Dependent Theory Research Articles

Shaping Modern Egypt: A Captivating Tale Of History and Political Transformation

Purpose: This article examines Egypt's transformation from an Ottoman province to a modern state, starting with Napoleon Bonaparte's 1798 incursion and the modernization efforts of Mehmet Ali Pasha. It covers key historical periods, including the monarchy, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, and the Cold War and post-Cold War era. Method: Using a historical-analytical approach, the study explores the eras of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, and Hosni Mubarak. It highlights Nasser's socialist policies and ties with the Soviet Union, Sadat's economic liberalization and the Camp David Accords, and Mubarak's economic reforms and political repression leading to the 2011 Arab Spring. Conclusion: The article critically analyzes Egypt's struggle for independence, democratic governance, and socio-economic development. It emphasizes the need for strengthening democratic institutions, diversifying the economy, enhancing education and healthcare, and promoting political inclusivity. Implication of the Research: The research offers recommendations to help Egypt build on its historical legacy and ensure a prosperous, democratic, and stable future, addressing key socio-political challenges. Originality of the Research: This article provides a nuanced historical account and analysis of Egypt's political evolution, integrating modernization and dependency theories, and offers valuable insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in Middle Eastern politics and development.

Financial resource scheduling and road construction projects performance in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya

Kenya has seen a boom in road building during the last couple of years as a result of the government's significant investments in the construction industry to upgrade infrastructure, such as road networks. Road network construction is one of the key pillar of the country long term vision 2030. However, the performance of the road projects has experienced various challenges leaving some roads uncompleted, others poorly done after huge investment of public resources. This study sought to evaluate the influence of financial resources scheduling on the performance of road construction projects in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The research was based on resource dependence theory. A descriptive design as well as the cross-sectional survey was used. The population of interest for this study consisted of 39 road construction projects being implemented by Kenya Urban Roads Authority and Kenya National Highway Authority within the Nairobi metropolitan area. A semi structured questionnaire was utilized to collect primary data. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study results revealed projects resource scheduling had a positive and significant effect on project performance of road construction projects in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The study concludes that effective financial resource scheduling enables that organization to manage risk that may occur from changes in the project’s outcome. Financial resource scheduling starts from developing the project budget which is a process for allocating administered and departmental funds necessary to build a financial foundation for producing stated project deliverables.

Upselling through upgrading: The role of employee engagement

Although the literature on upselling has investigated different aspects of inducing upselling, there are limited discussions of the effect of past transactions on customers’ acceptance of upsells. Building on the expectation-confirmation and reference dependence theories, this study utilized mixed-effect regression analysis to explore the extent to which customers’ acceptance of upsells changes in response to their prior experience of unexpected gains via free upgrades. The results show that customers accept and spend more on upselling offers when they have experienced a free upgrade in a past transaction and that the effect of the free upgrade on upselling is positively moderated by the level of employee engagement.

Sustainable Governance: Board Sustainability Experience and the Interplay with Board Age for Firm Sustainability

AbstractThe growing emphasis on sustainability in the business landscape has prompted scholars and industry practitioners to explore the role of corporate governance, particularly the board of directors, in promoting corporate sustainability. Companies are called upon to operate ethically and to redefine their objectives beyond mere economic pursuits to create social impacts that contribute to sustainability challenges. Corporate governance plays a key role in this regard, as it defines the purpose and ethical orientation of the firm, thereby shaping its sustainability. While previous research has primarily focused on observable board characteristics, this study delves into a critical yet underexplored aspect of sustainable boards, i.e., the sustainability experience. Drawing on the upper echelon and resource dependency theories, our research examines how the sustainability experience of board members influences a firm’s sustainability performance, investigating the moderating effect of board age. We analyzed European listed companies from 2014 to 2020, and our findings show that the effect of board sustainability experience on firm performance is contingent on board age. Specifically, our results show that younger boards amplify the positive effect of sustainability experience, while for older boards, this effect diminishes, up to the point of being completely mitigated, highlighting a potential misalignment between sustainability efforts and ethical business conduct. This study is pioneering in investigating the joint effects of board sustainability experience and board age on a firm’s sustainability, thus, providing valuable contributions to theory and practical recommendations for firms in director recruitment, as well as recommendations for regulatory practices.

