Theoretical Strategies Research Articles

RESEARCH ON DIGITAL LITERACY ENHANCEMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS

In the context of digital transformation, enhancing physical education teachers' digital literacy has become a crucial task in educational development. This study employs methods including literature analysis and case studies to systematically explore the theoretical foundation, practical challenges, and development strategies for improving physical education teachers' digital literacy. The research finds that physical education teachers' digital literacy is a multi-dimensional conceptual system, encompassing digital technology knowledge and skills, teaching design and assessment capabilities, the ability to integrate educational theory with physical education knowledge, and learning and self-development capabilities. The study reveals that current efforts to enhance physical education teachers' digital literacy face challenges such as uneven resource allocation, incomplete training systems, and lack of assessment mechanisms. To address these issues, this research proposes systematic solutions including constructing digital curriculum training systems, integrating and developing educational resources, optimizing digital teaching environments and assessment systems, and strengthening faculty development. The research findings have significant theoretical and practical value for promoting the informatization of physical education and enhancing physical education teachers' digital literacy levels. KEYWORDS: physical education teachers; digital literacy; teacher training; digital teaching; education modernization

The Intersection of Emotional Neuroscience and Learning: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research

This paper provides a broad-based review of how emotional neuroscience intersects with learning, emphasizing the critical role that emotions play in cognitive processes and memory formation. It discusses research into the neurobiological underpinnings and neural circuits that demonstrate the deep-seated influence of emotional states on attention, memory retention, and cognitive activities. It covers theoretical frameworks and strategies for how to enhance educational outcomes through emotional regulation using cognitive reappraisal and the strategic use of emotional content in educational materials. This research brings together insights from interdisciplinary research in psychology, neuroscience, and technology for a more accurate understanding of how important emotional intelligence is to academic and social performance. This paper argues that emotional arousal can be exploited to benefit memory retention and encourages further research in the field of emotional neuroscience to improve educational praxis. The results bear important implications for educators and show the prospect of implementing emotional intelligence and recognition tools in learning settings for better student involvement and academic performance.

Emotion Regulation Assessment: A New Perspective Using Simultaneous Electroencephalographic and Electrodermal Recordings.

Recognized as a transdiagnostic factor, emotion regulation (ER) is increasingly embedded into conceptualizations of psychopathology development and maintenance, emerging as a core component of treatment methodologies. Therefore, the incorporation of ER into various facets of affective sciences, including theoretical frameworks, experimental paradigms, assessment methods, and intervention strategies, raises new challenges, particularly regarding the measurement of ER. In the evaluation and understanding of complex, multifaceted processes like ER, the combination of different assessment methods encompassing diverse units of analysis across multiple domains encompassing cerebral, physiological, and behavioral measures can prove particularly interesting. Among these approaches, the concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrodermal activity (EDA) emerges as a promising strategy, enabling a more holistic exploration of the ER process at both central and peripheral levels. This brief paper aims to explore current literature concerning the utilization of EEG and EDA in the investigation of ER and to bring arguments supporting their simultaneous recording in order to gain a better understanding of ER processes.

Can LLMs deeply detect complex malicious queries? A framework for jailbreaking via obfuscating intent

