Unique Text Research Articles

М. Қашқаридің «Дивани лұгат-ит түрк» еңбегіндегі түркі ойындары және олардың түркі халықтарының мәдениетіндегі орны

The monument «Diwani Lugat at-Turk» M. Kashgari is a unique text that reveals the rich culture and language of the medieval Turks. The game is an important part of the culture, spiritual and practical activities of the Turkic people. The article is devoted to the analysis of the and the text of the monument, the author of the article explores equestrian and children’s games that were popular in the medieval era and have continuity with the modern games of the Turkic people. The significance of the article is shown in the fact that for the author through various language units identifies the main structural components of equestrian and children’s games, carries out language and historical and cultural analysis of games captured in the monument. These games include Shogen (Polo), zhambi ATU (archery), horse racing, games in asychki, games in nuts, hide and seek, games with animal horns. The last children’s game is a cultural definition of the monument, as it is characteristic only for that time. Keywords: M. Kashgari, «Diwani Lugat at-Turk», game, Polo, archery, horse racing, children’s games: jump games, nut games, hide and seek, games with animal horns.

Muḥammad Fużūlī’s The Debate of Weed and Wine (Beng ü Bāde) Revisited: Towards a New Interpretation

Muḥammad Fużūlī’s (d. 1556) Beng ü Bāde (The Debate of Weed and Wine), a short narrative poem written sometime between 1510 and 1524 by one of the outstanding authors of the classical Turkish literary tradition, has induced many scholars to come forward with an interpretation. A common feature of all these attempts is that they look at Fużūlī’s work as a unique text and tend to forget that there are two other versions of the story. Yūsuf Amīrī’s Beng ü Çaġır was written in Central Asian Turkic in the early fifteenth century and the recently found Esrār-nāme was composed in Ottoman. The present paper aims to give a short description of the Esrār-nāme and provide the reader with a new interpretation of Fużūlī’s Beng ü Bāde, in light of the comparative analysis of the three texts.

Sounding the Dream: Crosscultural Reverberations between Can Xue and Jorge Luis Borges

Sounding the Dream: Crosscultural Reverberations between Can Xue and Jorge Luis Borges Astrid Møller-Olsen Though her writing style is strikingly individual, critics often compare the work of Can Xue (née Deng Xiaohua, 1953–) to that of Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) (Bachner 170; Chen; McCandish 2), an author whose writing she has analyzed in detail in her monograph Interpreting Borges (解读博尔赫斯). This volume is itself a textual chimera, posing as a work of criticism yet possessing a similar literary style and freedom to Can Xue’s creative writing. Borges approaches literary criticism and philosophical exegesis in a similar fashion in his works of non-fiction, many of which follow narrative patterns recognizable from his short stories in what Ned J. Davidson calls “a successful amalgam of fiction and essay” and proclaims as “an acknowledged contribution of Borges to the history of genres” (1). Both authors, then, display a disinclination to separate practices of reading and writing. This article uses Gaston Bachelard’s aural metaphor of poetic reverberation to study how literary inspiration works in ways that are more complex than the causal relationship indicated by authorial inspiration or, in aural terms, by source and echo. In his essay “A New Refutation of Time,” Borges refers specifically to the dream sequence in Zhuangzi’s butterfly parable, and this oneiric motif serves as the guiding image in the following analysis of the poetic reverberations between Zhuangzi, Borges, and Can Xue. Merely tracing the chronology of the dream as a literary motif from Zhuangzi to Borges to Can Xue would overlook the unique contributions of each writer, into whose texts several sources of conscious and unconscious inspirations blend and weave together. By contrast, the metaphor of reverberation demonstrates how literary imagery can resound in the instance of reading as a crosscultural and crosstemporal poetic experience. This article takes its cue from Wai Chee Dimock’s aural understanding of literary dynamics that focus on texts as emerging phenomena, which fail to preserve any fixed shape due to the changing context of reading, [End Page 463] as well as her designation of the reading experience, rather than the end of the writing process or the date of publication, as the birth of the text (1061).1 She asserts that “the literary […] is not an attribute resident in the text, but a relation, a form of engagement, between a changing object and a changing recipient, between a tonal presence and the way it is differently heard over time” (1064). It is this essential relation between practices of writing and reading as co-creating the text that I intend to explore by employing Bachelard’s holistic approach to reading as a process in which the text reverberates between writer and reader in a moment of intersubjectivity (Poetics of Space 9).2 In his introduction to The Poetics of Space, Bachelard uses two auditory terms to describe poetic affect. For him, the mindful appreciation of a poem is an instance of resonance, in which the poetic imagery resonates with the reader’s own memories and prior knowledge. In contrast to this conscious aesthetics, he posits the immediate affect of a strong poetic image as “reverberation,” in which the experience is not a subjective response to the text but a precognitive and spontaneous interaction between reader and text: “The poetic image is not subject to an inner thrust. It is not an echo of the past. On the contrary: through the brilliance of an image, the distant past resounds with echoes” (2). Unlike the aural linearity of resonance, with the poetic image as a catalyst that activates memory, poetic reverberation describes a melting together of author and reader in an instant of textual unity: In the resonance we hear the poem, in the reverberation, we speak it, it is our own. The reverberations bring about a change of being. It is as though the poet’s being were our being. The multiplicity of resonances then issues from the reverberations’ unity of being. (7) The poetic image is not an object conferred from author to reader, but a “specific reality” (4) that they both momentarily share. The initial reverberation, then, is a holistic textual experience, followed by a...

