International Organization Theory Research Articles

Beyond the machinery metaphors: Towards a theory of international organizations as machines

Abstract This article builds upon the common metaphor of international organizations as the ‘machinery’ of international law to present a theoretical exploration of these institutions. This metaphor has remained unexamined, a reflection of the paradoxical status of international organizations as objects lacking theoretical attention. By tapping into the metaphor’s full theoretical potential and expanding it into a theory of international organizations as machines, this article introduces a new conceptualization of their role and operation. This is accomplished by applying a particular machine concept from social theory, as developed in the work of Felix Guattari and his collaboration with Gilles Deleuze. The proposed machinic perspective enables the casting of the relation between international organizations and states in a new light, building on the classical concerns with these entities’ attributed powers and granted international legal personality. It presents an image of these institutions as agents focused on the production of connections and links with external ideas and forces, in order to produce unforeseen powers and capacities.

UPAYA KOLABORATIF THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC) DAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENANGGULANGI HIV/AIDS DI INDONESIA

This article aims to describe efforts to deal with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia through collaboration between The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Indonesian Government in the 2017-2020 Indonesia Country Program. The method used in this research is a qualitative method and literature study as a data collection technique. Meanwhile, international organization theory and the concept of Human Security are used as theoretical foundations. The results of this research indicate that efforts to control HIV/AIDS in Indonesia by the Indonesian Government in collaboration with UNODC are the right steps, considering that HIV/AIDS is a disease that has an impact on human health security. UNODC assists Indonesia in achieving its goals and interests through the Indonesia Country Program by designing a systematic work plan to discuss and contribute to the creation of a National Action Plan (RAN) to overcome the spread of HIV/AIDS among prisoners and convicts in Indonesia

Upaya United Nations Women Terhadap Kekerasan Perempuan pada Pandemi Covid-19 (Shadow Pandemic) di Indonesia

This research is motivated by the rampant sexual violence that occurs against women in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The existence of the COVID-19 Pandemic has created a shadow Pandemic, namely the increasing number of sexual violence against women. This then attracted the attention of an international organization, namely UN Women. UN Women called this phenomenon “The Shadow Pandemic” and implemented policies to save women from this crisis. This research is based on the theory of international organizations and women's empowerment which is the main focus of UN Women. The purpose of this research is to analyze the application of UN Women's policies on sexual violence against women in Indonesia. In this study the authors used qualitative observation research methods. Qualitative observations will result from data interpretation by providing analysis and description. The results of this study indicate that in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic, it has caused many problems for human life throughout the world, especially for the people of Indonesia. These problems include psychological, economic, social suffering, and have even led to "The Shadow Pandemic". An example of a case from The Shadow Pandemic is violence against women that occurred at the same time as the excitement of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The state cannot handle this case alone, the state needs external assistance to help resolve this problem such as assistance from relevant international organizations, one of which is UN Women. Therefore, this study shows the implementation of UN Women's policies in dealing with sexual violence against women in Indonesia.

Peran United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee dalam Membantu Kebutuhan Kesehatan Pengungsi Konflik Tigray di Ethiopia (2022-2023)

This article aims to explain the health conditions of Tigray Conflict refugees and the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in assisting the health needs of Tigray Conflict refugees in Ethiopia in the period 2022-2023. The author uses the theory of international organizations which sees that international organizations have five important roles in resolving problems. This theory is very relevant to the context of the author’s research by looking at UNHCR as an international organization which has one of the five important roles of international organizations, namely as an Aid Provider in resolving conflict in the Tigray region. The type of research used in this article is descriptive, using a library study method which is carried out by collecting data from journals, books, websites and articles as a data collection technique. Based on the results of this research, UNHCR as an international organization working in the field of refugees took part in handling refugees due to the conflict that occurred in Ethiopia, specifically in the Tigray region, namely the conflict between the central government and the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF), so the author found that UNHCR had plays a role in providing assistance in the form of basic health services, distribution of vaccines and immunizations, as well as workshops and mental health services.

International Organizations Intervention In The Syrian Conflict Through Chemical Weapons Violation

This paper aims to answer why chemical weapons such as Sarin and Chlorine are used as a primary basis of International Organizations to carry out the humanitarian intervention in the Syrian conflict. In this case, the humanitarian approach related to freedom from fear echoed by Galtung further elaborated with International Organizations Theory. Based on an investigation conducted by an International Organization, namely, the United Nations, found not only Bashar Al-Assad's regime used chemical weapons but also the opposition. However, the scale and intensity of their use were different. Instead of targeting the enemy using chemical weapons, the primarily affected victims are civilians who indicated support the opposition and vice versa. International organizations then tried to negotiate with Assad's regime, the often party uses chemical weapons, and also the opposition to avoid using chemical weapons. Next followed by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which opened humanitarian diplomacy with Assad's regime and the opposition to stop using chemical weapons. Cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons has successfully suppressed chemical weapons use by imposing international sanctions. However, sometimes the vetoes of allies allied with the Assad regime have the effect to imposing sanction on Assad's regime.

