Original Theory Research Articles

Discussion on the Origin of Polo

The cultural history of polo is extensive, yet its origin remains a subject of debate within academia, lacking definitive consensus. This paper aims to synthesize previous research findings and compare various theories of origin, based on extensive examination of historical literature. Through this comprehensive review, it seeks to further investigate the birthplace of polo and advance the research process regarding its origin. Among the prevailing theories of origin concerning polo, the Persian theory presents relatively substantial evidence. Additionally, unearthed artifacts suggest potential connections between the origins of polo and the Saka and Tuhuoluo peoples, warranting further investigation. Research into the origin of polo not only enriches theoretical studies in our country but also provides new theoretical support for reviving Chinese polo culture and fostering comprehensive and harmonious development within our sports culture.

Results of high-resolution technologies applied in the acquisition of seafloor information in the Colombian Caribbean Sea

We expound on a hydrographic and geophysical survey in the south of the Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (ASAPSC) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. In 2017 and 2018, high-resolution data were acquired from the Caribbean Center for Oceanographic and Hydrographic Research (CIOH). The hydrographic data were processed and filtered per International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards and the geomagnetic data were processed, corrected, and filtered to improve the interpretation. We could then characterise the submarine relief, analyse the geomagnetic anomalies in the area, and identify different relief forms of volcanic origin. Regarding geomagnetic work, a spectral analysis of the anomalies revealed highly magnetic bodies in deep water and residual magnetic anomalies strongly related to the seabed morphology. Magnetic highs associated with the basement highs and volcanic cones were detected. Complementary spectral analysis showed that the shallowest magnetic sources were in the first 500 m, whereas the deepest magnetic sources were between the depths of 4 and 5 km. The geomagnetic data were also validated using Euler deconvolution analysis, which confirmed these magnetic anomalies. Thus, a direct relationship between the magnetic anomalies and bathymetry of the seafloor was confirmed, reinforcing the theory of the volcanic origin of these islands.

Spotlight on Carcinosarcoma of the Ovary: A Scoping Review.

Ovarian carcinosarcoma, also referred as malignant mixed Mullerian tumour, is an uncommon, highly aggressive and malignant neoplasm which makes up 1 to 4% of all ovarian tumours. It is biphasic involving both malignant sarcomatous (mesenchymal) and carcinomatous (epithelial) cells. There are various subtypes such as serous and endometrioid. However, the mesenchymal part is sarcomatous. About 90% of cases of ovarian carcinosarcoma spread outside the ovary. The two most accepted theories of origin for carcinosarcoma of the ovary are the collision and conversion theories. A third theory is the combination theory. Prognosis remains poor even when still localised in the ovary. In the last few years, there has been no change in the survival rate. The median survival rate is lower than 2 years. Clinical features mainly include lower abdominal pain and a palpable abdominal mass. Ovarian carcinosarcoma remains poorly understood and understudied. Being a rare tumour, elaborate therapeutic consensus is not available for ovarian carcinosarcoma. The main treatment involves cytoreductive surgery and then chemotherapy. The type of chemotherapy, role of radiotherapy and novel therapies need to be further studied. The main objective of this article is to review the current literature on carcinosarcoma of the ovary.

HUSSERL, AJDUKIEWICZ, AND BLAUSTEIN ON MEANING

The aim of this article is to investigate the reception of Husserl’s theory of meaning by Ajdukiewicz and Blaustein, two members of the analytically-oriented Lvov-Warsaw School, who, in different ways, were attracted to and confronted with Husserl’s phenomenology. The discussed hypothesis is that Ajdukiewicz’s interpretation of Logical Investigations, and his original theory of meaning influenced both Blaustein’s critical reading of Husserl’s theory of intentionality and his account of meaning-intention. After outlining the central elements of “First Logical Investigation” the paper shows how it is interpreted by Ajdukiewicz in his Lvov lectures on logic and in his directival theory of meaning. What emerges is a psychological-descriptive interpretation of Husserl’s concept of meaning, and a reconsideration of his theory of intentionality within the inferential structure of beliefs in premises that motivates a person who speaks a language to believe in conclusions of a certain form. This leads Ajdukiewicz to his own original conventionalist account of meaning which is based on the identification of three main directives of meaning that represent the matrix of a given language, i.e., the grid in which each meaning finds its place. These elements allow one to demonstrate how Ajdukiewicz’s interpretation resonates in Blaustein’s critique of Husserl in his early writings, where, in addition to a psychological-descriptive reading of phenomenology we also find a conventionalist conception of meaning acts and signitive presentations. According to Blaustein, a sign can represent an object only through the conventions arising from the directives of meaning that belong to a given natural language.