DISCOURSE THROUGH THE LENS OF DIALOGISM (ON THE BASIS OF AMERICAN LATE-NIGHT SHOW)

The study focuses on the problem of discourse, one of the most multifaceted and complex phenomena in modern linguistics. In this article, discourse is analyzed as a medium in which the principle of dialogism is implemented, and the typical properties of discourse are viewed upon as a result of existence of dialogues within it. The purpose of the study is to identify the intrinsic character of discourse in terms of dialogism. The article suggests a model of discourse space - time on the basis of American late - night show programs. Discourse space - time is a medium in which certain sphere -sources coexist, from which the author of the late - night show “selects” certain texts. These texts are dialogically associated with the text of the late - night show. The article analyzes the components of the discourse space - time model. Case - method, stylistic analysis, content analysis, narrative analysis, structural - functional method, and analysis of text information (factual, conceptual and subtextual - according to I.R.Gal’perin) are used to explore the ways of implementing inner and outer dialogues. Inner dialogue is seen in the paper as a dialogue realized on the level of the text and existing independently of whether this text is included in any discourse space - time and, finally, in discourse. In its turn, outer dialogue is the one that functions on the level of discourse space - time, which means that this dialogue is discursive. The article compares the notions “text”, “discourse space - time” and “discourse” from the point of view of dialogism and substantiates the reason for addressing the time component while studying discourse. It also analyzes the problem of evaluation, manifested in the discourse space - time of American late - night shows. The author makes a conclusion that discourse is not just a mathematical sum total of the texts existing within its limits: from the point of view of dialogic nature discourse is nothing but a super - textual unity emerging as a result of dialogization of its components.

CULTURAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CONTENT OF SCHOOL LITERARY EDUCATION: HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL DISCOURSE

The article notes that in the modern humanitarian paradigm of school literary education, competencies, the importance of a comprehensive approach to the use of cultural influence of related arts on the formation of a young personality is realized. The importance of using productive theoretical and methodological achievements of scientists on this problem for the effective development of modern theory and practice of teaching literature is substantiated. Scientific and methodical works of Ukrainian and foreign scholars (G. Belenky, T. Brazhe, V. Grechynska, E. Kolokoltseva, N. Miretska, Z. Starkova) on the problem of interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary interaction in school literary education are considered. It is proved that in the scientific and methodological work of Ukrainian and foreign scientists the method of complex use of related arts (painting, graphics, sculpture, music, cinema, etc) as effective means of implementing the culturological approach in the lessons of Russian literature is substantiated. It is emphasized that the optimal forms, methods and techniques of working with the means of related art proposed by leading scientists on the basis of their dialogical interaction contribute to the deepening of knowledge of literary and art history, students' comprehension of a literary work as a unique text of culture, specifics, the formation of skills to analyze and interpret literary works in an artistic context. It is concluded that the theoretical and methodological guidelines of scientists of the late twentieth century on this issue have become the basis for constructive and critical understanding of the problem of cultural orientation of the content of school literary education in the early XXI century.