Abstract This paper delves into a possible security flaw in large language models (LLMs), particularly in their capacity to identify malicious intent within intricate or ambiguous inquiries. We have discovered that LLMs might overlook the malicious nature of highly veiled requests, even without alterations to the malevolent text in those queries, thus exposing a significant weakness in their content analysis systems. To be specific, we pinpoint and scrutinize two aspects of this vulnerability: (i) LLMs’ diminished capability to perceive maliciousness when parsing extremely obscured queries, and (ii) LLMs’ inability to discern malicious intent in queries that have been intentionally altered to increase their ambiguity by modifying the malevolent content itself. To illustrate and tackle this problem, we propose a theoretical framework and analytical strategy, and introduce a novel black-box jailbreak attack technique called IntentObfuscator. This technique exploits the identified vulnerability by concealing the genuine intentions behind user prompts, thereby compelling LLMs to inadvertently produce restricted content and circumvent their inherent content safety protocols. We elaborate on two specific applications within this framework: ”Obscure Intention” and ”Create Ambiguity,” which skillfully manipulate the complexity and ambiguity of queries to effectively dodge the detection of malicious intent. We empirically confirm the efficacy of the IntentObfuscator approach across various models, including ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Qwen, and Baichuan, achieving an average jailbreak success rate of 69.21%. Remarkably, our tests on ChatGPT-3.5, boasting 100 million weekly active users, yielded an impressive success rate of 83.65%. Additionally, we verify our approach across a range of sensitive content categories, including graphic violence, racism, sexism, political sensitivity, cybersecurity threats, and criminal techniques, further highlighting the considerable impact of our findings on refining ”Red Team” tactics against LLM content security frameworks.

Theoretical Analysis and Optimization Strategies of Wavefront Errors and Chromatic Aberrations Induced by Optical Coatings

This research addresses the frequently overlooked wavefront errors and chromatic aberrations in optical coatings. It identifies intrinsic phase shifts within the coating system as the primary cause of these aberrations, rather than errors in surface form accuracy. This study investigates the impact of group delay (GD) on wavefront errors in optical coatings. The results reveal that GD contributes significantly to wavefront errors in two cases: when coatings exhibit thickness non-uniformity and when they operate over a wide range of incident angles. At a single incident angle, wavefront errors are only induced when both GD and thickness non-uniformity exist. In the case of a wide range of incident angles, even in the absence of thickness non-uniformity, GD still introduces wavefront errors. This study introduces novel optimization strategies for thin-film components through theoretical derivation, aiming to minimize wavefront errors by optimizing GD.

Implementation path of cross-cultural course teaching in private universities based on BTL model

This paper discusses the implementation path of cross-cultural course teaching in private universities based on BTL（Blended Teaching and Learning) model, and systematically analyzes cross-cultural courses from the aspects of theoretical background, teaching status, implementation design and optimization strategies. First, through literature review, the application of BTL model in education and its applicability in cross-cultural course teaching are sorted out, revealing its unique advantages in improving students' cross-cultural communication ability and cultural sensitivity. On this basis, the current teaching status and challenges of cross-cultural courses in private universities are analyzed, and the limitations in teachers, resources and quality assessment are pointed out. The implementation path proposed in this paper starts from the three stages of "before class-during class-after class", combines task orientation and collaborative learning, and constructs a teaching framework that combines theory and practice. In addition, through the optimization of teaching content and the establishment of a multi-dimensional evaluation system, the feedback mechanism of teaching quality is further improved. The research of this paper provides practical and feasible guidance strategies for cross-cultural course teaching in private universities, in order to achieve more efficient cross-cultural education under limited resource conditions and cultivate applied talents with global vision and cross-cultural adaptability.

Differences in anaesthesiologist–surgeon seniority and patient safety: a single-centre mixed-methods study

BackgroundJunior anaesthesiologists often find it difficult to gain the trust of surgeons, possibly because of their limited experience and unfamiliarity with surgeons. Therefore, they can face pressure when navigating disagreements with senior surgeons. We investigated whether and how differences in anaesthesiologist–surgeon seniority might impact patient safety. MethodsThis was a sequential explanatory, mixed-methods evaluation conducted at a general hospital, comprising a retrospective case-control study followed by semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative phase, the case group included surgical patients who experienced anaesthesia-related adverse events. The control group was randomly selected from surgical patients without adverse events, matched to the case group by surgeon, surgery, and surgery year. The exposure was the differences in work experience between anaesthesiologists and surgeons. For the qualitative phase, participants were recruited from attending anaesthesiologists using a theoretical sampling strategy, and a grounded theory analysis was performed. ResultsThe quantitative study included 390 patients in the case group and 1560 patients in the control group. After controlling for confounders, we did not find a significant association between differences in anaesthesiologist–surgeon seniority and odds of anaesthesia-related adverse events (adjusted odds ratio 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.98–1.01, P=0.634). In cases of disagreements among surgeons, anaesthesiologists primarily based clinical decisions on the potential impact on patient safety. Junior anaesthesiologists faced challenges when rejecting surgeons. Nevertheless, they received robust support from anaesthesiology colleagues. ConclusionsThe capacity of anaesthesiologists to uphold patient safety was not significantly affected by their seniority levels relative to surgeons.