Founding, Actions and Great Significance of Original Theory of Botany (Crop Science)

Founding, Actions and Great Significance of Original Theory of Botany (Crop Science)

Making of the Other: Critiquing Baloch Historiography

Orientalism is the critique of the European perspective about the creation of colonial discourse and this approach advocates that European colonialism has created a concept of “othering". The Occident and the Orient is a pure European construct, and it would see another world from the lens of Europe and give a verdict of being inferior about all those concepts, cultures and ideologies which are not in conformity with European perceptions. The present work is based on the colonial construction of the history of Balochistan, and colonial scholars had provided the landmark of historiography in Balochistan. These colonial scholars had derived their concepts of the cultures and histories of the indigenous people based on the official documents provided by the colonial masters. So, the primary premise of the colonial discourse was not to do academic research rather it was to control the indigenous people. This premise of colonial historiography was bequeathed after partition as the post-partition and indigenous scholars had followed the footsteps of colonial scholars especial in the theories of ethnic origins. The present work is a historiographical critique of colonial and post-independence historiography into Balochistan, and it has been endeavored to provide main themes of oriental historiography and its counter-narrative which based on a post-colonial perspective derived from primary and secondary sources. The paper is an attempt in opening of new debates in the historiography of peripheral regions like Balochistan and its an effort to shed light on the areas on which there is a historical silence.

Orthodox Response to Christian Universalism: The Theological Perspective of Pavel Florensky

This study aims to offer an Orthodox response to the challenges posed by the new understanding of Christian universalism. We argue that contemporary man requires a clear and comprehensive answer to this issue, given that universalism is not merely a theological concept but also must be understood by each individual. This response is imperative as Christianity is obligated to answer everyone at all times, in line with the teachings of Apostle Peter about being prepared to answer questions about our hope (1 Peter 3:15). In this context, the study examines contemporary antinomian views on Christian universalism, with a specific focus on the original theory of theologian Pavel Florensky. Florensky posits that divine judgment will separate the 'holy self' of the damned - which will be preserved without exception and viewed joyously by the righteous, but will only objectively exist for them - from their self-consciousness of enduring torment and illusory subjectivity. Through this lens, hell is perceived as the sole reality in the consciousness of the damned, yet non-existent in the consciousness of God and the righteous. This study provides an important perspective on how Orthodox theology can respond to the challenges of universalism in a contemporary context.

Investigation of a Nonlinear XNOR Logic Gate Based on an Induced Nonlinear Phase Shift of Spin Waves

Introduction. Recent years have seen a growing interest in studying the nonlinear properties of spin waves. Nonlinear phenomena, such as envelope solitons, nonlinear frequency shifts of intense spin waves, and etc., have attracted particular attention. However, a number of important issues remain to be underexplored, including the problem of induced nonlinear phase shift of spin waves. The relevance of this problem is related to the need to develop spin-wave logic gates that could be controlled by changing the spin wave phase.Aim. To study a nonlinear XNOR logic gate whose operation is based on the induced nonlinear phase shift of a spin wave.Materials and methods. An original theory is used to simulate the frequency response of a nonlinear XNOR logic gate. The operating principle of the nonlinear XNOR logic gate is substantiated. The possibility of implementing the nonlinear XNOR logic gate in a circuit similar to a spin-wave Mach-Zehnder interferometer is experimentally demonstrated.Results. An experimental study of the induced nonlinear phase shift of operating signals incident on identical nonlinear spin-wave phase shifters located in the arms of the logic gate was carried out. It is shown that an increase in the pump signal power up to 60 mW, supplied to nonlinear phase shifters, changes the induced nonlinear phase shift of the operating signal by more than 180°. Hence, nonlinear phase shifters can be used for constructing spin-wave logic gates. In addition, the operating principle of a spin-wave logic gate was experimentally studied. It is shown that the XNOR logical function is implemented in the low-frequency part of the device’s frequency response characteristic.Conclusion. Numerical simulation of the characteristics of a nonlinear XNOR logic gate based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer circuit was carried out. It is shown that its logical functions are implemented due to the effect of an induced nonlinear phase shift of spin waves in nonlinear phase shifters located in different arms of the logic gate.

