Subject Of Marriage Research Articles

Threads of Tradition Social Expectations and Marriage in Emma by Jane Austen and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy

This study explores the theme of marriage and social expectations in two beloved novels: In case of two British novelists Jane Austen's Emma and Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D’Urbervilles. The paper is focused on revealing a multi-faceted character of the figure of gender roles, social values and traditions linking the lives of Emma Woodhouse and Tess Durbeyfield by means of a comparative analysis. These tensions between female characters' individual goals and social constraints are exposed by the study and the opinions of Elizabeth V. Spelman, Ann Bo-Hubert, Hazel Carby, Elaine Showalter, Susan Gubar and Sandra M. Gilbert are referred to. Austen dismantled the precedent social norms of the Regency period through the vital tool of satire and wit after this novel is through and through analysed out. The made decision to make the word association “Brain” instead of “love” is a pretty good way to show the society who sees marriage as only a calculated action, not the passionate connection. The multilayered substructures of a theme are formed due to the "crazy woman in the attic" metaphor constructed by Gilbert and Gubar which implies the true self of a woman in society is suppressed due to restricted roles. Unlike Stone's 'Greek Myths,' Hardy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles focusing on a gloomy story that work to demonstrate the harmful consequences of ignoring Victorian society rules. The article analyses the marriage and gender role issues that Hardy has shown in a vivid manner as Eagleton says. The main conflict of the play is about what man want and what society demands, that is: what is true happiness and what is right in social term. Social class differences get intensively scrutinized, as the plot shows how the social systems influence the lives of the characters and build their destinies which deepens the theme analysis further. The study shows that these classic novels have been excellent guides and examples that have helped readers figure out what they would like to do with their lives. Moreover, the readers have been able to see people confront the challenges they encounter from institutions or interpersonal dynamics as well as expectations to balance their culture and social obligations.

以“情”为线，以“史”为轴：朵拉短篇小说实践的赓续与新变

Dora, who is good at writing love and marriage novels, breaks away from the daily themes of marriage in her recently published collection of short stories and explores the dusty history of Malaysia. However, it should be noted that her expertise in emotions has not been neglected due to the intervention of history. On the contrary, this emotional awareness becomes an important path for her to enter and reflect on history. With “emotion” as the thread and “history” as the axis, Dora, in the literary dimension of daily life and history, not only tells stories but also focuses on the human perspective based on emotions.

Galand z Reigny o małżeństwie, rodzinie, wspólnocie w "Libellus proverbiorum"

This article presents what and how the Cistercian monk Galand of Reigny, who lived in the 12th century, wrote about the family in his short work Libellus proverbiorum, dedicated to the famous St Bernard of Clairvaux. The Book of Proverbs and its author are almost completely unknown in Poland. However, Libellus is a research-interesting example of the ‘light’ religious literature of the time written at a ‘medium’ level. The paper first introduces Galand and the monastic community to which he belonged and briefly discusses his literary work and the nature and diverse content of the work in question. In the second part, it discusses those passages of the Libellus proverbiorum in which the author addresses the theme of marriage, and family – in the literal sense, as well as in relation to the community of monks or to the Church as a whole. Firstly, the references in Galand’s text to biblical figures of spouses and families (Adam and Eve, Isaac and Rebecca and their sons, among others) are pointed out, then to well-known figures from Greek mythology (Orpheus and Eurydice), then to references to the life of ordinary families known to the author: to spouses, to mothers, widows and mothers-in-law, sons and daughters, and finally to comparisons of the life of a monastic and ecclesiastical community to a family united by love. Galand evokes the image of the family both in the proverbs themselves and in his (literal or allegorical) explanations, glosses them. His work carries, in an accessible, simple, and sometimes humorous form, moral instructions to deepen the religiousness and spirituality of both the monk and the layperson. The article includes excerpts from the Book of Proverbs translated by the author of this paper. The translation is based on the 1998 edition of Galand’s text in the Sources chrétiennes series (SC 436).

