Text Level Research Articles

Преодоление инаковости в переводе: интернациональный презентационный дискурс высшей школы

This study examines the approaches to defining the notion of strangeness from the standpoints of philosophy, intercultural communication, and translation studies. Depending on intensity of axiological characteristics by such criteria as space, affiliation, trust, and compliance with linguistic norms, strangeness is verbalized by expanding the "own : : other – foreign" opposition. On the textual level, "otherness" and "foreignness" are characterized by borderline, subjective perception of the recipient; meanwhile, it is noted that the translation decision on overcoming strangeness is made directly by the translator as the initial recipient. Interactions with representatives of other countries and cultures are an active part of the academic discourse, defined by the authors as communication in the high school space and its educational, research, and sociocultural areas. This paper focuses on the international presentational discourse of high school, which implements its phatic tasks in the informative texts posted on an educational institutions website in the original and translated versions. As participants of the presentational discourse are inclined to have a dialog, strangeness tends to be perceived as a form of otherness. Its explication in translated texts is performed by full and functionally adequate translation of the units, such as realia, forms of address, neologisms, proper nouns, which communicate unique information and reflect linguacultural peculiarities.

Discourse analysis of fast food advertisements

This qualitative discourse analysis aimed to identify the different linguistic features used by fast food owners in their advertisements. This also explored the propaganda techniques found in fifteen (15) linguistic corpora and the meaning it communicated towards the target consumers. Data revealed that on the textual level of analysis, fast food chain advertisements used direct address, imperatives, disjunctive syntax, positive adjectives and personal pronouns. On the discursive level of analysis, the different propaganda techniques were celebrity endorsement, weasel words, promotional advertising, bribe, facts and statistics, bandwagon, advertising jingles and target audience. Fast-food chains are preferred by many people especially working or busy person, they find it advantageous because they serve food very fast, cheap, and easily replace home-cooked meals. The issues concerning fast food today are the health concerns in which their food menus are cooked by a large amount of oil and butter that tends to be high in fat, sugar and sodium. People today, particularly teenagers and kids are so obsessed with fast foods and are willing to go to great lengths to achieve their desires. Fast-food advertisements can control or power over consumers.

«Как будто судьбами своими мы поменялися с тобой»: творческий диалог Н.С. Гумилева и С.М. Городецкого

The article examines the poems of N.S. Gumilyov and S.M. Gorodetsky, forming an artistic dialogue that reflects the development of their literary relations during the existence of the literary association “The Guild of Poets” and Acmeism founded by them. It is noted that most of this dialogue is presented on the pages of the literary magazine “Hyperborean” (1912–1913), which was the printing organ of “The Guild”. The aim of the work is to show how the theoretical provisions of Acmeism are embodied in the works of its leaders dedicated to each other. The unifying idea of Gorodetsky’s poems “Since in Flame and Smoke…” and Gumilyov’s “To Departing One” is the idea of exchanging the fates. It is intended to demonstrate to demonstrate the dialectical unity of two syndics’ aesthetic views, in a situation where mutual influence transforms the personality and creativity of both poets. It is shown for the first time that the intensification of contradictions between Acmeists led to the destruction of this dialogue, which at the textual level was reflected in the change of the named poems when they were re-published in a book edition. It is concluded that there is a significant difference between the magazine and book versions of the works, which arises both by changing the text and by placing it in a new context. As a result, the semantic connections of the poem with its original environment are leveled. Since the book of poems, as a rule, publishes the final version of the work, this allows the author to exclude its original version from the literary process.

Метатекст в художественном дискурсе постмодерна: когнитивно-прагматический аспект

The aim of the research is to determine the cognitive and pragmatic features of metatext in postmodern artistic discourse. The scientific novelty of the research lies in studying the explicit and implicit ways of implementing metatext in postmodern artistic discourse, functioning at different textual levels, as well as in determining the pragmatic features of metatextual elements. As a result of the research, the cognitive-pragmatic characteristics of metatextual elements have been clarified, allowing the author to model the process of the emergence and functioning of the reader’s associations about a literary text and its correlation with other texts, as well as to program the impact on the supposed addressee.