A new theoretical strategy for the achievement of high-performing energetic materials: A case DFT-D study on high-pressure phase transition of energetic intermediate 4-benzyloxy-1,5-diaminotetrazolium tosylate

A new theoretical strategy for the achievement of high-performing energetic materials: A case DFT-D study on high-pressure phase transition of energetic intermediate 4-benzyloxy-1,5-diaminotetrazolium tosylate

The Relationship Between Representative Commitment and Job Burnout Among It Workers in Tamil Nadu

Objectives: Engagement of employee is a key component to get a maximum determined result in an organisation. Every organisation in this era puts efforts to keep their employees active. Engagement models explain about the theoretical framework and implementation strategy of employee engagement in an organisation. Methods: The study analysed the significant difference in the determinants of employee engagement, Job engagement, Organisational engagement, Job burnout and Psychological well-being based on demographic variables using ANOVA and independent sample t test. Findings: the researcher points out the general outline of the real findings acquired during the study. The findings exhibited and discussed clearly based on analysis of the determinants of Employee engagement and its consequences over Job burnout and Psychological well-being among IT employees in Tamil Nadu. All findings towards the study, derived from the analysis of information and from the elucidation drawn out from the Data analysis. So the section exclusively explains the summary of findings. Conclusions: The study also concluded that information technology employees strongly accept their cognitive engagement about the organisation. Since they are cognitive in organizational engagement, they can be used to actively participate in creative teams to make new ideas, perceptions, decision making etc. Personal efficacy concludes that the employees are highly confident with their own performance attainments and low level of emotional exhaustion and cynicism concludes that employees are with less intention on Job burnout..

An Updated Analysis of Exon-Skipping Applicability for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using the UMD-DMD Database.

Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated exon-skipping is an effective approach to restore the disrupted reading frame of the dystrophin gene for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Currently, four FDA-approved ASOs can target three different exons, but these therapies are mutation-specific and only benefit a subset of patients. Understanding the broad applicability of exon-skipping approaches is essential for prioritizing the development of additional therapies with the greatest potential impact on the DMD population. This review offers an updated analysis of all theoretical exon-skipping strategies and their applicability across the patient population, with a specific focus on DMD-associated mutations documented in the UMD-DMD database. Unlike previous studies, this approach leverages the inclusion of phenotypic data for each mutation, providing a more comprehensive and clinically relevant perspective. The theoretical applicability of all single and double exon-skipping strategies, along with multi exon-skipping strategies targeting exons 3-9 and 45-55, was evaluated for all DMD mutations reported in the UMD-DMD database. Single and double exon-skipping approaches were applicable for 92.8% of large deletions, 93.7% of small lesions, 72.4% of duplications, and 90.3% of all mutations analyzed. Exon 51 was the most relevant target and was applicable for 10.6% of all mutations and 17.2% of large deletions. Additionally, two multi-exon-skipping approaches, targeting exons 45-55 and 3-9, were relevant for 70.6% of large deletions and 19.2% of small lesions. Current FDA-approved ASOs were applicable to 27% of the UMD-DMD population analyzed, leaving a significant portion of patients without access to exon-skipping therapies. The clinical translation of alternative approaches is critical to expanding the accessibility of these therapies for the DMD population.