Does digital transformation foster carbon emissions reduction? Evidence from China’s manufacturing supply chain

PurposeScholars and practitioners have long debated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction via setting double-carbon goals of peak emissions and carbon neutrality in China. Our study, based on dynamic capability and resource dependence theory (RDT), explores whether digital transformation (DT) affects carbon emissions reduction (CER), and the role of operations and supply chain management (OSCM) factors in this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe samples are constructed with 454 A-shared listed manufacturing firms with complete financial data from 2010–2021. Regression models with fixed effects are applied to estimate the potential parameters.FindingsWe find that DT promotes CER. The performance output of CER is strengthened when supplier concentration and customer concentration are high. In contrast, the performance output of CER is weaker when environmental uncertainty is high.Originality/valueThe findings of our study enrich the literature on CER in Chinese manufacturing firms and highlight DT and OSCM factors as important drivers influencing CER practices.

Critically Discuss Whether and How Board Size Affects the Companys Decision-making

The board size affect the decision-making process and the effectiveness of the board (Dwivedi and Jain, 2005). The influence of board size on corporate risk-taking, investment decisions, dividend policy, and innovation remains inconclusive due to varying perspectives based on agency theory, resource dependence theory, and institutional backgrounds. As for firms’ decision-making, the company's goal is to maximize profits, so the company needs to make a series of reasonable decisions to meet the needs and expectations of shareholders in a specific environment . While smaller boards may facilitate risk-taking and investment strategy, larger boards offer diverse skills and experience for better decision-making, dividend expansion, and innovation. However, findings are limited by external factors, sample sizes, data biases, industry specificity, and cross-sectional nature of studies. Future research should consider continuous variables, larger samples, and longitudinal analysis to generalize findings across countries and industries.Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, the company needs to consider how to make decisions in the following directions, such as enterprise risk-taking, investment policy, financing policy, innovation policy and so on. This study mainly analyzes how the size of the board of directors affects the company's decision-making.

The role of relationship commitment in managing logistics outsourcing in the digital economy

PurposeDigitalization brings complexity and challenges to the relationship governance between logistics outsourcers and their providers. Drawn on resource dependence theory (RDT) and resource-based view (RBV), this study aims to examine the role of relationship commitment in simultaneously managing dependence and improving operational performance in logistics outsourcing in the digital economy, as well as the contingent factors (i.e. communication, relationship length, and company size) that affect the effectiveness of relationship commitment.Design/methodology/approachBased on data collected from 130 third-party logistics (3PL) users in China, our model was tested with the partial least squares (PLS) approach.FindingsFirst, relationship commitment is necessary for 3PL users to manage dependence on 3PL providers and improve operational performance in the digital economy. Second, communication helps 3PL users to develop higher relationship commitment but weakens the motivating effect of dependence on relationship commitment. Third, a long relationship history develops inertia to diminish the effectiveness of dependence on driving relationship commitment while it boosts the impact of relationship commitment on operational performance. Last, company size is an important signal to amplify the effectiveness of relationship commitment for operational performance enhancement.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the logistics outsourcing literature by integrating RDT and RBV to explain the twofold roles of relationship commitment, simultaneously tackling dependence and enhancing operational performance in the digital economy. Additionally, it expands the understanding of the boundary conditions (e.g. communication, relationship length, and company size) on these twofold roles.