Contribution of oral narrative textual competence and spelling skills to written narrative textual competence in bilingual language-minority children and monolingual peers.

This study investigates the developmental pattern and relationships between oral narrative textual skills, spelling, and written narrative textual skills in monolingual and bilingual language-minority (BLM) children, L1-Chinese and L2-Italian. The aims were to investigate in monolingual and BLM children: (1) the developmental patterns of oral and writing skills across primary school years; (2) the pattern of relationships (direct and mediated) between oral narrative textual competence, spelling skills, and written narrative textual competence with age and socio-economic status (SES) taken under control. In total, 141 primary school children from grades 2 to 5 in Central Italy (44% BLM, 56% monolinguals) aged between 7 and 11 years (M-age = 8.59, SD = 1.13; 41% girls, 59% boys) obtained scores for oral and written narrative textual competence, spelling accuracy in dictation, and written texts. One-way ANOVA and ANOVA with robust method (Welch test) analyses and Bonferroni’s correction showed that BLM children had poorer spelling skills in dictation and written narrative textual competence (i.e., text structure) than their monolingual peers. After preliminary correlation analysis, the results of hierarchical regression showed that the relationship between oral and written narrative textual competence is completely mediated by spelling accuracy in BLM children. These results suggest that adequate performance in written narrative textual competence depends on adequate spelling accuracy in writing stories. The Sobel test verified the power of this mediation. In monolinguals, the strongest predictor of written narrative textual competence is oral narrative textual competence. This relation is stronger in older children whose spelling skills are automatized. The identified pattern of relationships shows a complex network of oral and written processes. The scarce spelling skills characterizing BLM children may explain why spelling skills determine a low written narrative textual level. Scarce spelling skills absorb cognitive resources, hindering high-level cognitive processes that regulate narrative production. In monolinguals, the medium of writing does not impact narrative textual competence. Children’s oral narrative textual competence easily transfers into their written narrative productions. These findings have implications for the assessment and instruction of literacy skills in young BLM children and their monolingual peers.

Narrating the Belt and Road Education Policy: A Critical Policy Discourse Analysis.

This article analyzes the China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) education policy using a critical policy discourse approach. At the textual level, this paper focuses on policy framing by identifying how diagnostic (problem definition), prognostic (solutions), and motivational (rationales) framings are described in two foundational BRI education policy documents. Next, six additional policy documents are selected to construct a discursive totality to understand how framings are linked to and embedded within the broader discursive practice of policy documents. The interpretations of these framings are viewed through the lens of policy driver, lever, and value. Finally, a macro-sociological analysis aimed at explanatory and normative critique shows that BRI education is embedded in the discourses of national rejuvenation and China’s aspirations to become a global leader of an alternative global governance and order. The paper ends with a discussion postulating that the BRI education policy’s success depends on various shifting domestic and geopolitical factors, from the growth of the Chinese economy and ideological struggles among the world’s major powers to grassroots reception or resistance to Chinese influence in BRI countries.

Наратив вини в „Кассандрі” Лесі Українки

The article is dedicated to the guilt narrative in Lesya Ukrainka’s “Cassandra” (1907). The purpose of the research is to trace how this narrative gets actualized and how it functions on different textual levels and from different optic standpoints: linguistic, mythological, social, and philosophical. The core principle of analysis is a holistic approach that makes a versatile, multi-level and multi-vector interpretation of the text possible, so, this is attracting it within a wider European cultural and philosophical context and changing the horizons for its interpretation. It is pointed out that guilt narrative is a through one, and it gets specific cultural contexts, intertextual connections, sense models and linguistic embodiments at each of the researched levels. Hence, it may be said that different aspects of this narrative are relatively autonomous and can be viewed as absolutely different and self-sufficient linguistic and semantic fields. The linguistic level of guilt brings you into the problem field of the spoken and unspeakable, a cognitive dissonance between the said/unsaid and perceived. The mythological aspect of guilt introduces the context of ancient (hence, all Western European) literature, shows the procedural nature of the mythological and literary image of Cassandra. The social aspect of guilt makes indubitable the antinomy of individual and social, victim and self-sacrifice, the problem of Other and Otherness, as the reverse side of self-identification. The philosophical dimension of guilt is disclosed in the background of re-interpreted myth phenomenon, anthropological dimension of mythological and literary connections. It is emphasized that the researched aspects complement and deepen each other at the same time. It is directing the through narrative of guilt from classical ancient literary interpretations of the myth about Cassandra towards the modern European re-interpretation of the very concept of the myth, from the ancient myth history to the universal human code. And Lesya Ukrainka’s “Cassandra” is not just exemplifying an attempt of making a literary search, the researcher’s and writer’s interest in the ancient materials, and also constitutes a way of personal myth manifestation and the search of Ukrainian national identity via the European context.