Charles Dickens: But for You, Dear Stranger by Annette Federico

Reviewed by: Charles Dickens: But for You, Dear Stranger by Annette Federico Chelsey Pinney (bio) Annette Federico. Charles Dickens: But for You, Dear Stranger. Oxford UP, 2022. Pp. vii + 164. £18.99. IBSN: 978-0-1928-4734-8 (hb). Annette Federico’s But for You, Dear Stranger exemplifies how nuanced and analytical personal responses to literature can be. Rather than solely thinking our way through Dickens’s corpus, Federico demonstrates the rewards to be reaped from feeling our way through as well. She achieves this quietly, but unashamedly, unapologetically, and with admirable honesty. Federico has previous form with such an approach, as evidenced in her 2020 project, My Victorian Novel: Critical Essays in the Personal Voice, and it shows. The narrative that unfolds is highly creative, at times poetic and even therapeutic through its combined personal and critical engagement with Dickens’s novels. Despite the modest admission from the outset that “I never thought of myself as a Dickens expert” (ix), the breadth and depth of her knowledge and thinking around Dickens, his life and his work are never in question: more importantly for this book, neither is her love for them. But for You, Dear Stranger underscores how personal experience can be used effectively to revitalize areas of literary study and how the personal is not the enemy of the critical. Federico outlines in the preface that this book, in line with Dickens’s own ethos, is part of an attempt to “grow more childish,” to go on “a pilgrimage away from mere intellectual knowingness toward some other kind of knowledge” (xi), through a consideration of her past, her relationships and herself. This pilgrimage takes the form of three chapters, each one dedicated to a focal novel–Oliver Twist (1837), David Copperfield (1850) and Little Dorrit (1857), consecutively–with a concluding section about A Tale of Two Cities (1859). In chapter one, entitled “Where Is Love?,” Federico begins by revealing the loss of her parents and thoughtfully examines her relationships with them. She describes an 1895 decorative plate owned by her parents depicting the [End Page 254] first meeting between the Artful Dodger and Oliver (a photo is included), and it is this object which acts as a springboard to reminisce about her and her father’s mutual love of the story. Carol Reed’s film adaptation (1968) of the Oliver! musical, in particular, plays a mythologizing role in this parental relationship, but also in the development of Federico’s consideration of the novel. The film/musical’s central song, “Where Is Love?,” cleverly becomes the hook line–the refrain–of the chapter: a way for Federico to variously probe and tease out the differing forms of love in the novel. In particular, the readings of Nancy stand out here. Love in Dickens is certainly not a new topic, yet Federico’s interweaving of anecdotes and social comparisons breathes new life into this habitual theme. The second chapter, “Blessed Little Room,” changes focus. It contemplates the role of the reader and the multifarious forms the act of reading can take in relation to David Copperfield. Federico describes her experience of teaching a Dickens course prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. What emerges is a reassuring and relatable insight into how the lockdowns affected her teaching and reading processes. At some point, amongst the restrictions and remote classes, Federico stopped worrying about teaching Dickens and really enjoyed reading the texts. She proposes that “[s]ometimes we have to read with what Marion Milner has called ‘wide attention’ […] without determined purposefulness” (55). Federico convincingly demonstrates the benefits of such reading through observations of “Dickens’s throwaways, the strange, superfluous details that he can’t resist” (55). Stripped of a rigid, critical agenda, just as David “is not a studious, critical reader” (54), she runs through what reading can phenomenologically mean within and without David Copperfield. Reading is “power, it is validating,” “intimacy,” “security” and “projection” (63–64 original emphasis). With these attributes in mind, the theme of marriage in the novel becomes the focus, and a way for Federico to explore her own marital relationships: love and reading are likened, especially when approached with wide attention. In the...

