Theoretical Gap Research Articles

Síntese e Caracterização de Bioadsorvente de Spondias mombin L. para Remoção de Azul de Metileno utilizando ClZn2, NaOH e Al2(SO4)3.14H2O

Objective – The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a bioadsorbent produced from Spondias mombin L.’s endocarp, using the chemical activators ClZn2, NaOH and Al2(SO4)3·14H2O, and evaluate its efficiency in removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Methodology - The research was structured in three stages: preparation and activation of activated charcoal at different temperatures and pyrolysis times; material characterization regarding ash content, moisture content, yield and pH; and carrying out adsorption tests to determine the efficiency of dye removal. Originality/relevance - This study addresses the theoretical gap related to the reuse of agricultural waste to produce adsorbent materials, promoting sustainable alternatives to the use of conventional adsorbents and highlighting their relevance for the treatment of effluents. Results - The adsorbents activated with NaOH and ClZn2 demonstrated greater efficiency, with emphasis on the materials NA250-3, ZN300-2 and ZN300-4, which presented adsorption capacities of 1.40 mg·g⁻¹, 1.39 mg·g⁻ ¹ and 1.37 mg·g⁻¹, removing 93.23%, 93.02% and 91.69% of the dye, respectively. The ZN250-4 material stood out for its balance between performance (1.33 mg·g⁻¹, 88.78% removal) and cost-benefit, due to its high yield (64.27%) compared to the others. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The research expands knowledge about ideal activation conditions and use of chemical activators, providing support for bioadsorbents applications. Social and environmental contributions: The research promotes sustainability by proposing the reuse of agricultural waste as raw materials for the production of biosorbents, reducing environmental pollution and offering solutions for the treatment of effluents.

Reverse logistics and sustainability in the supply chain: global strategies and policies for reintegrating products into the economic cycle

This theoretical paper explores the global reverse logistics strategies and policies that drive and foster sustainability in the supply chain, examining the reintegration of products into the economic cycle. With the advancement of circular economy practices and increased environmental regulations, reverse logistics is taking on a critical role in waste reduction and resource efficiency. The research analyzes product reintegration models and discusses their implications for companies seeking to align their operations with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a systematic literature review, the article identifies theoretical gaps, highlighting the need for more robust performance metrics and integrated approaches across sectors and regions for reverse logistics policies. Contributions include a framework for assessing the impact of reverse logistics practices and strategic recommendations for more coherent global policies. These perspectives aim to provide robustness for future research and for the implementation of more sustainable supply chains. This theoretical analysis not only sheds light on current practices but also addresses the transformative potential of reverse logistics in building resilient, resource-efficient supply chains. Ultimately, the study advocates for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to bridge existing theoretical and practical divides in sustainable logistics.

Can government green discourse-behavior congruence mitigate carbon emissions? A polynomial regression with response surface analysis

As global climate change intensifies, the efficacy of governmental environmental policies and their implementation is pivotal for carbon emission control. The alignment between governmental green initiatives and their actions not only affects authority credibility but also determines the success of environmental governance outcomes. Therefore, investigating the congruence between government green discourse and behavior in achieving “dual carbon” objectives is critical for addressing climate change and facilitating systemic reforms. Applying panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022 based on polynomial regression and response surface, this study summarizes three main pathways through which government green discourse-behavior congruence influences carbon emissions: the state of congruence or incongruence, the degree of congruence, and the direction of incongruence. Congruent government green discourse and behavior more effectively reduce carbon emissions intensity than incongruent ones, while a higher degree of congruence leads to more significant reductions. The direction of incongruence also impacts carbon emissions intensity, particularly when government behaviors fall short of its discourses, leading to a higher carbon intensity growth rate. Furthermore, the moderating role of non-governmental entities' green innovation vitality is considered. The results reveal that the green innovation of non-governmental entities can partly substitute for the need for government discourse-behavior congruence in achieving carbon reduction. Specifically, green innovation of research institutions primarily enhances the positive environmental effects of increased government discourse-behavior congruence degree, while corporate green innovation mainly mitigates the negative environmental impacts of government incongruence direction. Consequently, the deep integration of government environmental initiatives and actions is advocated, along with the stimulation of green innovation among various entities, to more effectively combat global climate change. This study not only extends traditional congruence research from the micro level to the meso and macro levels and fills a theoretical gap, but also provides new insights into the process of government green governance worldwide.

