations or possessions can cause legal issues and undermine the producers’ desire to create. This study verified the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model for predicting the illegal use of online content among South Korean college students and examined the roles played by outcome expectancies and social loafing in this model.MethodsThe participants, 369 male and female Korean college students, were aged between 18 and 31 years (M = 22.12, SD = 2.33). We measured the illegal use of online content and the factors of the TPB model, as well as outcome expectancies and social loafing with regard to participants’ illegal use of online content. Correlational analysis, stepwise regression analysis, path analysis for the TPB model, and analyses of the moderated model were performed using SPSS and AMOS.ResultsAll TPB factors, outcome expectancies, and social loafing were positively correlated with the illegal use of online content. Stepwise regression analysis showed that intention, social loafing, outcome expectancies, and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of the illegal use of online content. A TPB model, including a direct path from perceived behavioral control to behavior, was validated to analyze the illegal use of online content. This model was found to be moderated by outcome expectancy.ConclusionThis study suggests that the TPB is useful for predicting the illegal use of online content and that outcome expectancies and social loafing also play an important role in the illegal use of online content among college students. The findings of this study provide useful information for future research and could aid in preventing illegal online content use among adolescents and young adults.

A mixed approach to understanding sustainable entrepreneurial intention

Entrepreneurship and sustainable development have been extensively debated; however, research on sustainable entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is still in its infancy. This article investigates the sociological and psychological aspects of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) that influence students' SEI. A survey dataset with 621 observations was collected from six higher education institutes in the North of Vietnam, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS SEM) was applied. The results indicate that perceived behaviour control influenced the intention to start a sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) the most, followed by personal attitude. Subjective norms were found to be the only one of the three TPB factors that was not an antecedent for sustainable entrepreneurial intention. Education and family support contributed significantly to the favourable attitudes toward SE. However, education and social support had no relation to perceived behaviour control. In the context of a developing country like Vietnam, this research offers a significant contribution, as there is an urgent need for SE studies outside of developed nations.

High School Student CPR Training in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study of Teacher Perspectives, Willingness, and Perceived Barriers.

School cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training has not been previously implemented nor studied in the Arabian Peninsula, and this is due to the challenges that this training imposes. This study aims to determine high school teacher perspectives, willingness, and barriers as related to CPR student training in high schools. An anonymous, voluntary, cross-sectional electronic questionnaire, primarily based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was distributed to high school principals and teachers from 20 local (public and private) high schools between October and December 2021. The questionnaire was a 4-part (demographics, willingness, barriers, implementation approach), 23-variable tool. Eighty-four out of 88 participants were included in the analysis from 20 high schools. The overall willingness to teach CPR to students was 4.2 ± 0.9, and this willingness was significantly associated with being a female (p = 0.019), being a teacher (p = 0.036), having a family history of cardiovascular disease (p = 0.007), previous school CPR campaigns (p = 0.02), and all TPB factors: attitude (p = 0.001), subjective norms (p = 0.011), and perceived behaviour control (p = 0.007). As for perceived barriers, there was moderate concern regarding the absence of the Good Samaritan law (3.8 ± 1.1) and CoVID-19 transmission (3.5 ± 1.3). High school teaching staff recommended formal legislation of CPR training from the Ministry of Education (MoE) and favoured CPR training delivery by healthcare professionals. However, they were willing to conduct CPR training themselves with regular training, material integration into the curriculum, and online teaching material access. High school teachers are willing to teach students CPR. They need MoE legislation, appropriate training, online material, and a standardized database. Teaching staff also recommend specific training session settings. CoVID-19 and Good Samaritan law are moderate barriers. A number of factors influence teaching staff willingness to conduct CPR training. From this analysis, we recommend piloting CPR training in Kuwait high schools with consideration to the identified influential factors and barriers.

The Determinants of User Acceptance of Mobile Medical Platforms: An Investigation Integrating the TPB, TAM, and Patient-Centered Factors.