Socioeconomic Implications of Livestock Intensification in Emerging Economies

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to examine the socioeconomic implications of livestock intensification in emerging economies. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to socioeconomic implications of livestock intensification in emerging economies. Preliminary empirical review revealed that while intensification held promise for increasing productivity and improving livelihoods, it also posed risks such as environmental degradation, social inequalities, and animal welfare concerns. Despite these challenges, the research highlighted the importance of supportive policies and institutional frameworks in promoting inclusive and sustainable development. Governments played a crucial role in providing enabling environments for responsible intensification practices, while stakeholder engagement and participatory approaches ensured that the benefits reached all segments of society. Overall, the study emphasized the need for a holistic approach that balanced economic growth with environmental and social considerations to achieve sustainable livestock intensification in emerging economies. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Dependency Theory, Modernization Theory and Political Economy Theory may be used to anchor future studies on socioeconomic implications of livestock intensification in emerging economies. The study provided recommendations aimed at advancing theory, practice, and policy. The research emphasized the need for interdisciplinary approaches to understand the complex dynamics of intensification processes. Practically, it suggested promoting inclusive and sustainable intensification practices tailored to local contexts and involving stakeholders in decision-making. From a policy perspective, enabling environments supporting responsible intensification, including regulatory frameworks and rural infrastructure investments, were recommended. Additionally, integrated approaches to livestock intensification were advocated, recognizing the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Overall, implementing these recommendations required collaborative efforts from governments, civil society, the private sector, and researchers to address the challenges associated with livestock intensification in emerging economies. Keywords: Livestock Intensification, Environmental Stewardship, Smallholder Farmers, Rural Infrastructure, Integrated Approaches, Inclusive Growth

Possible existence of Rastall–Rainbow wormholes in dark matter galactic halos

The Rastall–Rainbow gravity theory has recently been proposed as a combination of the Rastall and rainbow theories. This theory can be thought as a generalization of the Rastall gravity to an energy dependent Rastall theory, and leads to an additional degrees of freedom. In this paper, we construct models that admit the wormhole geometries within this theory. We analyze the properties of static wormholes based on the profiles of dark matter halos, which was demonstrated earlier in Rahaman et al. (Eur Phys J C 74:2750, 2014) that galactic halo possesses the necessary properties in favour of the existence of wormholes. The main properties are being analyzed by considering three different kinds of halo density profiles. Our results indicate that such wormholes could potentially exist but the NEC is violated in the vicinity of the wormhole throat. We have further examined the stability of the configuration through the adiabatic sound velocity.

Impact of Livestock Insurance Schemes on Smallholder Farmers’ Resilience to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the impact of livestock insurance schemes on smallholder farmers’ resilience to climate change in Saharan Africa. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of livestock insurance schemes on smallholder farmers’ resilience to climate change in Saharan Africa. Preliminary empirical review revealed that livestock insurance schemes significantly enhanced the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa by providing financial protection against climate-induced livestock losses, maintaining livestock assets, and stabilizing household incomes during climatic shocks. However, barriers such as high premium costs, limited awareness, and distrust in insurance providers hindered widespread adoption. Recommendations included premium subsidies, extensive education programs, and improved transparency to increase uptake. Integrating insurance with broader risk management strategies was also emphasized to maximize resilience benefits. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) may be used to anchor future studies on livestock insurance schemes on smallholder farmers’ resilience to climate change. The study recommended integrating socio-economic factors into theoretical frameworks, enhancing practical training and capacity-building for farmers, and creating supportive regulatory policies to improve the adoption of livestock insurance schemes. It emphasized the importance of integrating insurance with broader risk management strategies, leveraging technological innovations to enhance accessibility, and conducting continuous monitoring and evaluation to ensure the schemes' effectiveness. These recommendations aimed to enhance smallholder farmers' resilience to climate change, maximize the benefits of livestock insurance, and ensure sustainable agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: Livestock Insurance Schemes, Smallholder Farmers, Resilience, Climate Change, Sub-Saharan Africa, Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI)

Challenges Facing Small-Scale Furniture Industries in Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania

The study evaluated the challenges Tanzania's small-scale furniture industry faced. The resource-based view and resource dependency theory were used as the study's guiding concepts. From the nation's commercial centre of Dar es Salaam, 154 furniture carpenters were chosen at random. The information was gathered via the questionnaire. The collected data was examined using a descriptive analysis. According to the findings, carpenters faced several difficulties, including a shortage of modern machine tools, inadequate working capital, low labour skills, a lack of formal workspaces, and fierce competition from imported furniture. The lack of modern machine tools prevented small and medium enterprises from producing goods of the kind needed to enter growing markets. To boost productivity, furniture production must make use of current machinery. Insufficient availability of suitable financial services had led to insufficient operating capital for investments in furniture manufacturing. The study concludes that the furniture business has a significant role in generating income and jobs. The study recommends that Governments should promote a business-friendly environment in addition to creating financial and non-financial services as well as supportive institutional infrastructure.

The Role of International Trade Agreements in Shaping Labor Standards and Worker Rights

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the role of International Trade Agreements in Shaping Labor Standards and Worker Rights Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed that trade agreements have both positive and negative impacts on labor standards depending on the specific provisions, implementation strategies, and contextual factors. While some agreements contribute to the convergence of labor standards and promote improvements in areas such as workplace safety and environmental regulations, others may lead to downward pressure on labor standards due to intensified competition and weakened enforcement mechanisms. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Neo-liberal theory, dependency theory & institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on the international trade agreements in shaping labor standards and worker rights. Enhance the capacity of international organizations and national governments to monitor and enforce labor standards effectively within the framework of trade agreements. This includes investing in robust inspection systems, implementing transparent reporting mechanisms, and providing adequate resources for enforcement agencies. Embed comprehensive social clauses in trade agreements that prioritize the protection of labor rights and promote decent work for all. These clauses should encompass core labor standards as defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO), along with provisions for non-discrimination, gender equality, and social protection.

Operational Risks Faced by Financial Institutions in the Digital Age: A Case of Nigeria

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine operational risks faced by financial institutions in the digital age: a case of Nigeria. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that financial institutions in Nigeria are confronted with a myriad of operational risks in the digital age, stemming from the rapid adoption of technology and the evolving cyber threat landscape. The shift towards digital banking and fintech innovations has introduced new vulnerabilities, including cyberattacks, data breaches, and fraudulent activities, posing significant challenges to the security and integrity of financial systems in Nigeria. Operational risks associated with technological disruptions, such as system failures, IT outages, and disruptions to digital payment platforms, can undermine the reliability and efficiency of financial services, leading to customer dissatisfaction and financial losses. The proliferation of mobile banking and digital payment channels has heightened concerns about financial inclusion, data privacy, and regulatory compliance, necessitating robust risk management frameworks and regulatory oversight to safeguard the stability and resilience of Nigeria's financial sector. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Agency Theory & Resource Dependence Theory may be used to anchor future studies on operational risks faced by financial institutions in the digital age: a case of Nigeria. Financial institutions should prioritize the implementation of robust cybersecurity measures, including regular security audits, penetration testing, and employee training programs. By enhancing cybersecurity awareness and preparedness, institutions can mitigate the risk of cyberattacks and data breaches. Regulatory authorities play a crucial role in shaping the regulatory landscape to address operational risks in the Digital Age. Policymakers should collaborate with industry stakeholders to develop robust regulatory frameworks that promote innovation while safeguarding financial stability and consumer protection.

Modeling the electroluminescence of atomic wires from quantum dynamics simulations.