Pre-clinical experiences among nursing students of reputable Islamic university in the capital city of Indonesia

Clinical trainings were employed in the nursing sciences in order to provide student’s experiences in applying nursing care according to the theory. They required to accomplish some competencies depending on their study levels. Students would also experience the possible barriers and challenge during clinical trainings. However, there were limited number of research which explored these experiences, especially in nursing students. This study aimed to explore the experiences of nursing students in performing fundamental nursing pre-clinical activities. This research conducted qualitative study with phenomenological approach. This study involved 5 nursing students according to inclusive criteria. Data collection method used in-depth interview techniques. The obtained data were analysed further using Colaizzi test. The collected data identified six themes of student’s experiences, such as student’s understanding about pre-clinic, their experiences during preclinic, theoretical gaps with hospital procedures, some barriers in clinical practice, student’s expectation, and obtained support during pre-clinic trainings. Pre-clinical trainings allowed nursing students to gain various medical experience and knowledge regarding nursing care. They could implement and compare the nursing theory with actual conditions in the hospital and society living. This topic needed to assess further about the benefits of pre-clinic trainings.

Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Epistemic Antecedents: A Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Although much attention has been given to vaccine hesitancy, there is still considerable ambiguity regarding its epistemological antecedents. The current meta-analysis addresses this theoretical and practical gap by focusing on the interplay between trust, belief in conspiracy theories, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (k = 32), as well as key moderators such as the availability of the vaccine and the state and progress of the pandemic. Overall, results indicate that while both trust and beliefs in conspiracy theories are important correlates of vaccine hesitancy, considerable difference emerges when adopting a more granular approach that distinguishes between types of trust (government, public health organizations, science, and healthcare professionals/providers) and conspiracies (specific versus general). These findings cement the importance of health communication, not only as a useful framework to study and understand vaccine hesitancy but also as a potential way to intervene in order to prepare for future infectious disease outbreaks.

Characterizing the spatial correlation network structure and impact mechanism of carbon emission efficiency: Evidence from China's transportation sector

Numerous countries and regions are actively seeking to reduce carbon emissions through policy guidance and technological innovation. In this process, balancing economic development with environmental protection and achieving synergistic carbon reduction between regions pose challenges for policymakers and the academic community alike. This study analyzes data from 30 provinces in China over the period from 2005 to 2020, employing the SBM-DEA, block model, and the Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM) to explore the spatial association network structure characteristics of carbon emission efficiency and its driving factors. The findings indicate that: the carbon emission efficiency of the transportation industry is generally on an upward trend, with the eastern region having the highest carbon emission efficiency; the spatial association network exhibits a “dense in the east, sparse in the west” pattern; the block model demonstrates clear inter-regional carbon emission transfer behaviors; the result of ERGM shows that factors such as the level of economic development and population density significantly affect the network structure. The macro-micro individual analysis framework for the carbon emission efficiency network fills the theoretical gap in the context of the digital economy, providing a scientific basis and decision-making reference for policymakers when formulating and optimizing carbon reduction policies, which holds significant theoretical and practical value.

Preparing tourism, hospitality and events graduates to be industry ready: extending the three-factor model of authentic learning

ABSTRACT Authentic learning is a critical pedagogy and curriculum requirement in higher education to better prepare students for future workforce requirements. As such, educators adopt a range of authentic learning tasks such as work-integrated learning, industry reports, and field trips to enable student engagement in current industry issues. Although such actions are practical and have valuable impact on students, there has been little effort to narrow the theoretical gap. The present study addresses this by extending the authentic learning three-factor model (construction of knowledge, disciplined inquiry, and value beyond school) to evaluate the perceptions of educators in THE higher education towards their understanding and embeddedness of authentic elements in their teaching curriculum to better prepare industry-ready graduates. In-depth interviews were conducted with higher education THE academics (n = 21) in Australia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, and Scotland. Thematic analysis using NVivo revealed seven key themes within the authentic learning three-factor model: knowledge co-creation and scaffolding, customising knowledge and experiences, student engagement, educator capability, industry readiness, real-world problems, and meaningful connections. The proposed seven standards necessitate a paradigm shift in curriculum design, syllabus structuring, and student assessment within THE institutions. Emphasising industry-readiness as a core objective, educators must align their teaching approaches with the theoretical findings of this research to better prepare students for real-world challenges.

