Textual Expression Research Articles

Otellere İlişkin Çevrimiçi Geribildirimlerin Makine Öğrenmesi Yöntemleriyle Duygu Analizi (Sentiment Analysis of Online Feedbacks on Hotels via Machine Learning Methods)

Purpose – Today, one of the ways to quickly understand the consumer is to analyse their feedbacks about the products or services of the business quickly and accurately. In this sense, understanding the sentiment in the feedback with computer-based techniques is one of the ways to be followed. Overlapping level between the sentiments hidden in the feedbacks of hotel customers and their ratings regarding the service they received from the hotel have been examined in this study. Design/methodology/approach – The method used in the research is machine learning-based sentiment analysis. The data set used consists of customer comments on 164 hotels in Antalya, extracted from an online booking site via web scraping method. Compatibility of the comments in the data set with the ratings added to the comments by the customers was tested with a binary sentiment classification via seven different machine learning algorithms including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), CART Decision Tree (CART), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Lineer Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Naive Bayes (NB). Findings – While the average classification success of the algorithms used in supervised sentiment classification was calculated as 81.3%, it was understood that the algorithm produced the most successful results among them was Logistic Regression (87.9%). The methods used in this study were lined up as LR (%87,99), SVM (%86,84), LDA (%86,24), NB (%82,66), RF (%82,00), CART (%76,92) and KNN (%63,91). Discussion – It has been suggested that the model applied in the study, in parallel with the literature, can be used as a tool for hotel managers to make fast, consistent and cost-effective marketing decisions, and that added value can be produced for hotel businesses. It is thought that the study will provide support to both the stakeholders of the accommodation businesses and the researchers who will work on this subject. Moreover, satisfaction with hotel services located in Antalya province instead of international or global tourism satisfaction were investigated in the study. This study can be extended with similar studies for both different minimal locations and larger regions in Turkey. In future studies, it will be possible to realize multilingual applications by using different language libraries. In addition, it is foreseen that the textual expressions can be successfully and quickly resolved in terms of accommodation businesses, as well as cost, time and labour savings.

Cognitive Dominants, Language-Specific Communication and Translation Problems

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

НОРМИ-ПРИНЦИПИ У ПРОЕКТІ ТРУДОВОГО КОДЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the norm of the draft Labor Code of Ukraine of 2019, which enshrines the principles of labor law. In particular, it is emphasized that among legal norms, the norms-principles are of particular importance. It is they who enshrine the constituent provisions in their content, which further determine the basis of the activities of the state, its bodies and other entities. Legal norms can be interpreted literally, ie a legal norm in its understanding completely coincides with a certain normative-legal provision, its textual expression. Instead, sometimes the content of a particular norm after its interpretation may be broader than its literal consolidation (broad interpretation). Conversely, when the content of the norm itself is understood more narrowly than the text enshrined in the normative legal act, we are dealing with a restrictive interpretation. Among the norms-principles proposed to be enshrined in the Draft LC, we can find different types of interpretation, which in turn affects the application of such constituent norms in different ways. One of these is the freedom of labor, which includes the right to work, which everyone freely chooses or freely agrees to. It turns out that in the project it is expedient to enshrine the freedom to conclude an employment contract. Closely related to the principle of freedom of labor is the principle of prohibition of forced labor, which in the draft, in turn, is proposed to be enshrined alongside the prohibition of child labor. It is impractical to do so. It would also be better to differentiate the principle of prohibition of discrimination in labor relations (as the scope of labor itself is a too broad concept that goes beyond the scope of the LC) as well as the principle of protection of rights and interests in court in case of violation of labor rights and the compensation for damage. A clear formulation of the principle of equality for labor law is currently extremely important. Even greater importance to this principle is given by its enshrinement in the norm of the codified act, namely the Labor Code. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the dynamics of global changes that affect the political and economic course of countries, including Ukraine. This is primarily reflected in the adaptation of legislation to the ability to perform remote work, which is currently associated with the covid-19 pandemic. Equal access to the possibility of performing a labor function remotely should be granted to all employees, whose labor is permissible under such conditions. It is emphasized that the principle of ensuring decent labor includes the establishment of fair wages, safety at work, social protection of employees, as well as the opportunity to freely express their interests, including collective organization and participation in decision-making through the institution of social dialogue. And the principle of ensuring the protection of employees from unlawful dismissal includes the principle of protection against unjustified dismissal, as such a dismissal is also illegal. The principle of supervision and control over the observance of labor legislation is of paramount importance, as well.