Mobile medical platforms (MMPs) can make medical services more accessible and effective. However, the patient-centered factors that influence patients’ acceptance of MMPs are not well understood. Our study examined the factors affecting patients’ acceptance of MMPs by integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the technology acceptance model (TAM), and three patient-centered factors (i.e., perceived convenience, perceived credibility, and perceived privacy risk). Three hundred and eighty-nine Chinese respondents were recruited in this study and completed a self-administered online questionnaire that included items adapted from validated measurement scales. The partial least squares structural equation modeling results revealed that perceived privacy risk, perceived credibility, and perceived ease of use directly determined the perceived usefulness of an MMP. Perceived convenience, perceived credibility, and perceived usefulness significantly affected the patients’ attitudes toward MMPs. Perceived usefulness, attitude, perceived privacy risk, and perceived behavioral control were important determinants of the patients’ behavioral intentions to use MMPs. Behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control significantly influenced perceived effective use. Perceived credibility and perceived ease of use significantly affected perceived convenience. However, social influence had no significant effect on attitude and behavioral intention. The study provides important theoretical and practical implications, which could help practitioners enhance the patients’ use of MMPs for their healthcare activities.

Protecting children from COVID-19: examining U.S. parents motivation and behaviour using an integrated model of self-determination theory and the theory of planned behaviour

Objectives This longitudinal study applied the integrated model of self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to explain COVID-19 preventive behaviours among parents of young children in the United States. Design The study adopted a two-wave longitudinal study design. Parents (N = 681) completed self-report questionnaires related to measures of SDT and the TPB constructs and behavioural adherence at baseline and after one month. We used standardised residual change scores to test the structural relationships of the integrated model. Results The parameter estimates of the model (CFI > .96, TLI > .86, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .03) fit acceptably well to the data. Psychological need support was positively and significantly linked to autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation. Autonomous motivation was positively and significantly correlated with TPB factors, and intention. Intention was a significant and positive predictor of behavioural adherence. Conclusion The integrated model of SDT and the TPB appeared to be applicable to the explanation of COVID-19 prevention among the U.S. parents. Longitudinal data showed that a psychological need supportive social environment was related to favourable motivation, social cognition beliefs, intention and behavioural adherence to the preventive behaviours of parents protecting their young children from COVID-19.

Entrepreneurial Continuance & COVID-19: The Role of Relational Embeddedness & Institutional Support

Building on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this paper investigates how relational embeddedness and Perceived External Institutional Support (PEIS) influence entrepreneurs’ intention to keep ventures afloat during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., Intention for Entrepreneurial Continuance or IEC). We surveyed 295 entrepreneurs of small business owners in China in December 2020 and analyzed the data using structural equation modelling. Relational embeddedness and PEIS both significantly influenced IEC through the mediating effects of the three TPB determinants (attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control). While subjective norms did not directly influence intention, they could still affect intention by influencing attitude. Entrepreneurs’ post-pandemic recovery prospects during the pandemic also did not moderate the three TPB determinants or IEC. The study contributes to research on entrepreneurial resilience by providing a more nuanced perspective of how entrepreneurs make decisions to continue or exit their ventures during periods of external shock and disruption. Besides the TPB factors being important in ensuring that small businesses continue to survive, this paper also adds to research on social capital by demonstrating the strong predictive power of relational embeddedness, which significantly determined entrepreneurs’ continuance intention through the TPB mediators. It also provides evidence that institutional support serves as a salient antecedent of the TPB determinants and continuance intention. Moreover, it finds that internal migrant entrepreneurs face greater entrepreneurial barriers to keep their businesses going during

An extension of the theory of planned behavior to understand factors influencing Pakistani households' energy-saving intentions and behavior: a mediated-moderated model.