TRANSFORMATION OF THE RITUAL GENEALOGICAL PORTRAIT IN PAINTING OF MIKHAILO GUIDA: EUROPEAN CONTEXT

The purpose of the article is to investigate the significance of the European portrait canon in the genre painting by Mikhailo Guida: "Kuban Wedding: Dedication to Great-Grandfather Demian Doroshenko" (2004).
 Methodology. The historical-cultural, comparative, iconographic, iconological, and hermeneutic methods are used.
 Results. Based on a comparison with compositions on the theme of marriage in the art of antiquity, the Renaissance, and the Modern era, in Guida's painting the following has been identified: the presence of a spiritual centre (icon); the role of symmetry in constructing the ritual composition; the national character of the images and symbols (Ukrainian land, home yard, clothing, flowers, ritual objects). The wedding portrait of the Cossack family was created in the iconography of ceremonial aristocratic portraits, developed by Titian, Tintoretto, Velasquez, Rubens, Van Dyck, and Whistler.
 Guida created a new form of portrait and self-portrait in the historical portrait, endowing the image of ancestors with the individual psychology of a person in times of crisis, with its inherent reflection and the desire to understand one’s place in the universe. In the composition of the Ukrainian painter, there is a sacralisation of the land and the house-yard through the connection with the universal. The laconic composition plastically corresponds to the definition of the Kuban Cossack family's place in the steppe landscape. The family is shown as a monolithic integrity, which includes horses embodying the energy of nature. The golden ratio of the composition contains the archetype of the cross. The image of the birth-giving earth is revealed by the horizontal of fertile black soil. The family is included in the spiritual vertical of the ritual "axial time" – Axis Mundi. In the connection between heaven and earth, the strength of the Ukrainian lineage and people is affirmed.
 The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the fact that, for the first time, a comparison is carried out of the ideological content and the form of Guida's painting with ritual compositions on the theme of weddings and the canon of European aristocratic portraits. The art of the Ukrainian painter is incorporated into the context of European art.
 Practical significance. The presented materials, their artistic-stylistic analysis, and generalization can be used in scientific research dedicated to the art of portrait-painting in Ukraine.

Levin’s hunting in Anna Karenina

Through analysis of the depictions of Levin’s hunts in Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, this article argues that hunting scenes and allusions help develop the novel’s theme of marriage and family happiness. Levin’s first hunt with Oblonsky advances the narrative thread around his marriage when his hopes of marrying Kitty are rekindled after hearing from her brother that she has not wed Vronsky. The next instance finds Levin hunting a she-bear, hinting at his efforts to successfully woo Kitty, whom he called a “tiny bear” in her childhood. The novel’s longest hunting scene in which a pregnant Kitty sends a reassuring message to her concerned husband demonstrates that the couple has achieved a state of family happiness based on mutual trust and consideration. The final allusion to hunting, near the novel’s end, comes when Levin, now a loving husband and father, takes up beekeeping (literally “bee hunting” [pchelinaia okhota]) as a family pastime. Levin’s turn to this new type of “hunting” once he is happily married underscores hunting’s connection to a happy family life: the motif reappears throughout the narrative arc of Levin’s personal journey to selfhood through marriage and family life.”

Application of Natural Law Doctrine in Constitutional Court Decision No. 20/2564

In late 2021, the Constitutional Court of Thailand issued a decision concerning the constitutionality of Section 1448 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. Due to the decision, same-sex marriage remains unregulated. The Court implemented natural-law doctrines as their reasons. Natural-law theories are the primary opponents of same-sex marriage within the jurisprudential debate. This paper explores the natural-law doctrines used and presents an analysis of this constitutional decision by way of legal philosophy. Hume’s Law is helpful in discerning natural-law theories. The citation of Cicero’s “true law" proves to help analyse other doctrines and comment on some of the contradictions from the natural-law applications. One contradiction is the citation of Cicero’s text itself, another, from the simultaneous reference of nature and tradition. Another apparent reference of natural-law doctrines the Court used is the preservation argument. Upon the subjects of marriage, natural law, and procreation, it is worthy of exploring some of John Finnis’s natural-law theory and its similarity with this decision’s rationales. This constitutional decision is significant from the philosophical perspective and an excellent opportunity to explore the role of the legal philosophy of the ancient Greek to the contemporary period in Thai jurisprudence.

Matrimonio e negoziazione del posizionamento sociale in Ḫiṭbat al-šayḫ (Il fidanzamento dello šayḫ, 1915), il romanzo incompiuto di Ṭāhā Ḥusayn

Abstract In the early twentieth century, themes such as the emergence of a young, newly urbanized effendiyya, the idea of marriage nurtured by this new class, the choice of the bride, and the role of the wife and the husband within the family were crucial in the cultural and social debate in Egypt. Throughout the discussion of these themes, the relationship between genders and generations was established, and new social boundaries were negotiated. After a short analysis of the trope of marriage in the first period of the Egyptian novel (1906–1945) this contribution focuses on Ḫiṭbat al-šayḫ (The šayḫ’s engagement), a text by the renowned Egyptian author and academic Ṭāhā Ḥusayn (1889–1973), published only in 2017 by Dār al-waṯāʾiq in Cairo. This novel, although unfinished, offers one of the first examples of epistolary novel in the Egyptian late nahḍa context. The text, which consists of fifteen letters of various lengths, written by five fictional characters, is fundamental in understanding the theme of marriage as a social positioning tool. Indeed, through the mechanism of epistolography, Ḫiṭbat al-šayḫ mirrors the complex social debate, incorporating in its own structure the discussion of social boundaries by different social actors.