EXPLORING FACTORS THAT SHAPE INDONESIAN’S INTENTIONS TO PURCHASE HERBAL MEDICINE

The pharmaceutical industry has emerged as one of the most rapidly expanding sectors globally, and this trend holds true for Indonesia as well. Within this industry, a notably popular type of medication in Indonesia is herbal medicine. This variant of medicine is derived from traditional and natural ingredients, with minimal incorporation of chemical substances. To delve into this phenomenon, the present study aims to identify the factors influencing Indonesians' inclination and intention to purchase herbal medicine. To achieve this, the study integrates key variables from the original Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) framework, namely attitude and subjective norm, along with an additional element – perceived value. The methodology employed involves a survey-based approach, utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool among the chosen participants. The sampling method chosen is non-probability purposive sampling, ensuring that only individuals who meet the predetermined criteria participate – specifically, individuals who have acquired herbal medicines within the past 6 months. Employing a 7-point Likert scale, a total of 156 data points were amassed. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), with SmartPLS 4 software being the designated tool. Through the scrutiny of the data, the authors conclude that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived value significantly impact consumers' intention to purchase herbal medicine in Indonesia.

Extension of the theory of adherence to treatment in patients with coronary heart disease

AbstractBackgroundIncreased knowledge of the concept of adherence is needed for development patient‐centered care, nursing interventions, and guidelines for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to test and extend the Theory of Adherence to Treatment regarding informational support in patients with CHD.MethodsThe study utilized an explanatory and descriptive survey. The study was conducted in 2013 and involved 416 patients in five hospitals in Finland. The Adherence of Patients with Chronic Disease instrument and the Social Support for People with CHD instrument were used. The model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM).ResultsSEM confirmed direct associations between motivation (β = 0.49, p < 0.001) and results of care (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and indirect associations between sense of normality, fear of complications, support from nurses and next of kin, and informational support to adherence to a healthy lifestyle and medication. Informational support included information and advice on CHD risk factors, physical exercise, chest pain, medication, continuum of care, and rehabilitation. Indirect standardized path coefficients varied between 0.14 and 0.45. The model explained 45% of adherence to a healthy lifestyle and medication.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that informational support is a justified extension to the original Theory of Adherence to Treatment in Patients with CHD. Informational support seems to offer a new perspective that can be used to develop patient‐centered nursing interventions and thus support adherence to treatment by patients with a lifelong disease such as CHD.

On modern oil and gas formation

According to the organic theory of oil and gas origin, hydrocarbon potential of their deposits is limited. Therefore, during the exploitation of deposits, this potential must decrease. The discovery of the phenomenon of oil and gas reserves replenishment in developed fields, as well as the experimentally proven possibility of transferring these fields to “inexhaustible” hydrocarbon production mode, poses a number of new tasks for developers. The main one is controlling the hydrocarbon potential of oil and gas deposits and maintaining it at highest possible level. In the article we draw attention to a number of fundamental achievements of domestic scientists, which made it possible to create a biosphere concept of oil and gas formation, on its basis to adequately solve the problem of the origin of oil and gas, and also to explain the modern replenishment of hydrocarbon reserves in developed fields. From the standpoint of biosphere concept, a system of measures is considered that increases the efficiency of developing oil and gas fields in conditions of replenishment of hydrocarbon reserves.

Multilayered noise model for transport in complex environments.

Transport in complex fluidic environments often exhibits transient subdiffusive dynamics accompanied by non-Gaussian probability density profiles featuring a nonmonotonic non-Gaussian parameter. Such properties cannot be adequately explained by the original theory of Brownian motion. Based on an extension of kinetic theory, this study introduces a chain of hierarchically coupled random walks approach that effectively captures all these intriguing characteristics. If the environment consists of a series of independent white noise sources, then the problem can be expressed as a system of hierarchically coupled Ornstein-Uhlenbech equations. Due to the linearity of the system, the most essential transport properties have a closed analytical form.