This study aims to explore the factors influencing households’ intentions and actual behavior in relation to saving energy. This study is based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), extending it by adding descriptive norms and moral responsibility. An online survey was administered to collect data from randomly selected households and data analysis was run using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The research findings reveal the positive and significant effect of TPB factors (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control) and the extended factors (descriptive norms and moral responsibility) on households’ intention to save energy, as well as the significant effect of perceived behavior control, moral responsibility, and intention on household’s energy-saving behavior. This study also evidences the significant mediating and moderating role of households’ intention to save energy and moral responsibility. This study’s model explains 70.5% of variations in households’ intention to save energy and 63.1% of variations in households’ energy-saving behavior. In particular, the extended model explains 11.6% more of the variation in households’ intention to save energy compared to the TPB model. This research has several theoretical and practical implications for scholars, environmental protection agencies, and policy-makers.

Intentions’ Determinants of Malaysian Muslim Travellers to Patronize Restaurants in South Korea

Observations of Muslim travellers have shown their interest in travelling in Muslim minority countries, particularly South Korea. However, the number of Halal Certified Restaurant (HCR) is inadequate, restricting their gastronomic experience. Another alternative is restaurants that do not have Halal certification but also provide Halal food, known as Muslim Friendly Restaurant (MFR). Thus, the intention of Malaysian Muslim travellers to patronise the restaurants was investigated by applying the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Through the distribution of questionnaires, 310 data were successfully collected. However, after the data screening process, only 292 data were found to be valid for further analysis using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3.2.8. The three factors in TPB, namely attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control, were significant and positively related to the intention to patronise HCR and MFR. However, religiosity and restaurant attributes did not significantly impact the intentions.

The Determinants of Visit Intention for Chinese Residents in the Michigan, United States: An Empirical Analysis Performed Through PLS-SEM

The United States (US) is a well-known international tourism destination. However, some states, such as Michigan, remain unfamiliar to international tourists. The current study reflects the rapid increase of Chinese residents in the US, targeting this group as potential international tourists to Michigan. This quantitative study seeks to identify factors that determine the visit intentions of this tourist segment. To this end, it examines the relationship between destination image, factors pertaining to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), acculturation, and visit intention. An online survey is conducted, and the collected data are analyzed using partial-least-square structural equation modeling. The results validate the destination image as strongly related to attitudes. Among the TPB factors, perceived behavioral control is most strongly related to visit intention, followed by subjective norms and attitudes. Acculturation partially mediates the relationship between perceived behavioral control and visit intention. The result can be utilized in destinations not renowned as popular international tourism destinations and that need a new business opportunity to revitalize the local economy.

Behavior of parents and children in the way they use public transport. A case study of Iranian households

While parents are the ultimate decision makers for their children’s mode of transport when commuting to school, their own travel mode choice is also under the influence of their children’s trip requirements. This study proposes a model to forecast the behaviour of parents and children in choice of public transport for trips to school and work.A sample of 4000 households, in which 1876 responded (return rate 47.4%), was surveyed using paper questionnaires. Respondents had at least one child at primary school. Descriptive statistics showed that only 732 (39%) used public transport for commuting to work, of which 11% escorted their children to school three times a week or more, regardless of the mode of transportation used.A Structural equation model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was utilised to explain public transport (transit) use by parents and children. Results emphasised the intentional aspect of transit use. TPB factors (perceived behavioural control and intention), habit, situational variables (access to public transport infrastructure) and related variables of school journeys (perceived distance to school, escorting children) were found to be associated with type of transportation.

Behavioral predictors of household food-safety practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Extending the theory of planned behavior.

The epidemiological scenario of COVID-19, social distancing, and business restrictions has increased food preparation and consumption at home. Food mishandling at home can significantly raise the risk of foodborne diseases. This study investigates food-mishandling behavior predictors by applying the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), with the addition of knowledge and risk perception, to households during the COVID-19 pandemic. One thousand and sixty-eight consumers (n = 1068) in Brazil participated in this study before the COVID-19 vaccination period. Data were collected using an online questionnaire with 40 questions and different anchors; they were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The following original TPB factors positively affected the intention to implement safe food-handling practices: attitude (p < 0.001), perceived behavioral control (p < 0.001), and subjective norms (p < 0.001). More robust effects of attitude and perceived behavioral control on intention were also observed. Although food-safety knowledge did not affect intention (p = 0.30), it positively affected the other TPB factors. Perceived risk positively affected all TPB factors. The results of this study support the usefulness of TPB and its extension, providing evidence that public-health crises can contribute to changes in food-safety-related consumer behavior.