Two-dimensional adaptive-bandwidth bit and power loading for MIMO-OFDM VLC communications

The combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) can effectively increase the achievable rate and reliability of visible light communications (VLC). The low-pass characteristic in frequency domain and power diversity in spatial domain leaves the possibility to further enhance the channel capacity of the MIMO-OFDM VLC systems. In this paper, a two-dimensional water-filling (2D-WF) strategy that can fully explore the properties in both frequency and spatial domain, is investigated to maximize the achievable rate. The theoretical water-filling strategy assumes infinite granularity of the information bit, while in practice the number of bits can only be an integer and thus greedy algorithms such as Hughes-Hartogs (HH) algorithm are used for discrete bit and power loading within a fixed frequency band. Toward the practical implementation of the 2D-WF strategy, we further propose adaptive two-dimensional bit-power loading algorithms that optimally utilize the spectrum resources based on the channel state information (CSI). We analyze the energy tightness of the proposed algorithms based on the least incremental energy for the last information bit. Compared to the fixed-bandwidth algorithm, the adaptive-bandwidth bit-power loading algorithm can further enhance the achievable data rate of MIMO-OFDM VLC systems due to its capability to optimally leverage the abundant spectrum resources, which is verified through both simulations and experiments. The proposed algorithms can be directly implemented for high-speed VLC systems.

New Management Strategy Framework for Effectively Managing Microplastic in Circular System from Plastic Product Manufacturing to Waste Treatment Facility

In recent years, concerns regarding the environmental impact of microplastics (MPs) have led to increased international attention on these pollutants. Although the initial focus was largely directed toward marine environments, land-based pollution sources, including MP release, have been recognized to directly affect marine ecosystems. Therefore, soil-, atmosphere-, groundwater-, and river-based research is ongoing. However, when considering sources of MP, it is necessary to examine the circular system of plastic in terms of raw materials, production, consumption, discharge, and disposal (recycling). Accordingly, the present study proposes a strategy to effectively manage MPs using this circular system. First, the factors influencing MPs in the circular system were identified, and MPs at the system’s final stage, i.e., at the waste treatment facility, were subsequently investigated. Using the concept of MP waste (MPW), strategies were then developed for effective MP management within the circular system. Applying the proposed theoretical strategy to the Korean waste management system revealed that the new policy framework improves the current MP management system. Overall, this study provides fundamental data for establishing new or improved MP management schemes from a waste sector perspective.

Protocol for a co-design study for the development of a chronotherapeutic mobile health behaviour change intervention targeting light exposure among older adults

Through its wide-ranging effects on human physiology and behaviour, daily light exposure is an important environmental modulator of healthy ageing. Integrating mobile health (mHealth) technology with behaviour change strategies offers a promising approach to optimise light exposure and positively impact sleep, rest-wake cycles, cognitive function, and mood at scale. This study aims to develop the LightSPAN mHealth behaviour change intervention to optimise light exposure across the lifespan. Employing a co-design methodology, the study comprises two distinct workstreams. The first focuses on conceptualising the theoretical framework and implementation strategies through a comprehensive review of light exposure interventions, behaviour change theories, mHealth user personas, and recommendations for designing mHealth interventions for older adults. The second workstream centres on co-designing the intervention, involving consultation with community service providers and engagement with older adults at ageing community centres (≥60 years of age). Community service providers will be consulted through open-ended discussions (target n=5). Older adult participants (n=20) will engage in telephone interviews, focus group discussions and prototyping workshops to explore older adult participants’ characteristics, needs, preferences, and mHealth intervention design elements and co-design the LightSPAN mHealth behaviour change intervention. The insights generated in these co-design components will ensure that the intervention addresses the needs of its future users.