Indonesia-ASEAN Partnership to Counter-Terrorism in Indonesia

Terrorism is an extraordinary crime whose impact is very detrimental to all humans who are victims of this crime. Indonesia, as a member country of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN), is one of the countries that have received several terrorist attacks, such as the Bali Bombing I in 2002, the JW Marriot Bombing in 2003, the Bali II Bombing in 2005, the JW Marriot and Ritz Carlton Bombings in 2005 and 2009, and lately the terrorist attack that happened in Surabaya in 2018. This article aims to examine and analyze the cooperation between ASEAN and Indonesia and the mutual benefits and challenges of Indonesia-ASEAN cooperation from time to time. Furthermore, the study also examines the challenges and opportunities ahead from both sides and explores new strategies to overcome the challenges ahead and find ways to adapt to the terrorist modus operandi, which is constantly evolving from time to time to maintain stability in ASEAN. This study used the theory of international organizations and international regimes alongside bibliometric analysis methods with VOSviewer software as the theory and tool to analyze the topic.

The ILO's Role in Fulfilling Garment Workers' Rights through the BWB II Program After the Rana Plaza Collapse

The collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh on April 24, 2013, was recorded as the worst industrial accident ever. This accident killed at least 1,132 and injured more than 2,500. This incident made the world aware of the poor working conditions in Bangladesh's garment industry sector. In addition, many workers do not even get their working rights, so there are actions or demonstrations carried out by workers, demanding their rights. The demonstration even received support from activists or outsiders???. Bangladesh is a developing country with the second largest textile exporter after China. Bangladesh's garment industry accounts for about 80 percent of the total revenue in the country's manufacturing sector. This study discusses the role of the International Labor Organizations (ILO) in fulfilling the rights of garment workers through the Better Work Bangladesh (BWB) program after the collapse of Rana Plaza. To explain this case, the author uses the role theory of international organizations by Kelly Kate S. Pease. According to Pease, state problems can be solved with the help of external parties by acting as problem solvers, collective art mechanisms, capacity builders, and aid providers. Research shows that the ILO has an effective role in fulfilling the rights of Bangladeshi garment workers through the Better Work Bangladesh Phase II Program, in creating better or more prosperous labor conditions by cooperating with several internal and external parties.
 Keywords: Better Work Bangladesh (BWB), labor, garment, ILO

ADB's Role towards Energy Infrastructure Development: Case of Post-COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

ADB is a strategic partner for Indonesia in Development. Public sector management and energy are two sectors that the both parties focus on. On the last few years, Indonesia focusses on the climate change, therefore energy infrastructure is being pursued by Indonesia in order to develop the renewable energy. Unfortunately, in the midst of pursuing this goal, Indonesia is facing the COVID-19 Pandemic that affect various sectors in Indonesia. The pandemic gave impacts on infrastructure development in Indonesia, including energy infrastructure. This research examines the ADB's Approach towards Energy Infrastructure Development in Indonesia, specified on case of post-COVID-19 Pandemic. This research applied descriptive qualitative method and used international organization theory for analysis. Moreover, this research used the literature study technique to obtain the relevant data. The result shows Indonesia and ADB have cooperation on handling COVID-19 Pandemic. But, cooperation on infrastructure development still being the priority of both parties. Both parties seek for solution for economic recovery without sacrificing project on infrastructure development, especially on energy sector.

UNICEF’s Involvement in Reducing Cases of Female Genital Mutilation in Indonesia, 2014–2021

FGM is the practice of injuring the female external genitalia, which is carried out on girls aged 0–14 years, and this practice has been declared a violation of human rights. As an international organization whose goal is to realize children's rights, since 2008 UNICEF has strongly opposed this practice and promised to provide assistance to countries experiencing FGM, including Indonesia. Indonesia has been declared the fourth country in the world to carry out FGM practices and this must receive serious attention. Through qualitative research using international organization theory, the authors will analyze the extent of UNICEF's roles and strategies in helping reduce the practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Indonesia. The findings from this study indicate that UNICEF has carried out several programs such as agreements with the Indonesian government, disseminating information to Indonesian communities, activists and society, and providing legal assistance or advocacy to stop FGM cases. However, there had been policy dynamics from the Indonesian government towards this practice, causing obstacles that made the realization of eliminating the practice of FGM slow.