It’s Reception all the Way Down: A Review of The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries

The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries is a three-volume collection that explores the reception of traditions about Jesus. Comprised of 82 essays by over 60 individual contributors, these volumes explore both textual expressions of ancient Jesus traditions, as well as material representations. This review essay looks closely at these important contributions by 1) discussing the overall project’s methodological approach and 2) examining three sample chapters in detail.

Why do we digitize books instead of knowledge?

Besides text and images, contemporary e-books can include multimedia, interactivity, pronunciation information and text-to-speech ready content. The current EPUB 3 standard provides all the technical solutions necessary for designing and displaying highly functional and content rich e-books, but the implementation is impaired by the e-reader industry, publishers and distributors. Local and global book digitization has been an ongoing process for years, encompassing publications ranging from classical literature to current technical textbooks. Textual expression of knowledge is a remnant of the past but it is still dominant today, even though interactivity and video content are known to significantly enhance the learning process. However, multimedia and interactive content for e-books is not produced because it requires time, technical knowledge and specific tools. Within the current publishing system, authors are expected to produce and design all the content for books on their own, but because of the extreme content diversity, it is unrealistic to expect that they really possess such knowledge and skills. Better collaboration among authors, publishers, distributors, the professional community and the related industry is necessary for knowledge digitization to function.

Embodied Conversational Agents in eHealth: How Facial and Textual Expressions of Positive and Neutral Emotions Influence Perceptions of Mutual Understanding

Abstract Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) could engage users in eHealth by building mutual understanding (i.e. rapport) via emotional expressions. We compared an ECA’s emotions expressed in text with an ECA’s emotions in facial expressions on users’ perceptions of rapport. We used a $2 \times 2$ design, combining a happy or neutral facial expression with a happy or neutral textual expression. Sixty-three participants (mean, 48$ \pm $22 years) had a dialogue with an ECA on healthy living and rated multiple rapport items. Results show that participants’ perceived rapport for an ECA with a happy facial expression and neutral textual expression and an ECA with a neutral facial expression and happy textual expression was significantly higher than the neutral value of the rapport scale ($P = 0.049$ and $P = 0.008$, respectively). Furthermore, results show no significant difference in overall rapport between the conditions ($P = 0.062$), but a happy textual expression for an ECA with a neutral facial expression shows higher ratings of the individual rapport items helpfulness ($P = 0.019$) and enjoyableness ($P = 0.028$). Future research should investigate users’ rapport towards an ECA with different emotions in long-term interaction and how a user’s age and personality and an ECA’s animations affect rapport building. Optimizing rapport building between a user and an ECA could contribute to achieving long-term interaction with eHealth.

TRAUMA DELEGITIMIZED: KARL LÖWITH AND THE COSMIC VIEW OF HISTORY

ABSTRACTThis article uncovers the work of trauma in Karl Löwith's historical thought. Although best known for his critique of the philosophy of history and for the conception of secularization in his 1949 book, Meaning in History, Löwith deepened his positive historical vision in several essays that he wrote in the 1950s and 1960s. From these texts emerges a unique historical orientation, which I call the “cosmic view of history.” This perspective was at once a critique of modern historical consciousness and an embodied corrective to that consciousness, one in which the catastrophes of the twentieth century were relativized and made endurable. In both the origin and structure of this historical orientation and in its textual expression in Löwith's work, trauma is a residual force that links Löwith's language, his experiences, and the postwar context. The role of trauma in Löwith's thought further reveals a process of delegitimization in which historical consciousness and historical events lose their power to determine historical meaning, thus enabling a response to and an escape from catastrophe. This article also explores the significance of this cosmic view of history for contemporary theoretical concerns related to the Anthropocene and its consequences for historical theory.

Automated Classification of Evidence of Respect in the Communication through Twitter

Volcanoes of hate and disrespect erupt in societies often not without fatal consequences. To address this negative phenomenon scientists struggled to understand and analyze its roots and language expressions described as hate speech. As a result, it is now possible to automatically detect and counter hate speech in textual data spreading rapidly, for example, in social media. However, recently another approach to tackling the roots of disrespect was proposed, it is based on the concept of promoting positive behavior instead of only penalizing hate and disrespect. In our study, we followed this approach and discovered that it is hard to find any textual data sets or studies discussing automatic detection regarding respectful behaviors and their textual expressions. Therefore, we decided to contribute probably one of the first human-annotated data sets which allows for supervised training of text analysis methods for automatic detection of respectful messages. By choosing a data set of tweets which already possessed sentiment annotations we were also able to discuss the correlation of sentiment and respect. Finally, we provide a comparison of recent machine and deep learning text analysis methods and their performance which allowed us to demonstrate that automatic detection of respectful messages in social media is feasible.

