Theory Of Habitus Research Articles

Habit, choice, and addiction.

Addiction was suggested to emerge from the progressive dominance of habits over goal-directed behaviors. However, it is generally assumed that habits do not persist in choice settings. Therefore, it is unclear how drug habits may persist in real-world scenarios where this factor predominates. Here, we discuss the poor translational validity of the habit construct, which impedes our ability to determine its role in addiction. New evidence of habitual behavior in a drug choice setting are then described and discussed. Interestingly, habitual preference did not promote drug choice but instead favored abstinence. Here, we propose several clues to reconcile these unexpected results with the habit theory of addiction, and we highlight the need in experimental research to face the complexity of drug addicts' decision-making environments by investigating drug habits in the context of choice and in the presence of cues. On a theoretical level, we need to consider more complex frameworks, taking into account continuous interactions between goal-directed and habitual systems, and alternative decision-making models more representative of real-world conditions.

Connection Visual Style of Artwork with Habitus and the Esthetic Flavor (A Case Study of Beber Drawing by Soegeng Toekio)

This article discusses the relationship between the visual style of a work of art and the habitus and aesthetic flavor of its creator with a detailed case study by Soegeng Toekio. The theory used is Bourdieu's theory of habitus and distinction. Habitus is a mental or cognitive structure with which people relate to the social world. This theory is used to determine the habitus of Soegeng Toekio having to trace the process of individual transplantation (processes of inculcations) from his childhood to adulthood. The focus of this research is on Soegeng Toekio as a child in the realm of the family, while studying at ITB and while working at the ASKI Surakarta Art Workshop (BKSR). This focus was chosen because it is very important, Soegeng Toekio, who studied art formally at FSRD ITB Bandung with the ideology of western art, but his paintings have traditional nuances.This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive design and qualitative analysis methods, which are presented descriptively with a descriptive-analytic approach. Data analysis activities as disclosed include three elements, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.The result of this research is that Soegeng Toekio's beber picture characters are formed from the habitus of Soegeng Toekio since he was in the first grade at the People's School while living with his grandmother who forced him to watch the wayang wong performance at the Sri Murni building in the Kesambi area of Bandung. From there he got to know Javanese cultural arts, especially wayang wong until he worked at the Fine Arts Workshop (BKSR). Keywords: soegeng toekio, visual style, habitus, esthetic flavor DOI: 10.7176/ADS/87-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Employees’ Behavior in Phishing Attacks: What Individual, Organizational, and Technological Factors Matter?

ABSTRACT Phishing, as a social engineering attack has become an increasing threat to organizations in cyberspace. To prevent this, a well-designed continuous security training and educational program needs to be established and enforced in organizations. Prior studies have focused on phishing attack from a limited view of technology countermeasure, e-mail’s characteristic, information processing, and securing individual’s behaviors to tackle existing gaps. In this research, we developed a theoretical model of factors that influence users in the clicking of phishing e-mails from a broader Socio-Technical perspective. We applied Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and habit theory for investigating individual factors, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Deterrence Theory for investigating organizational and technological factors accordingly. The findings revealed habit and protective countermeasure positively affect clicking on phishing e-mails, whereas, no effect of the procedural countermeasures was evident. The results of this study can be used to design phishing simulation exercise and embedded training for vulnerable employees.

Perawatan Diri Sebagai Habitus Mahasiswa Laki-Laki Di Next Premium Barbershop Medan

This study aims to determine the background or reasons why male students care about a treatment, what types of self-care they do, and how the impact they feel after doing self-care. This study discusses a habitus or men's habits in caring for themselves so that the theoretical review used in this study is the Habitus theory of Pierre Bourdiue. This type of research is qualitative research that is collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews, literature study, and documentation. The location of this research was conducted at Next Premium Barbershop Medan by taking 5 informants, namely students who were maintenance customers at the barbershop. The results of this study are the background of male students doing self-care to form a self-image such as wanting to look cooler, fashionable, attractive, neat and clean, then because they enjoy the fun with the comfort provided by barbershop, another reason is due to environmental factors such as friends and campus environment, the types of self-care they do are hair care and facial care, there are several impacts they feel after doing self-care, the positive impact is that male students become more confident and often get praise from the surrounding environment while the negative impact self-care is a matter of care costs and they consciously admit that this habit or habit of caring for themselves causes a consumerist effect that makes them dependent on self-care.