ANTONYMY AS A MEANS OF PORTRAITING SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN THE DRAMATIC POEM "IN THE CATACOMBS" BY LESYA UKRAINKA

The purpose of the scientific research, the results of which are described in this article, is to identify and analyze the facts of antonymy, by using which Lesya Ukrainka creates a contractive image of social inequality between persons who are characters in the dramatic poem "In the Catacombs", and to determine the specificity of this language and artistic medium in the author's picture of the world. The object of study are lexemes and replicas that illuminate the social background of relations between representatives of the ancient Roman society during the era of persecution of Christians. The subject of this study is the functioning mechanisms of the revealed antonymic language mediums in the dramatic poem "In the Catacombs" and their role in creating the social space of this work. The methods of sociolinguistic, semantic and contrastive analysis, as well as the descriptive method, are applied. The result of the analysis is the identification of facts of artistic antonymy in the replicas of the characters, primarily the Christian bishop and the neophyte slave, in the dispute about social justice. Some conclusions were made, in particular: antonymy is the leading artistic device of the dramatic poem "In the Catacombs", by using which Lesya Ukrainka highlights the God-loving positions of people who disagree with social inequality in society and are ready to fight for social fairness; antonym pairs in the work are distinguished at the lexical, phraseological and textual levels; the main conflicting antonym pair in this poem is SLAVE ≠ FREE. Socially conditioned antonymous pairs MAN ≠ WOMAN; CHRISTIAN ≠ PAGAN; GOD / KING ≠ HUMAN also intensify the conflict.

“SO GOOD WOMEN ARE THE OBEDIENT…” : AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TRANSLATED QURANIC VERSES REGARDING WOMEN

Examining the translations of Quranic verses related to women might clarify claims that Islam oppresses women, and in which women are abused and deprived of their rights. Furthermore, the outcomes of a translation process can be influenced by different choices, which may lead to loss or gain in meaning. In this study, five of the more known and comprehensive verses pertaining to women were selected via purposive sampling and their English renditions by two translators were analyzed using a model of translation criticism proposed by Farahzad (2012). The translations by M.M. Pickthall (1930) and S.M. Sarwar (2011) formed part of the corpus. Ibn Kathir’s (2003) exegesis was utilized to determine each verse’s meaning/interpretation. The renditions were compared against the original (Arabic) versions, and analyzed at the textual level subsumed under the dimension of translational choices. The analysis also took into account the translators’ different backgrounds; instances of disparity are apparent in terms of translational choices and a portion may be inferred to have occurred because of the translators’ backgrounds. However, these instances are minimal. Overall, the findings indicate disparities in choice of lexis, grammar, and translation strategies. Literal translation was also found to be a dominant strategy, in addition to inaccuracies in meaning conveyance. To date, there is no available translational research similar to the present study in terms of corpus and design. This study and its findings are of relevance not only to religious units, but also to translators, educators and scholars engaged in language and translational research.