Driving Project Outcomes in Healthcare: How Servant Leadership and Team Dynamics Contribute to Success

The current research explores the project outcomes in healthcare sector of Pakistan by assessing servant leadership and team dynamics in the context of Situational Strength Theory. This research model examines the effect of servant leadership on project success via intervention of team effectiveness. Moreover, it also incorporates the moderating impacts of team level variables; team autonomy and task ambiguity in these relationships. The data is gathered from practicing health care project team members of Pakistan. Hence, for data analysis the Statistical technique Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) is employed. The findings indicate that project success is positively and significantly related with servant leadership. Servant leader increases the likelihood of project success and effectiveness directly at the team level. Mediation of team effectiveness between servant leadership and Project Success is also supported as the servant leadership practices nurtures the overall team process and foster team effectiveness. The moderation of task ambiguity is determined to be significant, while interestingly, that of team autonomy is found to be insignificant. The study also establishes the importance of servant leadership for evolving team effectiveness in project-based organizations for the achievement of project success. The results of this study are relevant for the advancement of project management practices, especially in the healthcare sector. This particular study offers practical recommendations to healthcare organizations with regard to successful implementations of effective leadership strategies that improve their team processes and enhance the attainment of desired outcomes for projects. The insights generated by this research add to the existing literature both in healthcare management and project management, fill a significant theoretical gap, and provide a basis for further studies on the role of leadership in complex settings where project organizations are involved.

The Concept of Innate Sexual Priors in the Brain: A Theory on Why We Are Attracted to What We Are Attracted to

AbstractSexuality is an integral part of human nature, yet we know little about its origins and underlying mechanisms. Understanding how the brain processes sexual stimuli is crucial for advancing our knowledge of the origins of sexuality and its variations. Only if a stimulus was internally evaluated as ‘attractive’ the information can progress to evoke sexual desire or arousal. Importantly, such evaluation processes require an internal reference against which external information is compared. These processes, however, remain largely unexplored, and hence we still do not understand why we are attracted to what we are attracted to. By synthesizing the existing literature and integrating existing models, this narrative review proposes a novel neuroscientific framework on sexuality, addressing key theoretical gaps. As a result, the concept of sexual priors in the brain is introduced. Within this framework, sexual priors refer to mental ‘images’ representing a collection of internally stored information of what we regard as sexually attractive. Such mental representations act as reference in early internal evaluation processes of sexual stimuli. It is suggested that sexual priors are (partly) innate and sex-specific, contributing to heterosexuality. Evolutionary aspects that could explain the development of these priors are discussed. Furthermore, the framework provides possible explanations for variations in sexual orientation through potential cross-sex shifts in sexual prior content. The refinement of sexual prior content over time may explain the diversity of sexual interests and attraction patterns among humans. Moreover, the concept can be applied to a variety of psychiatric conditions related to atypical and maladaptive sexual behaviors. A proposition is put forward regarding brain areas and networks that may be involved in the formation of sexual priors, serving as potential targets for future research. In summary, by integrating sexual priors into models of sexual stimuli processing, this article fills theoretical gaps while inspiring further research. This work aims to enhance understanding of sexuality, which ultimately could increase social awareness, foster tolerance, and promote psychological well-being.

The weapons of civilization: self-technologies and the governance of dissent

ABSTRACT This essay analyzes how liberal and radical activists battled over the subjective management strategies used in the temperance movement. First, the essay fills a theoretical gap by offering a new conceptual apparatus for examining the intersection of communication and Foucaultian technologies of the self, particularly in the context of counter-radicalism. Second, it contributes to critical Communication history by examining the clash between bourgeois activists, on the one hand, and "barbaric" activists like Carry Nation, who used bar-smashing violence as a critique of conventional public address and other “civilized” methods of dissent. The essay concludes by reflecting on how this historical clash illuminates contemporary strategies of counter-radicalism and dissent management.