Promoting Bank Usage Habits in Africa’s Savings Mobilization Programs: A Strategic Marketing Perspective

Despite widespread liberalization of savings mobilization marketing systems in African economies, consumers continue to rely more heavily on informal financial services than formal financial services, within these systems. The authors draw on habit theory and the strategic marketing framework to develop a rural, customer-centric marketing (CCM) model for promoting rural savings programs in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) context. Results based on data from Ghana’s savings mobilization program show that under the current, liberalized policy regime, formal financial institutions generate a more significant relative advantage than informal financial arrangements. Of the four customer-centric marketing activities (i.e., service affordability, accessibility, acceptability, and awareness), consumers only viewed service affordability as generating a relative disadvantage. Relatedly, only service affordability positively influenced savings likelihood, while service accessibility negatively influenced the bank usage habit. The results confirm that the customer-centric marketing approach effectively identifies which service inducements promote the bank usage habit in Africa’s savings mobilization programs.

Two Englands? Blokishness, masculine habitus and the North-South divide in the advertising industry

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the position of women in the advertising industry with the lens of organisational theory and Bourdieuian concept of habitus, to explore whether women are expected to embrace masculine characteristics to succeed and whether advertising industry can be seen as a masculine habitus.Design/methodology/approachQualitative interviews were conducted with 37 women working in the advertising industry in England. The data was analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsWomen report masculine expectations as a condition to succeed in their careers and show large internalisation of masculine habitus. While women recognise that the position of men is better, they do not report challenging organisational structures that enforce masculine expectations of them, and they generally report having to communicate and behave like men to succeed. Women in the north show more work satisfaction and report less sexism and career barriers.Practical implicationsEmployers wishing to present their brand as inclusive should consider the impact of organisational structure and design internal policies that promote inclusivity.Social implicationsAdvertising industry has a mass reach, similar to one of the media, and reshaping organisational structure to foster inclusivity would enable more supportive and less stereotypical campaigns. Class origin and early socialisation influence communication and behaviour in adulthood, which influences career opportunities.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study addressing blokishness and masculine habitus in the context of the advertising industry in England. Besides, the study identified a regional divide in work experiences, which are linked to early socialisation.

“Good schooling” in a race, gender, and class perspective: The reproduction of inequality at a former Model C school in South Africa

Abstract After the first democratic elections in 1994 in South Africa, many Model C schools were opened for Black, Coloured and Indian learners. Model C schools that used to cater solely for White female learners had now entered the democratic period, and while the Cape Town Model C school in our study swiftly became populated with Black middle-class female learners, little was known of other transformations on the ground. In 2016, a protest by Black female learners quickly found favour on Twitter. They claimed that differentiated racialised treatment was directed at them and enshrined in the school’s Code of Conduct (COC). In order to investigate these claims, we employ an intersectional discourse analysis to investigate the 2015 COC prior to the protest, as well as the post-protest 2017 COC. Drawing on theories of social reproduction, cultural capital, symbolic violence and habitus, we endeavour to show how Black learners’ embodied capital and lack of cultural capital ensured their inability to be accommodated at the school. We investigate the outcomes of the COC in terms of empowerment, as measured by equitable school access, and the reproduction of inequality, indicated by the implementation of “school rules” directed at Black female learners whilst maintaining the status of the dominant (White) group of middle-class students. We conclude that analysis of the COC reveals an attempt at cultivating a particular White middle-class womanhood through the guise of “good schooling”.

The Phenomenon of English-Indonesian Code Mixing as a Trend in Indonesian Pop Music Industry

This study discusses the phenomenon of code mixing as a trend in the Indonesian pop music industry, which in its development period has experienced a rapid increase over time. Indonesian song texts in the current context, estimated to start in the 2000s until now, many use English-Indonesian code mixing. With this phenomenon, the music industry in Indonesia seems to be running a new trend that is indirectly seen as a habit. Qualitative methods that emphasize on observing phenomena and focus on processes and meanings are used to understand the code mixing phenomena that have been identified in a number of Indonesian pop songs by linking them with Bourdieu's habitus theory, the role of the Indonesian language in the post-New Order era and the concept of using English in Indonesian according to Munsyi. The results show that there has been a habitus in the Indonesian music industry that gave birth to a trend of English-Indonesian code mixing where this code mixing became a phenomenon in the music industry as a form of new habits, but still could not be separated from the historical factors of the role of Indonesian language during its development.