Does low-carbon travel intention really lead to actual low-carbon travel? Evidence from urban residents in China

Urban residents’ travel is an important component of carbon emissions and is becoming a hot topic in discussions on how to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Existing studies mainly focus on low-carbon travel behaviours and intentions independently, ignoring the inconsistency between the two. This paper uses a bivariate probit model based on questionnaire survey data to explore the consistency between urban residents’ intentions and behaviour. The results show that sociodemographic factors, TPB (theory of planned behaviour) factors, and situational factors all significantly impact the inconsistency. This paper provides careful analysis, and based on the results and analysis, proposes targeted suggestions to enhance the public intention of low-carbon travel and proper policies to improve low-carbon travel in cities.

Factors Affecting the Perceived Effectiveness in Preventing the Transmission of COVID-19 in Indonesia: Integrating the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model

The coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease declared a pandemic worldwide by the World Health Organization (WHO). The purpose of the research was to look at the factors in public health behavior that affected the effectiveness of preventing the transmission of the COVID-19 based on the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Belief Model (HBM). The research was a correlational study. The research applied a purposive sampling method, with 483 respondents coming from various islands in Indonesia. Based on the analysis using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), TPB factors like individuals' behavioral intention to follow COVID-19 preventive measures are significantly affected by subjective norm and perceived behavior control. On the other hand, personal attitude does not significantly affect an individual's behavioral intention to follow COVID-19 prevention steps. HBM shows an individual’s behavior intention to follow the COVID-19 preventive measures is significant and directly affected by perceived severity, perceived barrier, perceived self-efficacy, and cues to action. Meanwhile, the perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits do not significantly and directly influence an individual's behavioral intention to follow the COVID-19 preventive measures. The findings from the research can be used to evaluate the effectiveness in several countries in facing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exploring the Effect of Rational Factors and Trust in Health Behavior Change

AbstractThis study examines how rational factors and trust modify health behaviors and various stages of trust mediate the rational factors in behavior changing through four stages of it. By integrating factors of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and various stages of trust, a health behavior change framework was proposed. Quantitative data on TPB, trust and behavior change were collected from Chinese youths through online survey. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied to analyze the data from 448 valid questionnaires to verify it. The findings show: Both TPB and trust constructs have significant impacts on modifying health behavior change; Trust mediates the effect of perceived behavioral control on health behavior change, while the stages of site content evaluation and longer‐term engagement of trust act as partial mediators; Relationships existed between TPB factors and trust stages. This study advances the understanding of health behavior change with regards to rational factors and trust stages and provides implications for stakeholders.

Evaluating the Acceptance of Hemp Food in Australian Adults Using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Structural Equation Modelling.

This research presents a mixed methods (qual-QUANT) approach to the evaluation of the intention to consume hemp foods in an Australian sample soon after its legalization, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate items developed from semi-structured interviews, with a focus on the TPB factors; attitudes toward hemp food consumption, subjective beliefs, and perceptions of control. Findings support the notion that consumers may be confused about associations between Cannabidiol (CBD) oil, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and hemp food produced from Cannabis sativa. Highly salient negative associations are mediated by the perception of positive aspects of CBD for some consumers, but the value placed on others’ acceptance of hemp food is the greatest indicator of intention to consume hemp food products. It is suggested that greater education of consumers might allay fears borne of association of hemp food to either CBD or THC, and any move toward disassociation of hemp food to either entity would have positive repercussions for the hemp food industry. Findings have implications for other novel foods that carry highly salient negative associations for consumers.