Qualitative Restudies: Research Designs for Retheorizing

Qualitative research methods are deemed best suited to exploring novel phenomena and generating new concepts. Their potential to reevaluate existing theorizing, however, is underestimated. Qualitative restudies that return to the data and settings on which the original theories were built are a well-established tradition in other disciplines (e.g., history, sociology, and anthropology), but have received little recognition in management and organization studies. We introduce qualitative restudies as a powerful means to improve theorizing by revising or challenging theories that have become outdated or obsolete and establishing transferability and longevity of findings and interpretations. We provide a typology of qualitative restudy designs drawing on an integrative review of literature in management, strategy, and the social sciences and humanities. We highlight the main design and ethical considerations for researchers in undertaking a restudy. We argue for the strengths of restudies as lying in their possibilities for retheorizing, above and beyond verifying or updating prior studies. Restudies draw on the strengths of in-depth qualitative work to uncover how interpretations and theorizing are shaped by methodological traditions, historical contexts, existing societal structures, and researcher backgrounds.

Mysterious informative control "from above", trite selection or permanent self-organization of living matter?

How much long the human civilization exists on Earth, so much time there are practically continuous disputes between supporters of creationism and evolutionism. At that in corresponding arguments, the former usually emphasize the astonishing complexity of live systems what's deliberately thereby associated with a pretty far-fetched chance of their self-emergence. While the latter flaunt about own totally unbiased reasoning which doesn’t require introduction of additional entities.Insofar as, to a certain extent, both of them prove to be right, so having analyzed all the scientific information at our disposal, we decided that it would be correct to try anyway to combine these, at first gaze, opposite ideas into a single whole. Thus, if to resume here the most important cornerstone points on which the author relies, justifying his view over organismic evolution, then one should indicate as follows.• Conceptually quite valid possibility of significant outwardly visible changes at the level of an individual – along with a strict karyotypic constancy in all its foreseeable ancestors. • The dominant role of the factors of internal self-development and selection as the main driving arms of progress.• The complete autonomy of the above evolutionary postulates from blind mutational entropy, i.e. the obvious independence of these routes from each other.In this way, the bold original theory presented in given article is based, by and large, just on those "three pillars".

Investigation of globular cluster of irregular galaxies

The objects of study are irregular galaxies and the corresponding systems of globular clusters (GCS). The purpose of this article is to compile a list of irregular galaxies containing GCS and find a statistical relationship between the physical parameters. Additionally, let’s aim to develop a method for constructing a non-stationary theory of their origin. It is noteworthy that only a limited number of results from observational data on the study of GCS in irregular galaxies have been published before. It has been identified 23 instances of GCS around irregular galaxies through observations. Based on observational data, lists of irregular galaxies containing the GCS were compiled. Im-type irregular galaxies are found to contain the largest number of GCS. Primarily, GCS are observed in Im-, Sm-, and dIr-type galaxies. The average number of clusters is dominated by Sm-type galaxies. In addition, dwarf irregular galaxies contain few clusters, and the absolute magnitude of their parent galaxies is smaller.
 Empirical relationships between the parameters of GCS and their parent galaxies are established. A linear dependence of the logarithm of the number of globular clusters in the system on the absolute magnitude of the host galaxy has been found. The study demonstrates that as the number of globular clusters increases, the mass of the host galaxy shows a linear growth. Additionally, a potential approach to the GCS origin theory has been explored in irregular galaxies by analyzing oscillation modes against the background of the collapse model

Lauchlin Currie: Lights and Shadows in the Colombian Economy 1950-2000

Lauchlin Currie: Lights and Shadows in the Colombian Economy 1950-2000

Да цъфтят сто цветя, или за криптоморфизма

The paper discusses a possible way of justifying the existence of a multiplicity of cryptomorphic axiomatic theories. It is argued that what renders this multiplicity inevitable are the applications of the theory. They give rise to difficulties whose solution necessitates the application of different conceptual tools. The paper is organized as follows: (§1) introduces the concept of cryptomorphism and the canonic example for the phenomenon: matroid theory; (§2) discusses five cryptomorphic approaches to the definition of rationality in the framework of decision theory: through utility functions, weak orders, choice operators, layered permutations, and pop-stack sortability; (§3) shows that each of these different approaches can serve as a basis for the introduction of a different modification of the original theory. This establishes the heuristic value of cryptomorphic approaches in the domain of decision theory.

A generalized 4d Chern-Simons theory

A generalization of the 4d Chern-Simons theory action introduced by Costello and Yamazaki is presented. We apply general arguments from symplectic geometry concerning the Hamiltonian action of a symmetry group on the space of gauge connections defined on a 4d manifold and construct an action functional that is quadratic in the moment map associated to the group action. The generalization relies on the use of contact 1-forms defined on non-trivial circle bundles over Riemann surfaces and mimics closely the approach used by Beasley and Witten to reformulate conventional 3d Chern-Simons theories on Seifert manifolds. We also show that the path integral of the generalized theory associated to integrable field theories of the PCM type, takes the canonical form of a symplectic integral over a subspace of the space of gauge connections, turning it a potential candidate for using the method of non-Abelian localization. Alternatively, this new quadratic completion of the 4d Chern-Simons theory can also be deduced in an intuitive way from manipulations similar to those used in T-duality. Further details on how to recover the original 4d Chern-Simons theory data, from the point of view of the Hamiltonian formalism applied to the generalized theory, are included as well.