Static and time-dependent quantum-mechanical approaches have been employed in the literature to characterize the physics of light-emitting molecules and nanostructures. However, the electromagnetic emission induced by an input current has remained beyond the realm of molecular simulations. This is the challenge addressed here with the help of an equation of motion for the density matrix coupled to a photon bath based on a Redfield formulation. This equation is evolved within the framework of the driven-Liouville von Neumann approach, which incorporates open boundaries by introducing an applied bias and a circulating current. The dissipated electromagnetic power can be computed in this context from the time derivative of the energy. This scheme is applied in combination with a self-consistent tight-binding Hamiltonian to investigate the effects of bias and molecular size on the electroluminescence of metallic and semiconducting chains. For the latter, a complex interplay between bias and molecular length is observed: there is an optimal number of atoms that maximizes the emitted power at high voltages but not at low ones. This unanticipated behavior can be understood in terms of the band bending produced along the semiconducting chain, a phenomenon that is captured by the self-consistency of the method. A simple analytical model is proposed that explains the main features revealed by the simulations. The methodology, applied here at a self-consistent tight-binding level but extendable to more sophisticated Hamiltonians such as density functional tight binding and time dependent density functional theory, promises to be helpful for quantifying the power and quantum efficiency of nanoscale electroluminescent devices.

Influence of Political Risk on International Business Operations in Germany

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of political risk on international business operations in Germany. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed that political uncertainties, such as shifts in government policies, geopolitical tensions, and regulatory changes, can significantly impact the business environment, investment decisions, and market opportunities in Germany. While Germany is known for its stable political system and business-friendly environment, recent developments, such as Brexit, global trade tensions, and the rise of nationalist movements, have introduced new layers of complexity and uncertainty for international businesses operating in the country. These political risks can manifest in various forms, including disruptions to supply chains, fluctuations in currency markets, and heightened regulatory scrutiny, necessitating proactive risk management strategies and adaptive business practices. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Institutional Theory, Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) & Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) theory may be used to anchor future studies on influence of political risk on international business operations. Implement regular political risk assessments using this comprehensive framework to identify potential threats and opportunities in different regions. Businesses should use advanced analytics and scenario planning to forecast potential political changes and their impacts. Businesses should diversify their investments across multiple countries and regions with varying political risk profiles. Policymakers should establish standardized guidelines for political risk assessment to ensure consistent and accurate evaluation across industries and regions. This will help firms better prepare for and mitigate political risks.

China’s Presence in Africa and Impact Towards Africa Continent

In recent years, China has put a lot more attention on Africa, especially through foreign aid and investment, and it has become a major player in the loan market on the continent. China's financial support is transforming African nations from underdeveloped to developing, and China's contributions to Africa have increased the continent's allure to other international investors. The objectives of the research are: 1) to identify factors that contribute to China’s presence in Africa and 2), to determine the impact of China’s presence in Africa. The Dependency Theory will be used to define China's presence in Africa in terms of political, economic and security interests to determine its influence on Africa. Secondary data from reputable sources and references will be acquired and examined for this research, which will take a qualitative approach to data interpretation and analysis. The research findings are China presence in Africa was to enlarge her economy triumph. Besides that, China's presence in Africa, founded on reciprocity, friendliness, and collaboration based on the principle of peaceful coexistence, has a multitude of consequences, prospects, and advantages for both parties.

Structural, spectroscopic (FTIR, FT-Raman and UV–Vis) investigations, Fukui function analysis and thermodynamic properties of diethyl 3,3′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))(2Z,2′Z)-bis(but-2-enoate)

Diethyl 3,3′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))(2Z,2′Z)-bis(but‑2-enoate) (DBE) molecule is characterized by infrared, Raman and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. The structural parameters obtained using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory closely match the experimental data. The molecule's characteristic functional groups were identified through vibrational spectra analysis. The IR and Raman spectra vibrational peaks were assigned based on Potential Energy Distribution (PED) analysis. Excitation wavelengths, oscillator strengths and excitation energies were determined through time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and compared to experimental data. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were calculated to predict the electric dipole moment and first-order hyperpolarizability of the molecule. The significant nonlinear optical properties values indicated that these materials possess excellent nonlinear optical properties, making them suitable for applications in telecommunication and signal processing. The Mulliken atomic charge, chemical activity analysis and Fukui functions were utilized to investigate the electron-poor, rich and reactive sites in conjunction with the optimized structures using the DFT method with B3LYP function and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Thermodynamic investigations have shown that key molecular parameters such as entropy, heat capacity and enthalpy increase as temperature rises.