Rostek, Joanna. Women’s Economic Thought in the Romantic Age: Towards a Transdisciplinary Herstory of Economic Thought

Rostek, Joanna. <i>Women’s Economic Thought in the Romantic Age: Towards a Transdisciplinary Herstory of Economic Thought</i>

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Role Playing dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Pernikahan dalam Tinjauan Hukum Islam Siswa Kelas XII MIPA 1 SMA NEGERI 2 Sigli Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021

This classroom action reseach aims to: (1) determine the improvement of student learning outcomes; (2) knowing teacher activities, dan (3) knowing student activities in applying the role playing learning model to marriage material in a review of Islamic law in class XII MIPA 1, with the focus of the reseach on increasing student achievement on the subject of marriage in a review of Islamic law by applying the role playing learning model. The reseach design used is Classroom Action Reseach, which is carried out in an integrated and systemic manner in stages, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. Int the first cyclye, the average student learning outcomes on the subject of marriage in the Islamic law review was 56% with a sufficient category. In the second cycle the average student achievement on the subject of marriage in the Islamic law review was 86% with a good category. The increase in the average score of students in the subject of marriage in Islamic law review is 86%-56%=30%. Thus, the result of this study indicate that the application of the role playing learning model can improve student learning outcomes on marriage in the Islamic law review class XII MIPA 1 at SMAN 2 Sigli in the 2021/2022 academic year.

Innovative Artistic Strategies in Epistolary Fragments of Daniil Kharms (Linguistic Semiotic Aspect)

The question of the evolution of epistolary prose is considered on the example of fragments of D.I. Kharms. Attention is paid to communication aspects using a linguo-semiotic approach. The results of the analysis of the epistolary passage of 1933 in comparison with other samples of imitative literary letters are presented. The question is raised about the similarity of the perception of the absurdity of D.I. Kharms and the absurdity in the Gogol tradition. The author, in particular, dwells on the theme of marriage and fairy tale elements in D.I. Kharms and N.V. Gogol. The emphasis is on the fact that D.I. Kharms demonstrated the failure of communication, including epistolary communication, while perceiving the surrounding world as absurd. To study an untitled epistolary fragment, among other things, a technique is used that fixes violations of the postulates of normal communication, which was proposed by O.G. Revzina and I. I. Revzin. As a result, it turns out that the artistic means of repetition used by D.I. Kharms violates both the postulate of the information content of normal communication and the postulate of the incompleteness of the description, which makes an effective epistolary dialogue impossible. The method of multiple repetition casts doubts on the effectiveness of the postulate of semantic coherence.

MARRIAGE FORMS IN VIETNAMESE FAIRY STORIES VIEWED FROM ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES

Human society has passed through three ages, from wildness to barbarism, then from barbarism to civilization. In each of those ages, there were different forms of marriage such as intermarriage, group marriage, dual marriage, and finally, monogamy. From the important meaning and richness and complexity of this issue in life, the oral writings were soon concerned and reflected it and therefore. Marriage became one of the themes that frequently appeared in most genres of Vietnamese folklore, in which it is fully and most clearly concentrated in the genre of fairy tales of many ethnic groups in Vietnam. Fairy tales have recreated not only the movement, transformation and progress in human marriage, but also the burning desire of workers for love, a free marriage, for justice, for good human qualities. By surveying a collection of Vietnamese fairy tales, including those of ethnic minorities reflecting the theme of marriage, analyzing, explaining, and comparing from an ethnographic perspective, the article pointed out the imprints and characteristics of marriage forms reflected in the fairy tale genre.

Straightening Agentic Women: The "Willful" Princess in Contemporary Fairy-Tale Picturebooks

Feminist scholars have criticized the misogyny of folk/fairy tales that recount how "willful" princesses who refuse to marry are reformed or punished. As a result, contemporary authors of fairy-tale picturebooks tend to alter or not incorporate the forced marriage theme when engaging with these tales. Yet, the trope of the "willful" princess whose will is "straightened" is still operative in recent fairy tales. Through a multimodal analysis of La bella Griselda (Beautiful Griselda, 2010) and De gouden kooi (The Golden Cage,2014), I show how these fairy-tale picturebooks reiterate the harmful dynamic of reforming or penalizing a "willfully" agentic princess.