Endless forms of endless formation — The morphogenesis of organisms and scientific objects

The present article proceeds from the premises that living forms and abstract formalization come into being by similar mechanisms (e.g., random variation, selection, conventions) and have similar properties (e.g., semiosis, stasis and complexity). These convergences justify the comparative analysis of form's development, evolution and action in both fields. Here we shall focus on the notion of “endless forms” advanced by Darwin's seminal work in evolutionary biology “On The Origin of Species” to discuss the various ways in which it relates to biological formation. I shall explore the idea of “infinitude of evolved forms” through the lens of the five connotations of the word “endless” provided by the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus dictionary, which are: perpetual; incomputable; manifold; unfinished; steady. From each synonym chosen, a new iteration of dictionary search was made to produce a list of terms that are used in the reviewed literature to describe biological morphogenetic features, which are respectively: reproducible, unpredictable, additive, undetermined, the end of their own formation. In conclusion, I propose a tentative mapping between each of these five connotations and the biological processes at work in their making, which are, respectively: 1) copying organic information; coding organic signs; manufacturing organic meaning 2) natural variation, natural selection, natural conventions; 3) multilevel organization, differentiation/development, complexity; 4) ambiguity, degeneracy, semiotic thresholds; 5) homeostasis, autopoiesis, codepoiesis. The processes discussed here gained salience as developments, additions, or nuances to Darwin's original theory. It must be noted that, even though the discussion is mainly framed by Code Biology as a source of conceptualization, inputs from a wide range of theoretical perspectives will be given emphasis when suitable.

BONE REMODELLING PREDICTION FOR IMPROVED POROUS IMPLANT DESIGN

AbstractObjectivesYoung patients receiving metallic bone implants after surgical resection of bone cancer require implants that last into adulthood, and ideally life-long. Porous implants with similar stiffness to bone can promote bone ingrowth and thus beneficial clinical outcomes. A mechanical remodelling stimulus, strain energy density (SED), is thought to be the primary control variable of the process of bone growth into porous implants. The sequential process of bone growth needs to be taken into account to develop an accurate and validated bone remodelling algorithm, which can be employed to improve porous implant design and achieve better clinical outcomes.MethodsA bone remodelling algorithm was developed, incorporating the concept of bone connectivity (sequential growth of bone from existing bone) to make the algorithm more physiologically relevant. The algorithm includes adaptive elastic modulus based on apparent bone density, using a node-based model to simulate local remodelling variations while alleviating numerical checkerboard problems. Strain energy density (SED) incorporating stress and strain effects in all directions was used as the primary stimulus for bone remodelling. The simulations were developed to run in MATLAB interfacing with the commercial FEA software ABAQUS and Python. The algorithm was applied to predict bone ingrowth into a porous implant for comparison against data from a sheep model.ResultsThe accuracy of the predicted bone remodelling was verified for standard loading cases (bending, torsion) against analytical calculations. Good convergence was achieved. The algorithm predicted good bone remodelling and growth into the investigated porous implant. Using the standard algorithm without connectivity, bone started to remodel at locations unconnected to any bone, which is physiologically implausible. The implementation of bone connectivity ensures the gradual process of bone growth into the implant pores from the sides. The bone connectivity algorithm predicted that the full remodelling required more time (approximately 50% longer), which should be considered when developing post-surgical rehabilitation strategies for patients. Both algorithms with and without bone connectivity implementation converged to same final stiffness (less than 0.01% difference). Almost all nodes reached the same density value, with only a limited number of nodes (less than 1%) in transition areas with a strong density gradient having noticeable differences.ConclusionsAn improved bone remodelling algorithm based on strain energy density that modelled the sequential process of bone growth has been developed and tested. For a porous metallic bone implant the same final bone density distribution as for the original adaptive elasticity theory was predicted, with a slower and more fidelic process of growth from existing surrounding bone into the porous implant.Declaration of Interest(b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project.