The Human Security Crisis in South Sudan: The Role of Office for The Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) from 2019 to 2021

This study aims to analyze and explain the humanitarian crisis that occurred in South Sudan from 2019 to 2021, as a consequence of the prolonged civil war, as well as the role of the Office For The Coordination Of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in efforts to overcome and respond to the humanitarian crisis. In this study, the author uses several concepts and theories, which include the concept of Human Security, the concept of Responsibility to Protect, and the theory of International Organizations. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that the humanitarian crisis that occurred in Sudan caused violations of several aspects of human security, which include personal security, community security, political security, economic security, food security, health security, and environmental security. Then in an effort to respond to and overcome the humanitarian crisis in South Sudan, OCHA did several things, namely making a policy agenda, providing information, advocating, and providing humanitarian funds for the humanitarian crisis in South Sudan.

The role of UNICEF in addressing child marriage issues in Indonesia

Early marriage completely undermines children's human rights. Previous studies have shown that child marriage is inextricably linked to various adverse impacts, from violated children's rights to obtain education and access to health services to intergenerational poverty. Indonesia is in the 8th highest rate of early childhood marriages internationally and is ranked 2nd in ASEAN. This phenomenon has put Indonesia in the spotlight of The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). This research, which relies on interviews and observations from various related documents, aims to analyze the role implemented by UNICEF in tackling the problem of child marriage in Indonesia for the 2017-2020 period. The theories and concepts applied are the theory of international organizations, role theory, and the concept of child marriage. Furthermore, the author used data analysis model according to Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, which consists of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The final results of this study reveal that UNICEF is playing their role in providing information on child marriage, advocating for policies, introducing innovations to address challenges, and supplying technical assistance to improve the quality of social services. In addition, UNICEF partners with governments to ensure that resources are employed to meet the needs of children, create spaces for children to be involved in the development process and strengthen collaboration for child's interests.Keywords: UNICEF; child marriage; international organizations; role theory.

The Influence of International Regimes on The Act of States on The Basis of Croatia Studies

The role of international organizations in the dissemination of ideas has been widely recognized by constructivist scholars. However, the question of how international organizations influence sovereign states has not been well answered. The classical constructivist discourse provides some good insights, particularly into the relationship between the principle of state sovereignty and the collective identity of states. And the field of international law, which is closely related to international organizations, has been introduced into the consideration of constructivist scholars. In the post-cold-war, the ever-changing international community, examples of the application of this unique approach are constantly being found. As a region with a weak sense of historical identity, the Balkan states provide a good example for the theory of international organizations constructing national identity and interests. Croatia is one of the most representative countries. By joining the WTO, great progress has been made towards the goal of economic and security integration with Europe. It showed that international organizations can influence sovereign states to accept their ideas. The working model of this fact is to negotiate the acceptance by the state of the provisions of the basic documents of the organization and to force the state to comply through a series of corresponding procedures. This article uses historical and documentary methods to sort out the documents related to it, using historical materials from the English world and Croatia academia. The perspective of constructivism is also an important component of the research method. Future studies may further explore the mechanism of this mode of influence and apply this paradigm of international organization and international law to more and more literature and empirical studies.

Methodological genesis of the concept “Soft power” in the system of global regionalism

The concept «power» has a significant status in the system of global regionalism. All concepts of political research originated in different branches of knowledge. Despite the great attention of scientists, the specific definition of this concept and the various approaches of the academic community cause the complexity and inconsistency to study the concept «power» in political science. Geopolitical space in this century is changing and the challenge of the phenomenon is to make an attractive country image. The national idea and mission of it can be concentrated and used by soft power mechanism in practice. «Soft power» has a goal to create motivation for action and make a decision by an object that has a «soft» effect. Therefore, to study indirect impact on the countries’ politics becomes the most burning. This work analyses the methodological genesis of the concept «Soft Power», gives the features of some theories considering the concept «power», including: classical, political, offensive realism, liberalism, democratic peace, the theory of international organizations, etc.

THE ROLE OF ASEAN IN FACING THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (CASE STUDY: EDUCATION DISPARITY BETWEEN SINGAPORE AND INDONESIA)

Industry 4.0 provides opportunities and threats to life, such as income inequality, nature destruction, cybercrime, and internet dependence. Threats also occur in the education field. In 2019, a social media platform called ‘we are social’ published a study revealing that the average person spends six hours a day using the internet. Four out of ten ASEAN member countries are included in the top ten social media user countries. Indonesia is one of the countries belonging to this category. Similarly, Singapore also has a relatively high level of social media use. However, its conditions tend to be stable, making it easier for Singapore to overcome those problems. On the other hand, with a larger population, it is more difficult to control such problems in Indonesia. ASEAN, an international organization, strives to reduce disparities between Singapore and Indonesia through joint integration between its member countries. In this paper, the author explains about ASEAN businesses in facing disparities in the region, especially concerning industrial readiness 4.0. The author utilized the theory of international organizations and the human development index concept to analyze the case study.