Relation Between Programming Visual Learning With VILEP and Students’ Emotions

In this article a visual programming tool is shown, which allows coding programs by abstracting complex parts of the syntactic structures of the language by means of graphic representations combined with textual expressions. The tool allows student to relate the syntax of a language to the logic of solving a problem. To validate the proposal, we carried out an experience with a group of students who used the tool and another group who used Eclipse. The results show that there was an additional 23.4% of students who used the tool and reduced their error rate compared to those who used Eclipse.

DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUE BASED TEXT EMOTION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM USING GENETIC ALGORITHM TECHNIQUE

In today’s era the research area of emotion detection has becomes trendy field of research. The data in text form is the very easy way to communicate among interaction of human-machine through the social networking sites, is one of the schemes to share users views. Recognition of human’s emotion through analyzing textual documents is useful and essential, but sometimes difficult because of the fact that it is not necessary to use emotion words directly in textual expressions. In this research, a deep learning technique based Text Emotion Classification (TEC) System using Genetic Algorithm (GA) as an optimization technique is presented. Initially, a lexicon dictionary is prepared based on the emotional words and different processes such as pre-processing, feature extraction, optimization and classification has been applied to classify the textual emotion. The test data has been trained using deep learning scheme named as Deep Neural Network (DNN) with optimization technique based on GA with a novel fitness function. The emotion; happy, sad and angry are identified as per the shared data on the social media platform. Most of the state-of-the-art in the previous research on textual emotion mining is mainly focused on without utilizing the feature selection concept, so we introduce the concept of feature selection using the GA and passes an input to DNN. At the last, we compare the performance of the proposed TEC system with existing work proposed by Chatterjee et al. terms of precision, recall and F-measure and we observed that the system got better emotion classification accuracy.

К постановке вопроса о приведении в единую систему легальных дефиниций в нормативном правовом регулировании национальной безопасности и отдельных ее видов: теоретико-правовое измерение

The article deals with the issues related to the definition of the essence, role and meaning of legal definitions in the regulatory legal regulation of national security. The author emphasizes the uniqueness of the phenomenon of national security, which acts as a guarantor of ensuring the national interests of the state, society, and the individual and as a basis for the unhindered implementation of the strategic national priorities of the state. It is possible to ensure these interests and implement strategic priorities by creating an effective legal regulation that includes various legal means, as well as regulatory requirements. An important role in the regulatory legal regulation is played by legal definitions, which contain definitions of concepts that act as integral elements of the legal basis for ensuring national security. It is indicated that legal definitions of concepts are generally binding and contribute to the formation of a single legal space. It is stated that the current Federal Law «On Security» does not contain a legislative definition of key concepts in the field of national security. The article raises the problem of unification of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of ensuring national security, through the adoption of fundamental documents of strategic planning. The author attempts to evaluate the legal definitions in the field under consideration in terms of their universality and industry affiliation, the problems of the completeness of their textual expression, as well as the state policy implemented in the field of national security. The author proposes the formulation of the concept «national security», which could become the basis for adjusting the legal definitions of certain types of national security, enshrined in legislative acts and strategic planning documents. The functions of legal definitions in the regulatory legal regulation of national security are identified and disclosed.

Pattern-based bootstrapping framework for biomedical relation extraction

The progress made in the realm of ‘-omics’ technologies has led to a tremendous increase in the quantum of biomedical research published. Information extraction from this huge unstructured mass of data needs automation through text mining methods. Biomedical relation extraction is one such vital automation processes for extracting biomedical relations hidden in scientific literature. In the recent past, several supervised machine learning methods have been used to identify biomedical relations. However, given the variations in textual expression, huge corpus size and small task-specific training data, semi-supervised techniques appear to perform better. To this end, we propose a system that uses the semi-supervised bootstrapping algorithm to extract biomedical relations from text. The unlabelled corpus used contains sentences with biomedical entities represented as patterns with the dependency tree feature. Bootstrapping starts with a seed set and iteratively learns new patterns from the unlabelled corpus. We have designed a three-level masking technique to generate new patterns, and incorporated three types of scoring to help select appropriate patterns. The pattern-based bootstrapping method performs well with a minimum seed set. The system is able to extract 37,450 patterns from the unlabelled corpus that represents different biomedical relations. These patterns, in turn, are able to identify 460,886 relation pairs with 1327 single, and 1012 coupled, trigger words that convey the semantics of the biomedical relation. More than 64% of the identified relations have evidence in the CTD database.