Methods for Checking Graduate Qualifying Thesis for the Volume of Borrowing

The article is devoted to the issues of checking a graduate qualifying thesis for the volume of borrowed text and the problems of controlling the circumvention of this check. We considered some variants of widely used methods of verification bypass in MS Word documents, a method of the bypass, because of which a large amount of the unique text will take part in the verification. We analyzed various ways of implementing this method in MS Word documents and considered options for software and manual control of this method.

Improving Text Generation Through Introducing Coherence Metrics

Text-based interaction with the use of mobile devices is now ubiquitous, its main outlets being social networks, messengers, email conversations, virtual assistants, accessibility applications, etc. Its status implies the need to facilitate text input by the user and to devise ways to provide verbal feedback. In this paper, we discuss a method of unique text generation for mobile devices and its evaluation methodology as a solution for both stated challenges. We consider the opportunities given by the use of context (location, weather, scheduled events, etc.), limitations in terms of computational resources and data usage, and the inherent subjectivity of creative task assessment given the number of possibly acceptable outputs. The comparison with other text generation approaches shows that the use of coherence metrics helps to achieve higher quality in terms of human perception. The Spearman correlation between the values of the proposed coherence metric and the human assessment of text readability is 0.86, which indicates the high quality of the metrics and the effectiveness of the method as a whole.

A intertextualidade camoniana em "...Onde Vaz, Luís?" (1983) de Jaime Gralheiro ou Luís Vaz de Camões revisitado no teatro português contemporâneo

O objetivo do artigo é a comparação d’Os Lusíadas (1572) de Luís Vaz de Camões e de ...Onde Vaz, Luís (1983) de Jaime Gralheiro, mostrando os processos do enxerto narrativo de um padrão epopeico no hipertexto dramático, obrado através de “um mosaico de citações”. Trata-se de uma transformação genérica muito produtiva estética e ideologicamente, com traços visíveis de paródia, disfarce, pastiche, transposição narrativa de mais de um texto só e de muitos escritores quinhentistas portugueses (inclusive Fernão Mendes Pinto, António Ferreira, Pedro de Andrade Caminha, Damião de Góis, Gil Vicente) vinculados a uma peça jocosa, tanto trágica como grotesca, concebida segundo a crítica social e de cariz ideológico Brechteano. O artigo apresenta uma mostra de múltiplas relações entre o hipotexto primário e os textos dele derivados, patenteando o fim do texto em causa em muitas obras e literatura portuguesa de vários autores de romances e peças de teatro. O heróico hipotexto vs. os hipertextos são desdobrados em refabulações dramáticas e novelescas pós-modernas (José Saramago inclusive!). Um outro estudo ainda do imaginário ao abrigo da revisitação de literatura portuguesa é possível em relação à história contemporânea e à existência humana, com as fronteiras espácio-temporais e géneros literários apagados na “lotaria intertextual” de Camões e seus avatares quanto aos autores ficcionais e protagonistas. Um diagnóstico do hic et nunc (agora mesmo!) está a ser produzido de um modo metodologicamente consistente segundo os clássicos, de intertextualidade focalizada na dramaturgia e escrita romanesca em Portugal no ocaso do milénio antecedente, com a revolução dos cravos no pano de fundo e o corolário da pós- -democracia acompanhando o processo analítico empreendido.

A Computational Approach to Source Adaptation in Thomas Malory’s <i>Morte Darthur</i>

The many source texts that late medieval adaptors like Thomas Malory worked with constitute a potential wealth of information concerning the genesis of the linguistic and stylistic features shaping their works. As a result, their texts provide a useful framework for further developing and testing methods of stylometric analysis in the context of adaptation as a collaborative form of authorship. Our interdisciplinary team has undertaken a stylometric analysis of the eight different sections of Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur, in order to identify differences between these sections and how they correspond to the language of the Old French and Middle English sources that Malory is known to have worked with in the different sections of his work. Our findings provide a basis for addressing unresolved scholarly questions concerning Malory’s Morte, such as the nature of the source used for his “Tale of Sir Gareth” and whether Malory himself was responsible for the differences between the two surviving versions of his “Roman War” episode in Book II of the Morte. They further shed light on ongoing controversies concerning the overall textual unity of the Morte and the process by which Malory created the different sections of his work—an issue that lies at the heart of broader debates concerning where Malory and other late medieval adaptors are to be situated on the continuum between “faithful translator” and “original author.”