Photocytoxicity in vitro studies of ruthenium (II) complexes inducing cell death through targeting DNA

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proven to be an important and effective therapy method with good spatial and temporal accuracy in clinical cancer treatment. Among many PDT candidates, Ru(II)-based compounds have received more attention due to their excellent photochemical and photophysical properties, high singlet oxygen (1O2) photogeneration, and DNA affinities. In this study, three ruthenium(II) complexes (RC1, RC2, RC3) have been designed by varying the aromatic plane area of the main ligand to adjust their 1O2 photogeneration, DNA affinities, DNA photodamage, and photocytoxicity. All complexes display no cytotoxicity in the dark against Hela, A549, HepG2, and BEL-7402 cells. RC1 displays no photocytotoxicity against all tumor cells. RC2 and RC3 showed high photocytotoxicity against BEL-7402 cells. The cellular uptake, cell migration, colonies assay, apoptosis analysis, and cell cycle analysis of RC2 and RC3 confirmed that the ruthenium(II) complexes might effectively enter the cancer cells, and lead to BEL-7402 cells apoptosis through DNA damage pathway. DNA photocleavage, DNA binding, and 1O2 measurement experiments demonstrated the DNA damage caused by RC2 and RC3 under light, compared to RC1, might be due to their high DNA affinities, large 1O2 quantum yields, and large lipophilicity by varying the aromatic plane area of the main ligand. Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculated results further show that two complexes exhibit the photocytotoxicity possibly via type II photoreaction mechanism because of the larger ΔS-T than O2 and strong SOC between Sn and Tm. Hence, rational design of ruthenium(II) complexes by increasing DNA affinities, 1O2 quantum yields and lipophilicity can be regarded as an effective approach for enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Gender diversity, intellectual capital, and family ownership: An empirical test of Kanter's hypothesis

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between gender diversity and intellectual capital performance, and moderating role of family ownership on this relationship. The study used 3730 firm‐year observations of 307 nonfinancial firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period 2008–2020 and employed ordinary least squares regression analysis to test the hypotheses. More specifically, the study used group composition (skewed board, tilted board, and balanced board) to examine multiple significance levels of gender diversity on boards, and used five measures (modified value‐added intellectual coefficient, human capital efficiency, structural capital efficiency, relational capital efficiency, and capital employed efficiency) of intellectual capital performance. Using lens of agency theory and resource dependence theory, we found that gender diversity positively influences intellectual capital performance, however, the strongest impact is apparent in case of balanced board. Moreover, family ownership positively influences this relationship. Our study complements the efforts of policy makers by providing empirical support for the mandatory placement of females on boards and urge them to increase number of females on corporate boards to derive maximum benefits of female directors. In addition, our results recommend the enhancement of the professional skills of women work force to ensure their maximum participation in the corporate sector.

Synthesis, spectral, DFT, topology, NCI and molecular docking studies of (1E,1′E)-N, N'-(sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(1-(4-bromophenyl)methanimine)

The present study investigated the synthesis, structural, topological, and electronic properties of (1E,1′E)-N,N'-(sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(1-(4-bromophenyl)methanimine) D4BR as well as its geometrical properties as well as its wave functional properties. Additionally, we examined the geometrical and wave functional properties of D4BR. The band gap values were calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The reactive sites were determined through the utilization of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis. The calculation of excited energies (UV–Visible) was done by using the time dependant density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach and compared to the experimental UV spectral analysis. The natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) approach was employed to investigate the charge transfer, within the molecule by examining both intra-molecular and inter-molecular interactions. The highest dipole moment and hyper-polarizability values of the compound were identified by the investigation conducted by the non-linear optical (NLO) research. The molecular docking study identified the biological activity of the titled compound.