Analysis of powder flow from the nozzle to the substrate in multiangle laser cladding

This study, investigated the powder flow field for multiangle laser cladding, bridging theoretical gaps in the repair of metal parts with tilted and complex surface, specifically those are immovable and nonrotatable. Initially, a multiangle computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method gas-powder coupling model was established. It can consider not only the continuity characteristics of gas as a fluid, the discreteness characteristics of powder as particles, but also the mutual influence relationship. Subsequently, the response surface method was used to explore the optimal combination of carrier argon gas rate (A), the powder-feeding rate (B), and the protective argon gas rate (C) at different deflection angles, with the powder collection rate as the optimization objective. Analysis of variance results for the powder collection rate indicated that the significance of the factors and their interaction terms were ranked as A > B > AB at 0° and 30°, A > B > BC at 60°, A > B > C > BC at 90°, and C > A > BC > AB at 120° and 150°. Furthermore, the relative errors between predicted and simulated values, as well as simulated and powder collection experimental values, the single-pass experimental values were within 2%, 3%, and 7%, indicating the model was valid and reliable. Finally, the optimal combinations of carrier argon gas rate, powder-feeding rate, and protective argon gas rate were obtained, achieving high powder collection rates. These research findings offer theoretical guidance for selecting and optimizing process parameters in multiangle laser cladding.

Effect of leakage current on magnetoelectric effect of 0-3 multiferroic composites based on an equivalent circuit model

In 0-3 multiferroic composites, the content of ferromagnetic particles with conductive properties significantly influences their magnetoelectric (ME) performance. The occurrence of leakage current (Lc) at high contents is a crucial factor affecting the ME properties of such composites. Establishing a rational and effective theoretical model to analyze and predict the impact of Lc on their ME performance is of paramount theoretical significance for expanding the applications of these composites. In pursuit of this objective, by introducing conduction currents, magneto-electric-mechanical/electro-magnetic-mechanical coupling factor, and resistive components, an equivalent circuit model is built to analyze the direct and converse ME effects of this composites. Meanwhile, the general analytical expressions of various effective properties are obtained. By introducing factors with combined exponential and linear decay characteristics into the piezoelectric coefficient, our theoretically calculated results quantitatively agree with experimental data. On this basis and considering the effects of displacement current and conduction current, we utilized our equivalent circuit model to calculate the ME coefficients, which showed high consistency with experimental results. Especially at high volume fractions, our computed results accurately reflected the sharp decline characteristics of the ME coefficients caused by Lc. This demonstrates the accurate and reasonable explanation provided by our model for such ME problems. In addition, the optimal set of volume fractions and magnetic fields that maximize the direct ME coefficient is obtained. This study fills a theoretical gap in the equivalent circuit method for 0-3 multiferroic composites and gives an analytical solution for the ME coefficients and provides theoretical guidance and support for the application of this composites.

Where are Emotions in Text?

Natural language processing (NLP) boasts a vibrant tradition of emotion studies, unified by the aim of developing systems that generate and recognize emotions in language. The computational approximation of these two capabilities, however, still faces fundamental challenges, as there is no consensus on how emotions should be processed, particularly in text: application-driven works often lose sight of foundational theories that describe how humans communicate what they feel, resulting in conflicting premises about the type of data best suited for modeling and whether this modeling should focus on textual meaning or style. My thesis fills in these theoretical gaps that hinder the creation of emotion-aware systems, demonstrating that a trans-disciplinary approach to emotions, which accounts for their extra-linguistic characteristics, has the potential to improve their computational processing. I investigate the human ability to detect emotions in written productions, and explore the linguistic dimensions that contribute to the emergence of emotions through text. In doing so, I clarify the possibilities and limits of automatic emotion classifiers and generators, also providing insights into where systems should model affective information.

The Cognitive Order of Society: Radicalizing the Ontological Turn in Critical Theory

Investigating Habermas’s radicalization of the ontological turn in the philosophy of language that eventuated in his universal or formal pragmatics, this article finds that he has not pursued his avowed radicalization far enough. By contrast with his claim that due to its conceptual thrust his type of formal pragmatics is required over and above the empiricist approach to sharpen social analysis, it emerges that his three world-concepts are social-theoretically underspecified. The direction in which the proposed radicalization beyond Habermas is pursued is determined by the core assumption that the ontological properties at issue are of a cognitive nature. The central argument is therefore that the ontological turn in Critical Theory represented by Habermas needs to be cognitive-sociologically radicalized, the result of which is the introduction of the concept of the cognitive order of society. The unique ontological status of the cognitive order thus also needs explication. Finally, that the lack of this concept systematically leaves a conspicuous theoretical gap in contemporary Critical Theory is briefly indicated with reference to some recent key publications by Honneth and Forst and Günther.