Does habit weaken the relationship between intention and behaviour? Revisiting the habit‐intention interaction hypothesis

AbstractHabitual behaviours are elicited when a familiar context activates cue‐behaviour associations that have been learned through previous performance. A core hypothesis within habit theory is that, by virtue of its automaticity, habit weakens the impact of intention on action, such that in facilitating conditions, action will be guided more by habit than momentary intentions. This has led to recommendations that habit formation be harnessed as a mechanism for sustaining desirable behaviour over time, when people would otherwise relapse due to loss of motivation. This article reviews theory and evidence around the hypothesized interaction between habit and intention as determinants of behaviour. We first qualify the hypothesis by clarifying that it pertains only to determinants of the instigation of action, rather than execution. Next, drawing on a systematic review of 52 behaviour‐prediction studies, we highlight mixed empirical support for the interaction. We argue that ostensibly inconsistent findings can be reconciled by recognizing the distinction between the direction and strength of intention, and identifying the “facilitating conditions” that may determine the relative influence of habit and intention on behaviour. Evidence demonstrates that when self‐control is diminished, people act habitually regardless of intention direction or strength. When people possess self‐control, habits can help people to act on favourable but weakened intentions, but intentions that oppose habitual tendencies can override habitual influence. This has important implications for behaviour change: even if habit has formed, a minimal level of favourable conscious motivation may be required to sustain behaviours over time. Social psychology might fruitfully move beyond asking whether habit moderates the intention‐behaviour relationship, and instead probe how and in which conditions habits and intentions interact.

International Reverse Transfer Students: A Critical Analysis Based on Field, Habitus, and Social and Cultural Capital

Objective: International reverse transfer students are international students who begin their postsecondary journey at a four-year institution but subsequently transfer to a community college. In this qualitative study, we examine the lived experiences of international reverse transfers to understand the reasons for reverse-transfer and to understand the students’ learning experiences. Methods: Using a phenomenological approach, we recruited 10 international reverse transfer students attending one four-year university or one of the two community colleges. We conducted individual interviews with all participants and analyzed transcript data through Bourdieu’s sociological theory of field, habitus, and social and cultural capital. Results: We identified three types of international reverse transfer students: undergraduate reverse transfers, temporary reverse transfers, and postbaccalaureate reverse transfers. Each type reported different reasons for reverse transfer but shared similar influential factors of the reverse transfer process as well as the learning experiences while enrolled at the community colleges. Contributions: This study helps to fill an information and research gap regarding international reverse transfer students. We present the academic, social, and cultural challenges faced by international students and offer practical implications for higher education practitioners for improved understandings and better processes to serve international students from diverse cultural backgrounds.

CRITICAL PRAGMATIC: MAINTAINING CULTURE IDENTITY KAMPUNG TRADITIONAL KUTA CIAMIS

<p><em>Kuta is a traditional village, a village that is still very thick with culture and upholds ancestral traditions. Through a critical pragmatic study, this research discusses the problem of maintaining cultural identity. This study aims to describe the types of directive speech acts used to express cultural identity in Kampung Kuta and describe the social structure in reconstructing cultural identity through the theory of habitus from Bourdieu. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with note taking and interview techniques. The research results obtained are directive speech acts that are widely used containing prohibitions and orders, relating to pamali and manners to maintain the environmental order used as a hereditary guideline. Ancestors' views on nature dominate the application of people's behavior in everyday life to shape the cultural identity of the Kuta Traditional Village.</em></p>

Intra-familial health polarisation: how diverse health concerns become barriers to health behaviour change in families with preschool children and emerging obesity.

In a disadvantaged rural area in Denmark, severe challenges have been identified concerning overweight and obesity in families with preschool-age children. The present paper examines how families with young children and emerging obesity issues perceive 'healthy living' and barriers to practising it. Using data from qualitative workshops with families and professionals working with them, we reveal health perceptions and related family dynamics. Drawing on P. Bourdieu's theory of habitus and 'tastes of necessity', K.L. Frohlich etal.'s notion of 'collective lifestyles' and E. Lindbladh and C. H. Lyttken's theory of preconditions for health behaviour change and reactions to risk-related information, we analyse how risk perceptions and related health practices within the families are influenced by the local contexts in the disadvantaged area under study. Despite shared perceptions of 'healthy living', we found that diverse health-risk perceptions created family dynamics in which parents performed opposed health behaviours, which became a huge barrier to becoming a healthier family. Based on our theoretical approach, we propose that risk perceptions and reactions are highly context dependent, as illustrated in both micro-contexts (family dynamics) and the macro-context (the disadvantaged area).

Understanding how patients establish strategies for living with asthma: a qualitative study in UK primary care as part of IMP2ART.