Pastoral Support for Married Couples and Families during the Pilgrimages of John Paul II to Poland

Pilgrimages are one of the forms of popular piety carried out for centuries and in various ways. A special type of pilgrimage are papal pilgrimages to individual countries, which is the implementation of Christ’s mission: ‘Go and make disciples of all nations (…). and teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you’ (Pismo Święte Starego i Nowego Testamentu w przekładzie z języków oryginalnych. 1980. Mt 28: 19–20). Pilgrimages give the Pope the opportunity to come closer with the faithful and confirm them in their faith. They also make possible common prayer on different continents and teaching, the personal perception of which can bring people a profound change and improvement of life. John Paul II was the first after 455 years non-·Italian pope to visit his country of origin, Poland, eight times. He spent 64 days in his homeland and delivered 264 speeches. He taught freedom and continued his catechesis on marriage and the family, which was a topic to which he attached great importance. The subject of marriage and family is an important matter for the whole world. Therefore, it is worth introducing the papal teaching delivered during all pilgrimages to Poland to people from other countries, especially since some of the speeches are not translated into English. The article is a selection of pro-family content contained in the speeches of John Paul II in Poland, useful in the formation of spouses and parents. It may prove useful in their marriages and families, as well as in the professional help provided to students undertaking education in family life, students in the field of familiology preparing for marriage, spouses, parents and grandparents who educate their children and grandchildren.

Тема брака в повестях Л. Петрушевской «Маленькая Грозная» и Чжан Айлин «Золотой замок»: сопоставительный аспект

The article focuses on studying Russian and Chinese women’s prose. The paper aims to reveal the peculiarities of marriage theme representation in the stories by L. Petrushevskaya “Little Fearsome” and Eileen Chang “The Golden Cangue”. For the first time the researcher analyzes these stories through the lenses of modern comparative studies, reveals the specificity of artistic world of Russian and Chinese culture bearers, and herein lies scientific originality of the study. The conducted research allows identifying common and specific features of marriage theme representation in these literary works. The following conclusions are justified: both the authors remain non-evaluative; in their works, marriage is deprived of its sacred status and divine essence. Contrary to Eileen Chang, Petrushevskaya proposes a new interpretation of mythological and historical images.

Islam Negeri Selangor Tahun 2003 Mengenai Pendaftaran Poligami di Mahkamah Rendah Syariah Hulu Langat Selangor (Studi Kasus Mahkamah Rendah Syariah Negeri Selangor, Malaysia)

According to Law Number 16 of 2019 amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 Article 1 concerning Marriage. Marriage is an inner and outer bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on God Almighty. According to Enakmen 2 of 2003 Part 2 of the Selangor State Islamic Family Law of 2003 concerning the subject of marriage. Marriage is a bond born between a man and a woman in forming a household with the words Ijab and Qabul. Polygamy or marrying more than one wife is not a new problem, it has existed in human life for a long time among various groups of people in various worlds. Arabs were polygamous long before the arrival of Islam, as were other societies in most countries of the world during that time. This form of polygamy was known among the Medes, Babylonians, Abbesians and Persians. In Persia, the principle of polygamy is the basis of the family. The number of wives a man can have depends on his economic capacity. Prophet Muhammad SAW allowed polygamy for his people because he had practiced polygamy. However, the Greeks for the most part had a wife who was not only interchangeable, but also commonly traded between them. The same thing can be found in Rome in Ancient Rome, where the position of women reached its lowest point.

Anel de Vidro: Uma Novela em Quatro Capítulos

Anel de Vidro, Ana Luisa Escorel's first fictional work, published by the small publisher Ouro sobre Azul, of which she is the owner, was elected the best book of 2014 by the Sao Paulo Literature Award, which, until then, had never been given to a woman. This novelty reveals, among other things, the low visibility of the literature produced by women in Brazil. Based on this negative aspect of the Brazilian literary reality, the intention is to analyze this work of female authorship that addresses the theme of marriage and infidelity, in which the protagonist's voice overlaps those of the male characters. Regarding the differentiated form of Escorel’s writing, we will analyze its “minimalist” nature, choosing, for this reason, to treat the text as a novel, due to its brief and concentrated extension. Its aesthetic power, developed from a language that is sophisticated and intelligible, reflects the extreme subtlety of writing precise details that resemble both the structure of a short story and a poem, and allows to create intertextualities with the poetry of Manuel Bandeira and Carlos Drummond de Andrade. Through this cut, this analysis aims at valuing the decided insertion of the author, editor and graphic designer Ana Luisa Escorel in the book market, through a narrative that disagrees with most of the contemporary fiction works produced in the country, whose domain is still markedly masculine.