De/reterritorialising the historical context of translated non-fiction: a somatic approach to the two versions of River Town

ABSTRACT The transnarrated non-fiction should provide a reliable historical narration in terms of ethical, political or socio-cultural considerations. However, restoring a truthful historical context requires beyond the linguistic conversion and aesthetic expression; instead, it involves a myriad of the translatorial somatic attributes. Owing to the translatorial somatic participation, the translated non-fiction is a product co-constructed by writers and translators, and the fusion of their shared memories, feeling and experience become an essential factor for the de/reterritorialisation of the historical context. Thus, re-assembled discursive patterns of transnarrated perspective, focalisation and voice may cause the un/relability of becoming. The book River Town is an autobiographical writing of Peter Hessler's nostalgic transculturation in Fuling, China. Owing to the translatorial somatic familiarity with the story, the local Fuling translator Li Xueshun's version turns out to reconstruct a more vivid and truthful description of the historical context. On the other hand, without an intimate bond of translatorial somatic involvement, Wu Meizhen's version gives rise to an unreliable historical context. This study returns to the discussion of the 'fidelity principle' of translation on the contextual level rather than textual level, so as to reconsolidate the application of postmodernist thought in translation studies.

Assessing reading comprehension in CET-4: a cross-sectional case study

ABSTRACT Testing reading has always been indispensable in language tests. The present study aims to evaluate three parallel reading tests from the National College English Test Band Four (CET-4) in June 2021 in terms of reading ability orientations, text readability and its correlations with reading performances. The quantitative analysis reveals: (1) in Banked Cloze (BC), lexical items designed and examined were largely confined to an intrasentential level. Meanwhile, an either-or situation was found in each test on adverbs; (2) Matching prioritized the skill of scanning for explicit details; (3) Reading in Depth (RD) focused on comprehension of facts and details while seldom involved testing gists at textual levels; (4) text readability in the same question type among the three target tests was short of an expected internal consistency and (5) the correlation between test results and text readability in CET-4 reading comprehension (RC) was not absolute but dependent on question types. Based on findings derived, this study would hopefully offer some vital clues to a more scientific design and assessment of CET reading tests in both theory and practice. And it is also expected to shed some light on evaluating text readability from new perspectives.

SemMT: A Semantic-Based Testing Approach for Machine Translation Systems

Machine translation has wide applications in daily life. In mission-critical applications such as translating official documents, incorrect translation can have unpleasant or sometimes catastrophic consequences. This motivates recent research on the testing methodologies for machine translation systems. Existing methodologies mostly rely on metamorphic relations designed at the textual level (e.g., Levenshtein distance) or syntactic level (e.g., distance between grammar structures) to determine the correctness of translation results. However, these metamorphic relations do not consider whether the original and the translated sentences have the same meaning (i.e., semantic similarity). To address this problem, in this article we propose SemMT, an automatic testing approach for machine translation systems based on semantic similarity checking. SemMT applies round-trip translation and measures the semantic similarity between the original and the translated sentences. Our insight is that the semantics concerning logical relations and quantifiers in sentences can be captured by regular expressions (or deterministic finite automata) where efficient semantic equivalence/similarity checking algorithms can be applied. Leveraging the insight, we propose three semantic similarity metrics and implement them in SemMT. We compared SemMT with related state-of-the-art testing techniques, demonstrating the effectiveness of mistranslation detection. The experiment results show that SemMT outperforms existing metrics, achieving an increase of 34.2% and 15.4% on accuracy and F-score, respectively. We also study the possibility of further enhancing the performance by combining various metrics. Finally, we discuss a solution to locate the suspicious trip in round-trip translation, which provides hints for bug diagnosis.

Analysis of Rhetorical Appeals to Logos, Ethos and Pathos in ENL and ESL Research Abstracts