In the context of a variable condition such as asthma, patient recognition of deteriorating control and knowing what prompt action to take is crucial. Yet, implementation of recommended self-management strategies remains poor. To explore how patients with asthma and parents/carers of children with asthma develop and establish recommended self-management strategies for living with asthma, and how clinicians can best support the process. A qualitative study in UK primary care. Patients with asthma and parents/carers of children with asthma from 10 general practices were purposively sampled (using age, sex, and duration of asthma) to participate in focus groups or interviews between May 2016 and August 2016. Participants' experiences of health care, management of asthma, and views on supported self-management were explored. Interviews and focus group sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Iterative thematic analysis was conducted, guided by the research questions and drawing on habit theory in discussion with a multidisciplinary research team. A total of 49 participants (45 patients; 4 parents/carers) took part in 32 interviews and five focus groups. Of these, 11 reported using an action plan. Patients learnt how to self-manage over time, building knowledge from personal experience and other sources, such as the internet. Some regular actions, for example, taking medication, became habitual. Dealing with new or unexpected scenarios required reflective abilities, which may be supported by a tailored action plan. Patients reported learning intuitively how to self-manage. Some regular actions became habitual; dealing with the unexpected required more reflective cognitive skills. In order to support implementation of optimal asthma self- management, clinicians should consider both these aspects of self-management and support, and educate patients proactively.

The Science of Habit and Its Implications for Student Learning and Well-being

Habits are critical for supporting (or hindering) long-term goal attainment, including outcomes related to student learning and well-being. Building good habits can make beneficial behaviors (studying, exercise, sleep, etc.) the default choice, bypassing the need for conscious deliberation or willpower and protecting against temptations. Yet educational research and practice tends to overlook the role of habits in student self-regulation, focusing instead on the role of motivation and metacognition in actively driving behavior. Habit theory may help explain ostensible failures of motivation or self-control in terms of contextual factors that perpetuate poor habits. Further, habit-based interventions may support durable changes in students’ recurring behaviors by disrupting cues that activate bad habits and creating supportive and stable contexts for beneficial ones. In turn, the unique features of educational settings provide a new area in which to test and adapt existing habit models.

Cosmopolitan encounters provoke a change in habits: How Chinese slot machines affect rural life in Ghana

This exploratory study aims to analyse how rural societies in the Global South respond to encounters with new, modern cultural practices from the Global North when they appear in their familiar rural settings. The empirical study explores the case of automated slot machines that Chinese operators have been installing in rural villages in Ghana since summer 2016. In a bid to analyse how such cosmopolitan encounters change the local population’s behaviour, the study applies theories of ordinary cosmopolitanism and habitus. The empirical results suggest the existence of two types of response to slot machines as a means of entertainment: they are either accepted, inducing behavioural change, or they are rejected, primarily due to the adverse effects of gambling and gambling addiction. Gambling machines users, who are often young and relatively poor, welcome this new cultural practice for several reasons, and change their daily routines accordingly. In contrast, non-users tend to be older and socio-economically more settled. They consider gambling machines to be a serious danger to individuals and the local community alike and reject such change. The findings also suggest that cosmopolitan encounters foster ordinary cosmopolitan attitudes, such as openness to global scale societal networks, which are culturally different and extended (albeit imaginary) in rural areas of the Global South. Traditional discourse on cosmopolitanism has long overlooked such developments. However, behavioural change due to cosmopolitan stimuli depends to a great extent on individuals’ characteristics and on the type of encounter.

The role of clothing in the pre-bourgeois ambience of Kersnik’s novels

The article focuses on the analysis of women’s and men’s clothing appearances in the pre-bo-urgeois ambience of Kersnik’s novels. Particular clothing items and clothing appearances indicate the presence of specifi c spiritual and social characteristics, typical for the cultural and historical environment in which the two literary works were created. The methodological approach of the analysis in terms of theory is based on general semiotic theory (Eco, Lotman), cultural semiotics (Barthes), literary theory and literary history, Lotman’s symbol theory, clothing culture, discourse analysis and Bourdieu’s theory of habitus. The article discusses separately the clothing appearan-ces of male and female characters. The descriptions of clothing appearances reveal the socio-histo-rical background of the literary works as well as many other abstract categories such as characters’ mental states, their ideologies, political beliefs, positive and negative character attributes as well as their moral virtues and vices. Clothes as part of the pre-bourgeois habitus try to establish a balance between the urban and the rural, between prestige and humility, between refi nement and coar-seness. Irony is often a result of the contrast between the physical determinants and the associate variable, i.e. the clothing. The author uses a range of various clothing appearances to characterize and mock different classes of people; the trivial conversations about fashion denote the banality of social life; the differences between the “true” bourgeoisie and those who strive to reach and fi t into that social class are already strongly indicated in the descriptions of their external appearances.