Emil Cioran – with Marin Sorescu

Abstract Marin Sorescu”s trips to Paris meant, each time, meeting Emil Cioran. The spiritual closeness between the two so different personalities develops over the years, as prooved by the numerous notes in the diaries of the Romanian poet. Despite the political restrictions of the regime, Marin Sorescu promotes Emil Cioran’s work in Romania, in the magazines of the time and in volumes. About his appreciation is written also in the correspondence between the two of them, we publish here some unique texts kept in the archive of Sorescu family.

Ay, Neferti, Nakhtmin and Ameny

Summary During his reign, King Ay had a speos built in Akhmim, known as the speos of el-Salamuni. Its façade displays a monumental inscription, which contains a long eulogy to the king uttered by the overseer of works, Nakhtmin. For the composition of this inscription, its author had recourse to the Prophecy of Neferti. This paper investigates the ways and means of this recourse. First, el-Salamuni’s inscription is transliterated, deconstructed, and translated. Then, locutions and verb forms belonging to the first part of the inscription and of the Prophecy of Neferti are compared. This comparison shows that whilst conceiving a unique text, the author of the inscription used locutions and verb forms specific to the Prophecy to compose a text structured like it, thereby allowing the reader to readily call the Prophecy to the mind. A lexical comparison of both texts completes this examination. Next, an investigation of Ay’s deeds related in the inscription reveals the importance of the notion of benefactions (ȝḫ.t), with the speos of el-Salamuni being an exemplification of what being ȝḫ means for the king. Furthermore, although Ay’s deeds praised by Nakhtmin in his eulogy look like a collection of random deeds, they do in fact illustrate different facets of the one pivotal and dominant deed that is central to Ay’s actions: the restoration of communication between the gods, the king and the people, for which purpose the speos happens to be a medium. This investigation also shows that by recourse to the Prophecy, Ay is made into a messianic king, likened to Ameny. Then, in order to explore the reason of the recourse to the Prophecy of Neferti, the speeches of Neferti and Nakhtmin are considered in relation to each other. Based on their common witnessing function, it can be deduced that the author of the inscription considered Neferti to be a true prophecy. This leads to the question of the genre of the Prophecy and of el-Salamuni’s inscription. It is proposed that the inscription is an epideictic text. For convincingly classifying el-Salamuni’s inscription as a rhetorical epideictic composition coming under the Aristotelian rhetoric, the essential features of this genre are sought. As a matter of fact, an audience, a kairos, an appropriate ethos for the speaker, an argumentation founded on the logos, but also a strong pathos, can be characterised. As for the thesis of the discourse, it is understood that if the communication with the gods is restored and if the people take advantage of it, it is thanks to Ay’s personal values. The temporality of Nakhtmin’s encomium, who relates events from his present, the focus of the text on virtue, as well as its dispositio, complete the list of the essential features of an epideictic composition. In conclusion, the notion of propaganda is reassessed, and el-Salamuni’s inscription as an epideictic text reinstated as a long-term socio-political discourse, as a composition admittedly aimed at establishing absolute confidence of the audience in Ay, but also at reinforcing social cohesion and cultural identity, a function probably required after the Amarna Period.

Systemic cohesion in social media conversations: Cases on Facebook and Twitter

As a new way of communication, social media conversations on the Internet do have some characteristics that are different from common face-to-face conversations. One of the differences lies in the existence of systemic cohesion in addition to the established conventional cohesion. Systemic cohesion is a form of structural and textual unity which is generated by the system of a social media platform and is not available in offline discourse. This article is aimed at describing the phenomena of systemic cohesion of social media conversations, particularly on Facebook and Twitter, by analyzing them based on the classification of cohesive devices made by Halliday and Hasan (1976, 1985). In general, systemic cohesion can be distinguished into structural and textual cohesion. The former is represented by the functions of conversation components, indentation, and vertical line whereas the latter is implemented in the form of mention and hashtag. Facebook and Twitter share both similarities and differences in either case.