Based on Connor’s (1996) Contrastive Theory of Rhetoric, this study investigated the degree of the rhetorical appeals and their rhetorical devices in the English as a Native Language (ENL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) research abstract (RAs) from indexed journals. A mapping and selection table of rhetorical devices was introduced based on Aristotelian three elements in rhetoric to produce an effective discourse: i) three rhetorical appeals, ii) topoi, and iii) arrangement of text (Aristotle & Kennedy, 1991). The rhetorical model is also integrated with LIWC2015 psycholinguistic dimensions (Pennebaker, et al., 2015) and Compositionality Model (Bulté & Housen, 2018). The first Aristotelian element refers to three rhetorical appeals to logos, ethos, and pathos which were measured by three LIWC2015 summary variables of analytical thinking, clout and emotional tone respectively. Three rhetorical devices were identified at lexical-phrasal, sentential, and textual level for each rhetorical appeal which fulfilled the other two Aristotelian elements. In total, three summary domains with nine rhetorical devices were analysed in 480 RAs with LIWC2015 software and Readable.com online application. It was found that there are significant correlations among three rhetorical devices identified for each rhetorical appeal to logos, ethos, and pathos. Contrastive analysis revealed that ESL RAs were more rhetorically appealing to logos and pathos than ENL RAs. However, both groups of RAs did not show any significant difference in terms of their appeal to ethos. Finally, research implications and future research directions are also discussed.

Cinderella in Spain: Variations of the Story as Socio-Ethical Texts by Maria Fernández-Lamaque

Reviewed by: Cinderella in Spain: Variations of the Story as Socio-Ethical Texts by Maria Fernández-Lamaque Shannon Murphy (bio) Cinderella in Spain: Variations of the Story as Socio-Ethical Texts. By Maria Fernández-Lamaque. Foreword by John Stephens. McFarland, 2019. Cinderella in Spain: Variations of the Story as Socio-Ethical Texts is a collection of eleven essays that dives into the unexplored territory of Spanish Cinderella stories. Maria Fernández-Lamaque pulls from various literary genres to examine how they are representatives and reflections of Spanish history and culture. She explains that no scholarly work exists regarding the socio-ethical implications and depictions of Spanish Cinderella tales, therefore filling a gap in fairy tale genre analysis. Fernández-Lamaque's first chapter discusses "Estrellita do oro," which follows protagonist María as she moves from mistreated outsider to blessed chosen one. This chapter focuses in particular on physical branding and branding as enemy. The three steps of creating the enemy character—"renaming, replacing and erasing" (21)—show how María is othered by her family. Fernández-Lamaque also focuses on the star branding received by the kindly stranger, which acts as an othering branding, both positively and negatively impacting her societal standing. Censorship is the focus of chapter 2 as Fernández-Lamaque discusses the censorship of Cinderella-esque tales during the Franco rule in Spain. The 1930s post-war period began a time of female empowerment in Spain. Antoniorrobles, a prolific children's stories writer, was banned for his depictions of politics, religion, gender, and race. Fernández-Lamaque writes how he strove to provide progressive, androgynous, agnostic, and diverse stories, and she further discusses how Antoniorrobles "[broke] and [opposed], on a textual level, the social foundations as defined by the new regime" (30) in his tales. A popular trope within Cinderella tales is the use of disguise. In chapter 3, the use of the metaphorical mask is analyzed in the 1964 musical La nueva Cenicienta. Marisol uses metaphorical [End Page 127] masks to perform different roles: as starving girl to trigger compassion from others, as "beautiful princess who fights the injustices of poverty" (43), and as pseudo-mother figure. Fernández-Lamaque uses performance theory to discuss Marisol's different roles and masks, which ultimately reflect on the political and socio-economic culture of 1960s Spain. Chapter 4 analyzes Ana María Matute's award-winning novel Sólo un pie descalzo. She notes how "children in [Matute's] novels are the voice of a society in a state of division and rupture due to the Spanish Civil War" and how protagonist Gabriela's lost shoe and the doll with a missing leg represent "the idea of otherness and incompleteness" (55, 64). Through prosopopoeia and synecdoche, Fernández-Lamaque analyzes how Gabriela is able to exist and express herself in her environment. Fernández-Lamaque's fifth chapter focuses on the representation of queer Cinderella in María Felícitas Jaime's Cenicienta en Chueca. This chapter notes the rise in queer representation after the death of Franco in 1975, and the emergence of critical LGBTQ studies in Spain within the last two decades (66, 68). Jaime's nameless protagonist moves from the heteroperformative restraints of Peru and finds liberation in the cultural hub of Madrid as she explores her sexuality in the public sphere. Using Judith Butler's scholarship as framework, Fernández-Lamaque examines the importance of lesbian representation, the confinement of performance, and emergence of the LGBTQ voice within Cenicienta en Chueca. Chapter 6 examines the chick lit genre and the role Noé Martínez's novel Cenicienta siempre quiso un Wonderbra plays within it. Fernández-Lamaque "speculates on the stages of women as virgins, mothers, and lovers in a given culture as they fear emotional independence from men" as depicted by characters Paulina, Olvido, and Coro (11). Each woman focuses on her role in society, whether it be her physical embodiment, financial stability, or intimate relationships with men. The fixation on the Wonderbra uncovers "the figurative and physical prosthetics used by women to make an illusionary and fictive image of their bodies and themselves to fit the created beauty...