The Effect of Attitudes on Behavior, Subjective Norms, Behavioral Control, Behavioral Intentions on Lecturer Behavioral: The Moderation Role of Compliance with Regulations and Visionary Leadership in LLDIKTI Region VI Central Java Indonesia

Phenomenon, Private University at LLDIKTI VI Central Java (1) There is inequality in the quality of education which indicates that the increase in human resources has not been evenly distributed in all areas of the city/district. (2) The behavior of lecturers in carrying out tridharma activities is still not optimal. This research is based on the existence of empirical GAP and theoretical GAP regarding the limitations of TPB theory, so this research closes this gap by adding the variable compliance with regulations and visionary leadership as a moderator, which is combined into the Theory of Planned Behavior model to make this variable as research novelty. The aim of the research is to prove and analyze the influence of behavioral attitudes and norms subjective, behavioral control towards lecturer behavior through behavioral intentions and prove and analyze the role of regulatory compliance and leadership visionary in moderating influence of behavioral intentions to behavior lecturer. Study​ this is causal explanatory with a sample of 370 lecturers in LLDIKTI Region VI Central Java in 2022. Data collection techniques use questionnaires, data analysis uses SEM. Results research (1) behavioral attitudes influential significant positive to behavioral intentions. (2) behavioral attitude has no effect on lecturer behavior. (3) norms subjective influential significant positive effect on behavioral intentions. (4) norms subjective influential significant positive effect on lecturer behavior. (5) control behavior influential significant positive effect on behavioral intentions. (6) control behavior influential significant positive effect on lecturer behavior. (7) behavioral intention influential significant positive effect on lecturer behavior. (8) compliance on regulation moderate influence of behavioral intentions towards lecturer behavior. (9) leadership visionary moderate influence of behavioral intentions towards lecturer behavior.

Aesthetic evaluation of body movements shaped by embodied and arts experience: Insights from behaviour and fNIRS

Aesthetic appreciation of full-body movements is likely shaped by our cumulative bodily experiences, yet most of the extant literature in this domain has focused on expertise and familiarity. We ran two experiments exploring individual differences in embodied experience and experience with the arts: In Study 1, we explored how participants’ (n = 41) abilities to learn a choreography shaped their aesthetic perceptions while viewing learned vs. unknown movements, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure cortical activation over the Action Observation Network (i.e., inferior frontal gyrus [IFG], inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus [MTG]). Study 1 demonstrated that embodied experience enhanced ratings of enjoyment, familiarity, and reproducibility of movements, and that individual differences in participants’ performance of the learned choreography were not associated with aesthetic ratings, but rather cortical activation in IFG and right MTG while viewing learned choreography. In Study 2, we combined the behavioural data from Study 1 with data from additional participants (total n = 141) to examine the relationship between arts experience and aesthetic perceptions of movements robustly. Study 2 revealed that previous arts and sports experience correlated with aesthetic judgements of familiarity and reproducibility of movements. Our findings highlight the relevance of examining individual experiences to fill theoretical gaps in our understanding of action aesthetics.

Advancing financial resilience: A systematic review of default prediction models and future directions in credit risk management

This research presents a systematic review of a substantial body of high-quality research articles on Default Prediction Models published from 2015 to 2024. It is a comprehensive analysis of a DPM wide spectrum approaches including Textual Models, Systematic Review Studies, Hybrid Models, Intelligent Models and Statistical Models. The reason behind this study is rooted in the critical need to mitigate and understand the credit default risk that poses a significant threat to financial stability worldwide. By employing an evidence-based approach and methodological rigorously, this research critically evaluates the gaps, effectiveness and evolution in existing DPM methodologies. It is not only synthesized the current landscape of DPM study but also identified the direction for the future research, by offering novel insights and bridging theoretical gaps for enhancing the strategies of credit risk management. This study stands out by focusing on high citation research from top tier publishers, ensuring the quality and relevance of its analysis. The findings of this study have profound implications for stakeholders across the financial sector, including bankers, investors, regulatory bodies, and researchers. It aims to advance financial stability by providing a comprehensive overview of DPM advancements and pointing towards areas that require further exploration. By doing so, it contributes significantly to the development of more effective and sophisticated DPM strategies, thereby enhancing the robustness of financial institutions against potential defaults.