Study on the Difference of Endurance Performance between Polarization Intensity and other Intensity Distribution Endurance Training

The purpose of this study is to explore the difference in the effect of endurance training with different intensity distribution on improving athletes ' endurance performance. Through systematic review and empirical analysis, the effects of polarization intensity training and other intensity distribution training in endurance exercise were compared. In this study, literature review, experimental design and data analysis were used to elaborate the theoretical basis, implementation strategy and influence mechanism of polarization intensity training on endurance performance. At the same time, other intensity distribution trainings were classified and described, and the potential effects of these training methods on endurance improvement were analyzed. Further, this study revealed the significant differences in endurance performance between the two training modes through comparative analysis, and discussed possible physiological explanations. Finally, this study puts forward training suggestions for different sports groups, and puts forward the prospect of future research direction. The results of this study show that polarization intensity training has obvious advantages in improving the performance of professional endurance athletes, but other intensity distribution training also shows good applicability and effect among amateur sports enthusiasts.

Refueling intellectual capital toward innovation performance of SMEs in Saudi Arabia: mediating the role of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition

PurposeThe objectives of this research were to inspect the relationship of intellectual capital (IC), along with its dimensions (human, structural and internal and external relational capital) with innovation performance (IP), to explore entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR) as a mediator between the IC and IP of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachThis research used data collected via a well-structured questionnaire. The sample size was comprised of 457 participants who were owners and/or managers of SMEs in Saudi Arabia. Further, the findings were extracted from data using partial least squares (PLS) techniques.FindingsThe results indicated that all dimensions of IC, including human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), internal relational capital (IRC) and external relational capital (ERC), had a significant relation with both IP and EOR. It was also shown that EOR positively influenced IP. Furthermore, the results showed that EOR played an important role as a mediator between IC (HC, SC, IRC and ERC) and IP.Practical implicationsThe present research offered a beneficial and novel managerial and theoretical strategy for improving a given firm’s IP with the support of IC and EOR. This finding offered a vision to the management teams of SMEs for full utilization of IC and IP. The present study also provided policymakers, administration and future studies with a path to improving the production and services of SMEs to secure market advantages.Originality/valueAccording to the author’s best knowledge, the present research represented the first attempt to expose the mediating role of the EOR relationship between IC and IP. Furthermore, the present study also developed the relationship between dynamic capabilities (DC) theory, intellectual capital-based view (ICV) theory and resource-based view (RBV) theory, with variables that reveal the theoretical foundation of the study. Finally, the results of this study were verified by the existing literature.

The Strategic Plan of the Working Day

“The Working Day” chapter of Capital makes sense today as an illustration of collective struggle over the sale of labor power by the hour. The historical materials in the chapter are instructive if read under the tutelage of Gertrud Kugelmann, considering the advice Karl Marx offers to her on where to start. A reassessment of Marx’s writing process is possible via his various plans in letters, his comments on method, the various sources used, and evaluating the role they have in Capital volume 1. Several scholars read Marx on commodities that “speak” but may sometimes miss idioms in English translation. Reading the German text can help us when searching for theoretical and political strategies for contemporary emancipation. With implications for replies to critics of Marx on slavery, my case is that the staging in Capital offers diagnostic potential where attention to the Parliamentary Blue Books might generate new research agendas, addressing current problems of time, social reproduction, climate, and class struggle. JEL Classification: B14

Can Front-of-Pack Labeling Encourage Food Reformulation? A Cross-Sectional Study on Packaged Bread.

Front-of-pack labeling (FOPL) may represent an important instrument for the food industry in the promotion of food product reformulation. The present cross-sectional study used salt reduction in packaged breads as a case study, aiming to investigate whether two different types of FOPL (i.e., Nutri-Score (NS) and NutrInform battery (NIB)) can capture food reformulation and thus be effective tools for encouraging reformulation. The Nutri-Score and NIB were calculated by consulting the nutritional declarations and ingredient lists of 527 packaged breads currently sold in Italy before and after applying three different theoretical reformulation strategies: (i) a 25% salt decrease from the current median salt content in bread; (ii) a reduction of up to 0.825 g/100 g of salt, corresponding to the sodium benchmark of 330 mg/100 g set by the World Health Organization (WHO); and (iii) the minimum salt reduction needed to improve the NS by one grade. The results show that only ~44% of breads had improved NSs when the sodium was lowered to reach the WHO benchmark or when salt was reduced by 25%, whereas large variability was observed in the minimum salt reduction needed to improve the NS. Regarding the NIB, the battery for salt improved when both strategies of reformulation were applied. FOPL is not always effective in capturing food reformulation in terms of salt reduction, possibly discouraging the efforts of food companies to improve the nutritional quality of foods.