Semantic Continuumof Myth

Language, the first cultural phenomenon, received textual expression in myths, of which the oldest tell of the mystical relationship of the tribe with the animal. Consideration of the concepts that arose on this basis, and then of “conceptual myths” (OM Freidenberg) about the totem-ancestor makes it possible to analyze their semantic-semantic fields. Moreover, we relied on the cultural-historical concept of G.G. Shpet, which allowed us to trace the evolution and subsequent transformation of the semantic-semantic fields of myth and thus reveal the algorithm for the formation of the mythopoetic tradition, its fading and eternal return. In the center of this work is semantic-semantic fields of myths about the Heavenly deer / moose cow, the cult which stretched over the more than six millennia. Observing the astral objects that served as a spatial-temporal reference point in the hunting and reindeer herding, primitive tribes felt their unity with the star ancestors. For example, two constellations of seven stars, which served the primitive hunters and reindeer breeders as a guide on the way, began to be identified in the russian North with the horned Reindeer Mother / moose cow and her daughter, from which the well-being of people depends. The attempt of comparative-historical reconstruction of semantic-semantic fields in article based on the material of myths about totems-forefathers made it possible to distinguish three main layers. These are 1) the energetically “charged” field of the myth of the shaman visiting the fantastic deer in labor, in which the religious and mythological consciousness received expression; 2) a semantic-semantic field of myths that belong to the artistic and heroic consciousness and narrate about a cultural hero who is ready for a feat for his family-tribal community; 3) the semantic-semantic field of the myth of the Horned mother-deer in the story of Ch. T. Aitmatova’s “White Steamboat (After the Tale)”, the rescue of orphans who became the ancestors of the Bugu tribe (‘deer’), and contains deep thoughts of the author, the bearer of cultural-historical and philosophicalcultural consciousness. As for the semantic-semantic fields, specific to the various interpretations of plots about a moose cow and a calf, close to a household fairy tale, a hunting story and a joke, so they correspond to the scientific and technical type of consciousness that has lost its connection with myth.

Meeting art with words: the philosopher as anthropologist

Taking up Rietveld’s challenge for philosophers to join with artists in investigating the questions of how to live better, this comment argues (a) that this conjunction of philosophy and art is already underway in the discipline of anthropology, (b) that it need not be limited to non-verbal investigations and (c) that a focus on the performative power of words enables us to close the gap between visual and textual expressions.

The Role of Translation Major in the Promotion of Chinese Traditional Culture in College English Education

English translation is not only a textual expression, but also an in-depth exchange of two cultures. To improve the level of English translation, a deeper comprehension of traditional Chinese culture must be understood. Therefore, there is a very active role in enhancing traditional Chinese culture for translation majors in college English education. This article has successively expounded the teaching status and significance of the translation major in promoting traditional culture, and analyzed the effective ways for it with aiming to provide relevant educators with some useful suggestions.

It’s Reception all the Way Down: A Review of The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries

The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries is a three-volume collection that explores the reception of traditions about Jesus. Comprised of 82 essays by over 60 individual contributors, these volumes examine both textual expressions of ancient Jesus traditions, as well as material representations. This review essay looks closely at these important contributions by 1) discussing the overall project’s methodological approach and 2) examining three sample chapters in detail.

Legal doctrine as a source of legal argumentation in the process of human rights protection