The Theory of Habit in Yujiro Motora: Considering the Subject in Experience and Selection in Ethics Education and Moral Education in Modern Japan

The Theory of Habit in Yujiro Motora: Considering the Subject in Experience and Selection in Ethics Education and Moral Education in Modern Japan

The Anti-Causal Discourse of Abū al-Ḥassan al-Ash‘arī: the Theory of Habit

Kelâm ilminde nedensellik, sebep ile sonuç arasındaki ilişkiyi konu edinmektedir. İster tabiattaki hadiselerle bağlantılı olsun, isterse Allah-âlem ilişkisiyle bağlantılı olsun neden ile sonuç arasındaki ilişkinin zorunlu bir ilişki olup olmadığı hususu nedensellik meselesi bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Tabiatçı düşünürlere göre her bir nesnede bir tabiat vardır ve âlemdeki tüm olaylar bu tabiatlar doğrultusunda gerçekleşmektedir. Âdet nazariyesinde ise, tabiatta cereyan eden tüm olaylardaki neden-sonuç ilişkisinde bir zorunluluğun olmadığı, sadece alışkanlıklarımız neticesinde bir ilişkinin olduğu kanısına varıldığı ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada tabiattaki hadiselerin hem kendi aralarında hem de Allah Teâlâ ile olan ilişkilerinde bir zorunluluk arz edip etmediği konusu Ebu‘l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin görüşleri bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Eş‘arî, tabiatta meydana gelen hadiselerin belli bir tabiat doğrultusundan ya da nesnelerin i‘timâdlarından mütevellid olarak gerçekleştiği fikrini nedenselliği çağrıştırdığı gerekçesiyle eleştirmektedir. Ona göre tabiatta gerçekleşen tüm olaylar Allah’ın aracısız bir şekilde iradî olarak doğrudan yaratmasıyla meydana gelmektedir. Belli sebepler neticesinde belli sonuçların gerçekleşmesi zorunlu değildir, bilakis sonuçların bu şekilde gerçekleştiğine dair yaklaşım insanın alışkanlıklarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Eş‘arî ve takipçisi kelâmcılar tabiattaki hadiselerde bir belirsizlik ya da düzensizliğin varlığına karşı çıktıkları gibi, sebebin sonucunu doğurduğu şeklindeki nedensellik görüşüne de karşı çıkmaktadırlar.

Family Disposition Related to Media Literacy for Advertisements of Children's Snacks in the Media

The study on media literacy generally focuses on content about pornography and violence but does not pay as much attention to advertising. The practical implications of this study are the emergence of critical and analytical attitudes in accepting exposure to children's snack advertisements, especially those containing hazardous materials. This research has theoretical implications in filling the media literacy studies' gap that rarely aims at the content of children's snack advertisements. This study identifies parental—particularly mothers—disposition as part of an effort to literacy in the family. The role of parents is essential for the children's internalization of perspective. Parents can utilize children to understand the messages behind the snack advertisements. Applying the theory of habitus by Pierre Bourdieu, and the concept of street food as a product category of children snacks, and media literacy, this study takes a post-positivist paradigm. The data are obtained from a survey towards 285 parents in five cities in Indonesia (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi), and in-depth interviews were conducted with two mothers who have kids in elementary degree school. The results are the descriptions of dispositions given by the parents to their children relative to snack advertisements so that they can criticize and discuss what snacks should or should not be consumed by children. Furthermore, children have their own set of knowledge and set of attitudes about snacks that can cause health problems. Keywords: Advertisements, children’s snacks, disposition, family, media literacy.

Extending Habitus to Employment Preferences: Identifying Social-actors Influencing Employment Choices Including Self-employment Among Youth in J&K (India)

Bourdieu’s theoretical concept habitus theorises that past experiences are highly likely to influence an individual’s behaviour. Using primary data collected from graduating youth of Jammu region of the State of Jammu & Kashmir (India), the article leverages the tool of ranking to explore the validity of habitus on the employment preferences (including self-employment) of youth standing at the bordering stage of education and employment. With data collected on a paired comparison scale, the study goes on to apply non-parametric tests to study the impact of social actors viz. Parents, Teachers, Friends etc. on the employment choices of respondents, and these actors have been designated as likely ‘Opinion-makers’ of employment choices. The findings seem to strongly support the theory of habitus in employment choice decisions and, in the process, reveal very explicit handles for the policy makers aiming to promote entrepreneurship in the society under study. The possibility of adjusting this tool to suit the unique nature of different societies has also been discussed.