Ancient Prophecy: Near Eastern, Biblical, and Greek Perspectives

Ancient Prophecy: Near Eastern, Biblical, and Greek Perspectives

Fanowskie praktyki autorskie. Rewolucja autorstwa zbiorowego

<p><span>Artykuł analizuje dotychczasowe ujęcia autorstwa w badaniach nad fandomem. Następnie skupia się na autorstwie w ramach twórczości fanowskiej. Rozpoznaje tutaj zbiorowy i intertekstualny wymiar fanowskiego autorstwa, który uznać można za model alternatywny wobec dominującego rynkowego określania autorstwa jako samotnej praktyki prowadzącej do powstania unikatowego tekstu. W efekcie podważona zostaje dominująca pozycja tak ustrukturowanego autorstwa. Ujawniony zostaje także subwersywny potencjał fanowskich praktyk twórczych jako umożliwiających przeformułowanie postromantycznego autorstwa i opartego na nim ekspansywnego prawa autorskiego.</span></p>

"The Coke side of life": uma análise semiolinguística de peças publicitárias desencannadas

O presente artigo tem por finalidade analisar peças publicitárias fictícias, criadas pelo site de humor Desencannes, tentando decifrar quais foram as estratégias linguístico-discursivas elencadas para fazer parte da cena enunciativa, pelos sujeitos desencannados, a fim de fazer com que seus leitores se tornem cúmplices do que foi dito. Para que tal análise se dê, explorar-se-ão alguns fundamentos da Teoria Semiolinguística de Análise do Discurso, proposta por Patrick Charaudeau, como é o caso dos conceitos de contrato de comunicação, de visadas discursivas e, ainda, o conceito de pathos, esse último recuperado da tradição aristotélica, visto que a publicidade desencannada pretende causar alguma reação patêmica em seu leitor. Também recorrer-se-á a estudos relativos às publicidades canônicas, propostos por Monnerat (2013, 2003), Carvalho (1996) e Pinto (1997), com a finalidade de demonstrar quais foram as estratégias do discurso publicitário mimetizadas pelo discurso desencannado e quais foram, por outro lado, aquelas colocadas em xeque. Logo, à medida que se analisa o referido discurso, pode-se perceber que se trata de um texto singular, uma vez que desconstrói o universo do sério criado pela publicidade canônica, afinal, quebra paradigmas, desconstrói lugares-comuns e estabelece um novo modo de fazer humor, usando a publicidade.

A Study on Data Hiding Technique Using Prime Numbers

In a globe full of communications, it is necessary to guard the data in arrange to make certain the isolation of the users. There is a lot of responsive data present in the mesh and it requirements. A novel data hitting technique is future, as an development over the Fibonacci LSB data-hiding technique. The traditional LSB technique is the simplest, but using this method it is promising to implant only in few bit-planes, since picture excellence becomes radically misshapen when embed in higher bit-planes. Battista et al. proposed an development over this by using Fibonacci putrefaction modus operandi and generate a deferent set of practical bit-planes all mutually, thereby growing the numeral of bit-planes. we propose two new hashing functions, prime modulo and odd-multiplier displacement, that are resistant to pathological behaviour and yet are able to eliminate the worst-case disagreement performance in the L2 cache. We show that these two schemes can be implemented in fast hardware using a set of thin totalling operation, with insignificant disintegration in the L2 hoard. We assess the scheme on 23 reminiscence intensive applications. It produces different secret message text for the same plain text which confuses the hacker to attain the unique text and makes it near impossible to break it.

A Novel Text Sample Selection Model for Scene Text Detection via Bootstrap Learning

Text detection has been a popular research topic in the field of computer vision. It is difficult for prevalent text detection algorithms to avoid the dependence on datasets. To overcome this problem, we proposed a novel unsupervised text detection algorithm inspired by bootstrap learning. Firstly, the text candidate in a novel form of superpixel is proposed to improve the text recall rate by image segmentation. Secondly, we propose a unique text sample selection model (TSSM) to extract text samples from the current image and eliminate database dependency. Specifically, to improve the precision of samples, we combine maximally stable extremal regions (MSERs) and the saliency map to generate sample reference maps with a double threshold scheme. Finally, a multiple kernel boosting method is developed to generate a strong text classifier by combining multiple single kernel SVMs based on the samples selected from TSSM. Experimental results on standard datasets demonstrate that our text detection method is robust to complex backgrounds and multilingual text and shows stable performance on different standard datasets.