PECULIARITIES OF THE TRANSLATION OF PAUL CELAN'S POETRY INTO UKRAINIAN

Poetry translation is one of the most difficult tasks in the literary translation. It is an artistic process in which translators create qualitatively novel artistic spaces. As a unique creative endeavor, it is becoming an important research topic in translation studies. A considerable attention of investigators has been focused on the means of preserving in translation poets’ aesthetics, specific features of their linguistic and ethno-cultural character which are jointly the products of particular phonetic, stylistic, lexical and syntactic literary tools used in translation. Therefore, an important part of the current analysis is to determine specific features of the literary translation of poetry on phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, and textual levels. The goal of the current study is to examine distinctive features of the Ukrainian translations of Paul Celan’s work done by S. Zhadan, P. Rukhlo, and M. Fishbein. Namely, the study examines the specific literary tools used by the translators to convey the originals. It also aims at discovering unique stylistic features in the work of the translators. To reach the goal, we determined theoretical and methodological bases of the research domain, analyzed translations on the different linguistic levels, determined specific features of the individual style of the translators by using comparative translation, linguistic and contextual analyses. The study found that (a) the translators actively used transliteration, transcription, and adaptive transcoding; they used assonance and alliteration to preserve the gist and euphony of the original work; (b) there were changes in the grammatical number of nouns and uses of diminutive suffices to accurately transmit the original meanings; (c) lexis without available translation equivalents – the original author’s neologisms were translated using calqueing or the change of the lexical semantics; translators reproduced metaphors most of the time; they frequently used lexico-semantic methods of dispersion, addition, and substitution; constructions uncharacteristic for Ukrainian were adapted avoiding grammatical interference; to preserve melodic structure complex sentences were translated using sentences without conjunctions; (d) translators retained communicative functions present in the original work. There were a number of specific features in different translations known as individual stylistic features of translators: P. Rukhlo uses free (non-literal) translation, frequently utilizing a set of translation tools (addition, emphasizing connotation of depicted images, lexico-semantic switches); S. Zhadan often uses deletion in order not to overload the translated texts, dispersion, preserving the balance between the literal and free translation; M. Fishbein prefers literal translation, creating less euphonic texts, frequently uses calqueing or partial lexico-semantic substitution.

An Analysis of the Chinese Translation of the Health Article Bladder Control Check-Up from the Perspective of Dynamic Equivalence

In this paper, three excerpts from the Chinese translation of the English article Bladder Control Check-Up are examined and criticized based on the theory of dynamic equivalence. Three levels, namely lexical level, syntactic level, and textual level are introduced respectively to support the analysis of the translated text. After the analysis of the translation, an experimental survey is carried out to test the acceptability of the original translation and the translation processed under the concept of dynamic equivalence. It is envisaged that the analysis of translation issues with dynamic equivalence could raise the awareness of improving the quality of official translation for public health purposes.

«ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ РУССКАЯ ДРАМА»: ПРАКТИКИ САМОРЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ РОССИЙСКИХ ЭКСТРИМ-МЕТАЛ ГРУПП НА ПРИМЕРЕ SECOND TO SUN И L'HOMME ABSURDE

The study of national identity is an important part of metal music studies. Researchers examine through what images, words, and sounds it is formed in the work of various musical projects. The Russian extreme metal projects Second To Sun and L’Homme Absurde differ in terms of their stylistic characteristics, the themes and language of the lyrics, and the approach to the visual content. These bands are united by a manifestation of belonging to the Russian scene, which is implemented through specific ideas about Russian cultural products. The distinctive component of which, according to the musicians, are the concepts of Russian despair and Russian “chthon” (something gloomy and sinister, sometimes connected with Russian realities) or, as the leader of L’Homme Absurde puts it, “Russian drama” – a tragic situation, gloomy events and circumstances, often due to social context, that cause mental suffering. The paper explores how the concept is represented in the work of the selected projects, their self-description, and the listener’s perception on the textual, visual, and sonic levels; and how it forms their identity and allows musicians to position themselves on the Russian and international scenes.

Rhetoric of Belonging and Transnational Appropriation in the Development and Marketing of the Bulgarian Popular Feature Love.net

This article focuses on issues of representation and belonging, in an attempt to uncover how popular cinema in Bulgaria caters to national sensitivities while at the same time making the link with the global film industries. The Bulgarian popular feature Love.net (Ilian Djevelekov, 2011) is an example of the shift towards treating filmmaking in Bulgaria as a business as much as a cultural venture. It emerged as part of broader European trends, which put an emphasis on film development, marketing and stars, with the aim to counter Hollywood’s dominant market position. Love.net focuses on the role of the Internet as facilitating love, relations and communication in the contemporary world. On a textual level, and similarly to Love Actually (Richard Curtis, 2003), it explores the six degrees of separation theory, implicitly advocating for a world of interconnectedness. Contextually, Love.net created a sense of virtual belonging among the local online community, allowing them to participate in the film’s development and engage with its interactive marketing. Transnational stars provided a further point of contact and involvement. Through its mixed cast featuring home-grown and locally popular foreign actors, Love.net both channelled and challenged Hollywood, positioning European cinema as similar in glamour and attraction but different in identity.

"dit en dat" en "al daai goed": 'n Korpuslinguistiese ondersoek na pragmatiese merkers in gesproke Afrikaans

Pragmatiese merkers is 'n frekwente verskynsel van gesproke taal. Daar is egter nog baie min studies onderneem na pragmatiese merkers in Omgangsafrikaans. Pragmatiese merkers tree op as belangrike kontekstualiseringswenke deurdat dit gespreksgenote rig in terme van die relevansie van die uiting, en die spreker in staat stel om, op bondige wyse, 'n houding teenoor die proposisie van die uiting te openbaar. In hierdie studie word gefokus op 'n bepaalde tipe pragmatiese merker, naamlik vaekategoriemerkers (VKM's). Vaekategoriemerkers in Afrikaans is 'n meerwoordige leksikale eenheid, of woordkluster, wat as pragmatiese merker optree, byvoorbeeld "en goed" en "of iets". Hierdie ondersoek het ten doel om aan die hand van korpuslinguistiese metodes te bepaal watter vaekategoriemerkers in Omgangsafrikaans gebruik word en watter pragmatiese funksies dit verrig.

САТИРАЛЫҚ ШЫҒАРМАЛАРДАҒЫ ИРОНИЯНЫҢ ОРНЫ

Annotation. The article is devoted to the discussion of the place of irony in satirical works. The use of irony in the prose works of outstanding satirists of Kazakh literature is considered on the example of stories and feuilletons by A. Tokmagambetov, Sh. Smakhanuly, U. Uaydin, M. Rush. The function of irony in satirical works as a means of the author's assessment, the manifestation of a critical approach, the disclosure of contradictions is analyzed on specific examples. Through the use of irony in the author's narrative and in the statements of the hero, an attempt is made to evaluate the artistic function in the manifestation of evaluativeness, analyticity, and criticality. In addition, the features of the ironic meaning in the subtext are also differentiated using rhetorical techniques, such as allusion, periphrasis, and emphase. In the article, the function of irony in the expression of the author's point of view is characterized by the peculiarities of its application in satirical and humorous texts. It is also considered that in addition to the linguistic form of ironic meaning, objective, conceptual, associative forms are manifested at the textual level.