International Cooperation in Higher Education: Perspectives of Heads of International Cooperation from Cases of European Universities

Fostering international cooperation is essential for addressing global challenges. However, increasing uncertainties and polarisation necessitate a re-evaluation of the rationale and management of international cooperation among higher education institutions (HEIs). Recent research calls for greater attention to international cooperation beyond like-minded countries and emphasises the importance of understanding the perspectives of heads of international cooperation. This study addresses this theoretical gap by examining cooperation with Chinese universities from the perspectives of nine heads of international cooperation at six European universities.Utilising semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, this study elucidates how these European universities establish and maintain cooperation with their Chinese counterparts. It clarifies the interactions among universities, governmental bodies, and policies, and identifies challenges encountered during cooperation. The findings contribute to the literature by offering practical insights and providing contextualised empirical data on future directions for international cooperation between European and Chinese HEIs. This study underscores the active and autonomous roles that universities should play in fostering international cooperation amid global uncertainties.

Understanding the Relation Between Intrinsic Parameters of Substituents and Physical‐Chemical Properties of NVP

AbstractNASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is regarded as an intriguing cathode material choice for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its cycling stability and relatively high capacity. However, its voltage and electronic conductivity still need to be improved for larger‐scale fast‐charging applications (e.g. electric vehicles and mobile phones). In this work, we investigate the influence of Vanadium (V) substitution by other environmentally friendly, cheap, and/or high‐valent transition metal (TM) elements on the electrochemical performance of NVP. Density functional theory calculation was used to study the volume change, voltage, conductivity, and redox mechanism during charge/discharge of different compositions. It is found that a substitution of 50% of V by Mn, Mo or W ions resulting in Na3VMn(PO4)3 (NVMnP), Na3VMo(PO4)3 (NVMoP), and Na3VW(PO4)3 (NVWP) significantly alters the cathode materials’ physical and chemical properties, notably decreasing the band gap. In particular, NVMnP has lesser than 1 eV theoretical band gap and provides a higher voltage, while NVWP a much lower voltage in comparison to NVP. This means that NVMnP and NVWP can be promising cathode and anode materials respectively. This work also establishes a relation between fundamental properties of substituents (i.e. ionization energy and ionic size) and the overall performance of NVP.

Preparation of novel polymeric surfactants based on synergistic effects and analysis of the mechanism driving the oil-displacement process and enhanced oil recovery

Polymeric surfactants have been favored by researchers due to their ability to increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase, reduce the viscosity of the oil phase, and avoid the chromatographic separation effects of polymer-surfactant binary combination flooding. However, there is little research into the oil-displacement effect of polymer surfactants, and the mechanism whereby it enhances heavy oil recovery remains unclear. To fill this theoretical gap in the research into the oil-displacement mechanism of polymer surfactants, a novel polymeric surfactant PNBM was prepared using acrylamide, acrylic acid, nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP), and 4-vinylbiphenyl (VB). The chemical structure of PNBM was validated by characterization methods such as 1HNMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The mechanism of PNBM for enhancing heavy oil recovery was systematically studied based on the displacement and profile control by thickening, reducing viscosity by emulsification, and peeling of oil films and droplets. Polymeric surfactant PNM containing NP and polymeric surfactant PBM containing VB were used as control groups. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of two viscosity-reducing monomers, PNBM has better oil displacement effect compared to PNM and PBM: (1) a tighter adsorption film can be formed at the water–oil interface due to the good interfacial activity of PNBM, so that the average viscosity reduction rate of PNBM at a low concentration reaches 85.5 %; (2) PNBM can significantly increase the viscosity of aqueous solutions (increasing to 38.2 mPa·s), decrease the water–oil mobility ratio, and expand the swept volume; (3) PNBM can reduce the contact angle of the water phase on the oil-wet surface to 62.8°, supplemented by its good viscoelasticity, thereby improving the oil-washing efficiency. Therefore, under the triple effects of displacement and profile control by thickening, reducing viscosity by emulsification, and peeling of oil films and droplets, PNBM can enhance heavy oil recovery by 17.7 %, significantly improving the beneficial industrial exploitation of heavy oil reservoirs.