Mszał jako księga liturgiczna: geneza i ewolucja

A direct inspiration for this study has been the publication of the monumental work The Manuscripts of Pre-Tridentine Missals. A Summary Catalogue by Andrzej Wojciech Suski, Bishop Emeritus of Torun. Like the previous publication regarding the sacramentaries, this book is the fruit of a truly Benedictine work of the last quarter of the century. The catalogues prepared by the first Bishop of Torun are the unique texts which constitute invaluable help for researchers of the history of the liturgy, in particular. In this study we will present the genesis and evolution of the Missal. Before the Missal appeared as a uniform liturgical book intended for the celebration of the Eucharist, many books, such as sacramentaries, lectionaries, evangeliaries graduals and antiphonaries, as well as texts containing rubrics for the Mass had been used in the celebration of the Eucharist. They functioned as separate books for the bishop and the presbyter (the sacramentary), the subdeacon (the lectionary), the deacon (the evangeliary) and the singing group (gradual). In the ninth century, the process of combining these books into one liturgical text began, which resulted in the creation of a complete missal (missale plenarium, missale completum). This missal included rubrics indicating the rules which govern the celebration of the liturgy (ordines). A direct inspiration for this study has been the publication of the monumental work The Manuscripts of Pre-Tridentine Missals. A Summary Catalogue by Andrzej Wojciech Suski, Bishop Emeritus of Torun. Like the previous publication regarding the sacramentaries, this book is the fruit of a truly Benedictine work of the last quarter of the century. The catalogues prepared by the first Bishop of Torun are the unique texts which constitute invaluable help for researchers of the history of the liturgy, in particular. In this study we will present the genesis and evolution of the Missal. Before the Missal appeared as a uniform liturgical book intended for the celebration of the Eucharist, many books, such as sacramentaries, lectionaries, evangeliaries graduals and antiphonaries, as well as texts containing rubrics for the Mass had been used in the celebration of the Eucharist. They functioned as separate books for the bishop and the presbyter (the sacramentary), the subdeacon (the lectionary), the deacon (the evangeliary) and the singing group (gradual). In the ninth century, the process of combining these books into one liturgical text began, which resulted in the creation of a complete missal ( missale plenarium, missale completum ). This missal included rubrics indicating the rules which govern the celebration of the liturgy ( ordines ). 800x600 Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;}

Assessment of Translators and Interpreters of Greek Language in the Ambassadorial Order in the Second Third of the 17th Century

The article raises the problem of checking the language skills of translators and interpreters who entered Ambassadorial order. Candidates for the post of Greek interpreter or translator usually passed the assessment, which was taken by experienced translators of the Ambassadorial order. The article deals with all cases of assessment of Greek language reflected in the columns of the RGADA funds from 1626 to 1666, including the practice of conducting a written examination. The unique texts of written assessment are fully presented and analyzed.

The invitatory antiphons inCantus sororum:a unique repertoire in a world of standard chant

ABSTRACTThis is the first study to examine the seven invitatory antiphons of the Birgittine weekly Office, theCantus sororum, offering complete transcriptions of the melodies and texts. An important general finding is that these invitatories share many melodic similarities with great responsories, but on a more detailed level this article investigates precisely how these chants relate to known models, both complete melodies as well as individual melodic motives. Four patterns of composition among theCantus sororuminvitatories emerge: (1) unique texts may be combined with melodies that resemble other known chants outside theCantus sororum;(2) texts and melodies that resemble other variants outside theCantus sororummay be combined in new ways; (3) both text and melody are unknown outside theCantus sororum.Overall, these invitatory antiphons, like the rest of theCantus sororum, represent creative work with existing melodies and texts, including reworkings, borrowings and consistent use of melodic motifs, comprising a significant part of a repertoire at once distinctly Birgittine in character and yet conforming to the common stock of Gregorian Chant. Melodic correspondences within theCantus sororumas well as in the Birgittine Mass repertoire thus afford an interesting perspective on a soundscape in which the Birgittines functioned and where, through music, their identity was created and maintained.