The article is devoted to determining the place of legal doctrine in the system of sources of law and substantiating its importance in the process of protection of human rights as a legitimate basis for legal argumentation. An analysis of current scientific research suggests that today there is no single unified perception of the category of legal doctrine among both legal theorists and law enforcers. The author points out a number of conflicting points that need to be finally resolved. In particular, there is no understanding from which point an idea, concept or view of law can be considered doctrinal. In this case, it is possible to use the experience of Western jurisprudence, which uses a variety of citation indices, which indirectly testifies to the authority of one or another scientific source, as well as informal lists of authoritative among judges of books of lawyers. Also open today is the question of securing binding reference to a specific scientific source by law enforcement entities in the process of reasoning of the decision. According to the author, the doctrine is a source of law in every case where law-makers or law-makers use scientific concepts, ideas, views when making legally significant decisions. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 129 by declaring that "the judge is independent and governed by the rule of law", in fact, enshrined the obligation to apply legal doctrine in the law enforcement process. In making its decision, a judge, when substantiating a certain legal position, has the right to refer not only to national legislation, but also to use the results of scientific papers, the findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, etc. At the same time, the problem of recognizing the legitimacy of decisions based on doctrinal approaches is important. Based on the thesis that law is a product of society, an expression of the public perception of justice, then the public will itself will be the primary source of law. No matter which of the official forms of law prevails in a particular legal system, it must be legitimized (recognized) by society, and therefore endowed with a high degree of authority. When analyzing a legal rule, it is necessary to distinguish its textual expression and its actual content. Legal doctrine, as a more dynamic phenomenon than official legal regulation, is able to formulate algorithms for finding the actual content of a rule of law in the context of its application. Given the tendencies in the evolution of legal regulation in the direction of deformation and decentralization, the phenomenon of legal doctrine can be explained using a differentiated approach to sources of law, distinguishing between "hard law" and "soft law" (soft law). By analogy, legal doctrine can be considered as an informal authoritative source of law, which is the intellectual basis of legal thinking and argumentation, formed within the jurisprudence and represents a set of scientifically sound ideas, concepts, views, which formulate effective models and standards for solving current problems of legal practice. Keywords: legal doctrine, human rights, sources of law, legal argumentation.

(Re)negotiating Freedom of Expression in the Spanish Transition: The Case of El Papus (1973–1987)

Juxtaposing documents from judicial and administrative archives with material published in the satirical magazine El Papus (1973–1987), this essay examines the confrontation between national-Catholic discourse and new modes of visual and textual expression in late Francoism and the early years of the democratic transition in Spain. The present study represents a survey of some 44 state-produced documents and 124 journalistic pieces, applying a two-pronged methodology rooted in discourse analysis with a special focus on the content and themes deemed unfit for publication in the pages of El Papus. The results will show that a loosening of erotic and sexual mores, particularly those related to Spanish women—who were quickly emerging as political subjects in the 1970s—became the magazine’s preferred tool for interrogating the repressive structures underpinning Francoist society. As the administration and the judiciary grappled with the evolution of social norms before and during the Transition, they sought to decelerate the shifts taking place by publicly accusing editors and contributors of profanity, indecency, and/or immorality in court documents from the period. As argued here, El Papus played a decisive role in the interrogation of Francoist family values throughout the 1970s: (re)negotiating practices related to the freedom of expression in countercultural media produced in Spain.

A novel method based on symbolic regression for interpretable semantic similarity measurement

The problem of automatically measuring the degree of semantic similarity between textual expressions is a challenge that consists of calculating the degree of likeness between two text fragments that have none or few features in common according to human judgment. In recent times, several machine learning methods have been able to establish a new state-of-the-art regarding the accuracy, but none or little attention has been paid to their interpretability, i.e. the extent to which an end-user could be able to understand the cause of the output from these approaches. Although such solutions based on symbolic regression already exist in the field of clustering, we propose here a new approach which is being able to reach high levels of interpretability without sacrificing accuracy in the context of semantic textual similarity. After a complete empirical evaluation using several benchmark datasets, it is shown that our approach yields promising results in a wide range of scenarios.

About the Story of Salur Qazan and the Rolling Stone

Salur Qazan, who has a special place in our epic tradition, is the hero who has surrounded all the narratives of the Günbäd manuscript, which was unearthed in 2019 and introduced to the world of science. On the pages 38-39 of the manuscript, Qazan’s heroism about the “holding the rolling stone” was explained in the soylama, which he expressed in his heroism. This narrative is a heroism of Qazan, which has been described as “epic stereotype” in Shejere-i Terākime, Topkapi Oγuz-name and the Dresden manuscript of Dede Qorqut Book. It is also seen that this narrative has a reflection among the Altay Turks. The analysis of this narrative, which is full of uncertainties both in terms of the location of the event, the nature of the event and the parties of the event, is an important contribution to the uncovering the ground on which epics are fed. In this analysis, it is aimed to compare the text with parallel narratives and to reveal the similarities and differences between the texts and to reveal the scope of the text's expression.