Developing and Validating a Behavioural Model of Cyberinsurance Adoption

Business disruption from cyberattacks is a growing concern, yet cyberinsurance uptake remains low. Using an online behavioural economics experiment with 4800 participants across four EU countries, this study tests a predictive model of cyberinsurance adoption, incorporating elements of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as well as factors in relation to risk propensity and price. During the experiment, participants were given the opportunity to purchase different cybersecurity measures and cyberinsurance products before performing an online task. Participants likelihood of suffering a cyberattack was dependent upon their adoption of cybersecurity measures and their behaviour during the online task. The consequences of any attack were dependent upon the participants insurance decisions. Structural equation modelling was applied and the model was further developed to include elements of the wider security ecosystem. The final model shows that all TPB factors, and response efficacy from the PMT, positively predicted adoption of premium cyberinsurance. Interestingly, adoption of cybersecurity measures was associated with safer behaviour online, contrary to concerns of “moral hazard”. The findings highlight the need to consider the larger cybersecurity ecosystem when designing interventions to increase adoption of cyberinsurance and/or promote more secure online behaviour.

SARS-CoV-2 Threat Perception and Willingness to Vaccinate: The Mediating Role of Conspiracy Beliefs.

In the current exploratory study, we investigated the willingness of participants to vaccinate against the novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)] that has shaken up the world since the beginning of 2020. More specifically, we tested the mediating role of conspiracy beliefs (CBs) on the relationship between threat perception (TP) and willingness of participants to vaccinate against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), along with a series of associated demographic variables. Overall, 40% of our sample expressed total rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine. Our results suggested no significant differences in gender, age, educational level, and vaccine acceptance or hesitancy of participants. The results also indicated that CBs partially mediated the relationship between TP and willingness of participants to vaccinate. The current findings are discussed within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework and their importance for public health communication and practices and building public trust within the global fight against COVID-19. We considered the present results as a valuable starting point in understanding the psychological constructs related to the extended model of TPB and other personal factors and addressed the attitudinal roots that shape the acceptance and rejection of COVID-19 vaccination.

Are you an energy saver at home? The personality insights of household energy conservation behaviors based on theory of planned behavior

Personality traits play an important role in pro-environmental behavioral heterogeneity. This study aims to explore the effects of Big Five personality traits on the energy-saving behavior of residents based on the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). We employ the k-means algorithm to cluster 1119 respondents in Xi'an, China by their personality characteristics into four groups: (1) the positives, (2) the temperates, (3) the conservatives, and (4) the introverts. The research observes significant heterogeneity of energy-saving behavior among the four resident groups. We examine the behavioral pattern of each resident group, and the analysis indicates that TPB attributes bridge personality traits and household energy-saving behaviors. The extended TPB factors explain the best performance on household energy-saving intention and behaviors of the positives. Besides, the results present the different effects of psychological factors on the energy-saving behaviors of different resident groups. The positive and temperate groups’ energy-saving intention is more sensitive to subjective norms, while perceived behavior control plays a more critical role in other groups. This study could broaden the scope of pro-environmental behavior research and advance knowledge by untangling the intertwined relationship between personality traits and household energy-saving behavior. The findings can contribute to occupant typology development, which is important to capture the diverse energy effect of occupant activity in building energy simulation research as well as differential energy-saving intervention setting in residential buildings to achieve sustainable development goals.

Verification of a theory of planned behavior model of medication adherence in Korean adults: focused on moderating effects of optimistic or present bias

BackgroundTo prevent or recover from a disease, the prescriptions for medications must be correct, and the patient must comply with the medication’s instructions. Therefore, this study verified the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model to predict medication adherence among Korean adults and examined the role of optimistic or present bias in that model.MethodsThe participants were 357 Korean male and female adults whose ages ranged from 18 to 76 (M = 41.53, SD = 9.89). Their medication adherence was measured with the Morisky Green Levine Scale. The study examined TPB factors with modified items related to medication adherence and optimistic bias with items developed based on the concept and on previous studies.ResultsAn alternative TPB model, including a direct path from attitude to behavior, a direct path from the perceived behavioral control to the behavior, and an insignificant path from behavioral intention to behavior, was validated for Korean adults’ medication adherence. This model was found to be moderated by optimistic or present bias.ConclusionsThe findings of this study should provide useful information for future research and for medical or health professionals who wish to improve the medication adherence of their patients.