Solubility prediction and interaction mechanism of FOX-7 in ten solvents by molecular and thermodynamic modeling

Solubility is a fundamental physicochemical property of materials. Current solubility prediction models are often highly parameterized by existing data, leading to a serious issue of transferability; thus, it is still challenging to enhancing their accuracy and generalization-ability. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and some thermodynamic modeling methods (SMD, COSMO-RS, and COSMO-SAC) to predict the relative solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) in ten solvents. A meticulous comparison with experimental data reveals that the alchemical free energy approach based on MD simulations outperforms SMD, COSMO-RS and COSMO-SAC models in solubility prediction. Furthermore, we identify that the more negative solvation free energy corresponds to the higher solubility, and the stronger solute–solvent hydrogen bonding corresponds to the higher solubility for low polar solvents too. Finally, it is confirmed that the electrostatic attraction dominates the binding energy between solute and solvent molecules. This work transcends traditional solubility prediction by offering a robust theoretical framework and computational strategy, proving both economical and environmentally benign. It paves the way for the rational selection of solvents for FOX-7 crystallization and provides a versatile tool for predicting the solubility of organic compounds.

NPDC structure double-channel N-polar E-mode GaN HEMTs: Innovations in enhancing RF and DC performance and mitigating trap effects

—High-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on gallium nitride (GaN) are favored for their exceptional performance in high-power and high-frequency applications. However, developing dual-channel HEMTs presents challenges due to spontaneous polarization effects and design complexities. This study introduces a novel N-polar E-mode GaN HEMT with a dual-channel structure, featuring recessed drain-source regions and non-alloyed ohmic contacts. TCAD simulations provide theoretical insights and optimization strategies for these structures, focusing on the combination of N-polar GaN and ultra-wide bandgap AlN barrier layers. The optimized device demonstrates a threshold voltage of +1.08 V and a 45.9 % increase in current density. The N-polar double-channel HEMT (NPDC-HEMT) exhibited a 55.75 % improvement in peak transconductance, with Ft increasing from 13.3 GHz to 30.1 GHz and Fmax from 63.7 GHz to 65.9 GHz. Further enhancement was achieved in the T-gate variant (NPDC-T-HEMT), with Ft reaching 52.6 GHz and Fmax 94.4 GHz. The dual-channel design effectively mitigated short-channel effects and current collapse, demonstrating the potential for high-power RF applications.

Research on Mobile Learning (M-Learning) in Higher Education: A Systematic Review (2016 to 2023)

This study investigates the evolution of mobile learning (M-Learning) applications in higher education between 2016 and 2023. This period marks an era of significant technological innovations and the profound impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on education. The purpose of this research is to delineate how M-Learning applications are represented in the academic literature during this time and to identify research trends within this field. The research is based on a systematic review of 161 academic articles related to M-Learning, published between 2016 and 2023 in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The study utilizes the TCCM (Theory, Context, Characteristics, Methodology) framework to conduct an in-depth analysis of theoretical approaches, research contexts, learning characteristics, and methodological strategies in the literature. The findings reveal that M-Learning positively impacts areas such as collaboration, skill development, and self-assessment among students. The effective use of mobile devices as educational tools by instructors and students is identified as crucial for the success of M-Learning applications. Moreover, the success of M-Learning is closely linked to users' attitudes toward technology and the integration of technological and pedagogical supports into the learning processes. This systematic review provides significant insights into how M-Learning can transform learning and teaching practices in higher education. It suggests strategic planning and further research for educators, policymakers, and researchers on integrating mobile technologies into learning processes. Specifically, there is a need to explore the long-term effects of M-Learning on student achievement and its applicability in various learning contexts.