DEPICTION OF WOMEN IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN AND BRITISH FICTION

It was time of nineteenth century when women writers used to have male pennames for publication. Theme of marriage and society were prevalent in both American and British society. It was a microcosm of its own as women readers used to write about their life through the eyes of women writers. This phenomenon is historical as it stands between Mary Wollstonecraft, arguably the first feminist thinker and Virginia Woolf, arguably the most famous one. Changing times in the second half of nineteenth century was affecting the sensibility and religious clutches on society. It was also affecting notions of patriarchy. Writings of the time ought to reflect that. However, author also presumes a gender of her or his own before writing. That makes her or his gendering of character political and biased. But honest portrayals are important for examining depictions of women in a particular time. This paper aims to analyse two popular writers of the age, a female and a male, to understand the changing notions regarding patriarchy. American novelist Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) have been written important social novels like novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Her novels features cast of female characters from the contemporary times. Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, was a British writer writing detective fiction who used to portray his contemporary society. He also uses female characters in her stories. This paper aims to study works of both novelist employing methodologies of close reading and comparative literature to see how depiction of women in nineteenth century America and British fiction changes and what are the reasons for it.

Przekład eklogi pierwszej, O szlachetnej miłości i szczęśliwym jej zakończeniu (De honesto amore et felici eius exitu), ze zbioru Adolescentia Baptysty Mantuana

A Translation of the First Eclogue “Honorable love and its happy outcome” (De honesto amore et felici eius exitu) from the Adolescentia by Battista the Mantuan The article presents a translation of the first eclogue from the 15th-century collection of bucolics Adolescentia by Battista the Mantuan (1447–1516). The eclogue, entitled De honesto amore et felici eius exitu, is supplemented by an introduction and commentary. To this day, two critical editions of the work have been published: by Wilfred Mustard (1911) in English, and by Andrea Severi (2010) in Italian. The introduction presents the author’s biography and gives a brief description of the whole collection, in particular the eclogue under discussion. The Italian poet Battista the Mantuan was a Carmelite and became Blessed of the Catholic Church. A prolific writer, he is best known for his Adolescentia, a collection of bucolics created at a young age, edited and expanded later. Published originally in 1498, Adolescentia quickly gained popularity among readers and were established as school reading. Other issues discussed in the introduction include the sources of Mantuan’s inspiration, the role of the collection in education and in the Reformation, as well as the reception of Adolescentia. It is also pointed out that the first eclogue should be seen in a wider context of Renaissance eclogues exploring the theme of marriage. The interpretation of the eclogue offered in the article draws on its biblical and ancient sources, i.e. the Book of Ruth and Virgil’s eclogues, respectively, as well as the conventions of the genre, especially of elegy, that affected its form.

БРАЧНАЯ ТЕМА В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ ПОЭМАХ О РЫЦАРЕ С ЛЕБЕДЕМ: К ВОПРОСУ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫХ МОТИВОВ В ЛИТЕРАТУРНОМ ТЕКСТЕ

The article is devoted to the evolution of the “plot about the Swan Knight” in the French and German epic and romance traditions. The transformation and functioning of motives borrowed from folklore and included in the narrative at a certain stage in the existence of the plot are considered. The borrowing of folklore motives is associated with the presence of a marriage theme in the plot. In the French epic tradition, which has received a book existence, the story of the Swan Knight expands due to the motive of the search for the lost spouse. In the German tradition, you can see the influence of the fairy tale plot about the snake fighter. It is concluded that the appearance of folklore motifs in the narrative entails a plot transformation, in many respects similar to the development of the corresponding plot types in folklore (for example, the transition from an archaic myth to a classic fairy tale about a fantastical spouse). At the same time, in the literary tradition, there is a partial destruction of the opposition “friend or foe”, which has a different semantics in medieval books, different from folklore. In the French tradition, the spatial opposition of the “historical” and the sacred world is of particular importance; in German monuments, the opposition “friend or foe” is interpreted from the point of view of the conformity or inconsistency of the characters’ behavior with courtly values.