STRATEGI ASEAN MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN KEKUATAN AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN CHINA DI KAWASAN INDO-PASIFIK

ASEAN is an international organization in Southeast Asia that holds up the principle non-interference and non-alignment, but this principle cannot be maintained in the face of the power competition that occurs between the United States and China in the Indo-Pacific Region. The ten ASEAN member countries have different national interests. Some ASEAN member countries support the United States while some others support China. Having different national interests causes ASEAN member countries to have different views on the power competition that occurs between the United States and China. ASEAN has an interest in safeguarding its region so that's it remains in a stable, safe, and prosperous condition. So that prevents the division of unity among these member countries, ASEAN must have a strategy to maintain regional stability. The theory used in this research is Clive Archer's theory of international organization and the theory of interdependence from Keohane and Joseph S. Nye. The research method used is qualitative, and the data collection technique used in this research is a literature study. The results of this study indicate that ASEAN uses the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) strategy which was agreed upon by all member countries at the 34th ASEAN Summit in Bangkok. ASEAN does not take side with one of the major power countries but to the prioritize cooperation in the fields of maritime, connectivity, SDGs, and the economy.

Building Cybersecurity Regulation in Southeast Asia: A Challenge for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

For each nation-state, technology has become a new backbone. It links a range of critical infrastructures, including finance, banking, security, water, electricity, and transport. As Southeast Asia's dominant regional body, ASEAN enjoys privileges and benefits from emerging technology. In recent years, digital trade has enhanced the economic growth of ASEAN. Nßon-traditional threats such as a cyber attack are, however, the result of the modern world. Malware, malware, and advanced persistent threat (APT) lurk in every corner of cyberspace, seeking to cripple and shut down ASEAN's economic interest. The lack of rigorous regulation and a major technological gap among ASEAN members is the biggest challenge to strengthen cybersecurity in Southeast Asia. When conflict comes from the cyber world, the absence of control will jeopardize their interests. Using Archer's theory of international organization, the author aims to examine the policy in Southeast Asia to issue firm cybersecurity regulations. To improve the debate, the authors used the qualitative approach and secondary data. ASEAN needs to set the standard, aggregate and socialize the national interests of all members and enforce the unique legal formal process from the viewpoint of the authors. The Cybersecurity Regulation should certainly be consistent with the essential basis of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation.

The Formation of International Organizations Theory and Its Problems - Reflections Occasioned by Liesbet Hooghe, Tobias Lenz and Gary Marks, A Theory of International Organization

The Formation of International Organizations Theory and Its Problems - Reflections Occasioned by Liesbet Hooghe, Tobias Lenz and Gary Marks, A Theory of International Organization

Peran LSM ‘Konservasi Kima Toli-Toli – Labengki’ Untuk Kelestarian Kima Sebagai Pelindung Ekosistem Laut

This study aims to determine and describe the role of Toli-Toli-Labengki Giant Clam Conservation for the giant clams’ sustainability in Toli-Toli Village, Lalonggasumeeto District. This study uses a qualitative method by applying Green Thought and International Organizations theory to see the role of NGOs in the restoration of giant clam habitat areas. Meanwhile, the data collection techniques used was interviews, literature study and documentation with data analysis techniques consisting of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the NGO Toli-Toli – Labengki Giant Clam Conservation played a role as: an independent actor who acts as an international organization and is not merely implementing the interests of the organization or its members, but for the common good; because for negotiations and produce mutually beneficial decisions by educating residents about the importance of giant clam for the sustainability of the coastal ecosystem of Toli-Toli Village so that in the end the community also get benefit; and instruments for collaborating with NGO Naturevolution to reduce plastic waste on the coastal area of the village to Labengki island. Considering the benefits of giant clams to marine ecosystems and the giant clams cultivation requires quite a lot of funds, this NGO should get more attention and support from both local and national governments.

The Development of the International Organization and Organizational Sociology Theories and Perspectives. Part 1-The Origin

This paper provides an overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.

The Development of the International Organization (IO) and Organizational Sociology Theories and Perspectives. Part 2- Definitions and Types of IO

This paper provides a pedagogical overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.