Body Of Text Research Articles

THE GAP BETWEEN ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS ON DABIGATRAN FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.

As model-based economic evaluations (MBEEs) are widely used to make decisions in the context of policy, it is imperative that they represent clinical practice. Here, we assess the relevance of MBEEs on dabigatran for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We performed a systematic review on the basis of a developed questionnaire, tailored to oral anticoagulation in patients with AF. Included studies had a full body text in English, compared dabigatran with a vitamin K antagonist, were not dedicated to one or more subgroup(s), and yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. The relevance of all MBEEs was assessed on the basis of ten context-independent factors, which encompassed clinical outcomes and treatment duration. The MBEEs performed for the United States were assessed on the basis of seventeen context-dependent factors, which were related to the country's target population and clinical environment. The search yielded twenty-nine MBEEs, of which six were performed for the United States. On average, 54 percent of the context-independent factors were included per study, and 37 percent of the seventeen context-dependent factors in the U.S. The share of relevant factors per study did not increase over time. MBEEs on dabigatran leave out several relevant factors, limiting their usefulness to decision makers. We strongly urge health economic researchers to improve the relevance of their MBEEs by including context-independent relevance factors, and modeling context-dependent factors befitting the decision context concerned.

LAS LETRAS ROMANAS MODERNAS (DIDONAS): SU IDENTIDAD VISUAL EN EL DEVENIR TIPOGRÁFICO

El objetivo de este artículo es indagar en la identidad visual de las letras romanas modernas (didonas) en relación con el devenir histórico y teórico de la tipografía, averiguando por qué han recibido valoraciones tan dispares por algunas teorías tipográficas, y reconsiderar algunas claves de dichas teorías. Para ello se ha estudiado su historia, las opiniones acerca de ellas y el contexto en el que surgen, así como sus características formales y técnicas.Se concluye que sus formas de finales del siglo XVIII, nacidas de una búsqueda racional e ilustrada, junto con la incipiente sistematización industrial, están en el eje de la evolución funcional, teórica e histórica de la tipografía occidental, con la dualidad de textos para lectura o para titulares. De ahí su carácter ambivalente (tradicionales, modernas, clásicas, románticas) o las críticas posteriores del movimiento reformista, que extendió en el siglo XX su posición sobre el diseño de libros al centro de la teoría tipográfica.

Видалення тексту як диспозитив ієрархізації другорядного (роман Ж. Вайцмана “Заборонене”)

The article deals with the problem of the removing of the secondary’s status in the artwork in term of the functioning of its paratextual elements. We studied Gérard Wajcman’s novel “The Forbidden” (1986, republished in 2016), it’s composed of the author’s endnotes and the body text is lacking. We outlined the discursive and the narrative text’s structures that favor the changing of the hierarchy’s status, from paratext (lower) to the body text (higher). We examined other paratextual elements (title, dedication, opening information etc.) as the body text is lacking they have the essential function in the reader’s interpretation of the text. It is described as the new novel republishing “The Forbidden” modified the work’s receptive capacity on condition of the changing of the publisher’s peritext (book’s format, epilogue is added, the writing of the author’s name is changed) and epitext (the author’s artistic heritage, the biography in media). We analyzed as this modification transform the code and the modus of the reader’s perception of the novel. It is shown that the text expected by receiver is lacking not because it’s waiting to be fill on the basis of the interactive game with the reader the main reason is that this text is impossible, unrealizable, forceless. This text says about unspeakable and in this form, it is completely self-sufficient as it represent the oblivion, erasing memory, its deficiency, its absence. We stressed that the lacking of the boy text in Gérard Wajcman’s novel, which is the part of the paradigm “Literature of the Holocaust”, is the symbol of the obliteration and of the language loss in general and particularly of the family’s language Yiddish. We concluded that the text’s delete is not poetic and stylistic way; it is the apparatus of the minor hierarchy.

Correction to: Determination of trace metal concentration in compost, DAP, and TSP fertilizers by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and insights from density functional theory calculations.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error in the body text and in Tables4 and 6. The corrected version of the sentences and Tables are given below.

Detecting contract cheating in essay and report submissions: process, patterns, clues and conversations

Detecting contract cheating in written submissions can be difficult beyond direct plagiarism detectable via technology. Successfully identifying potential cases of contract cheating in written work such as essays and reports is largely dependent on the experience of assessors and knowledge of student. It is further dependent on their familiarity with the patterns and clues evident in sections of body text and reference materials to identify irregularities. Consequently, some knowledge of what the patterns and clues look like is required. This paper documents how to identify some of the patterns and clues observed in essay and report submissions. Effective assessment design with specific contextual requirements make irregularities easier to detect and interpret. The irregularities identified were confirmed as instances of contract cheating through conversations held with postgraduate students. An essential element of the conversations was the evidence presented for discussion. Irregularities were noted on a pro-forma specifically developed for this purpose. Patterns identified include misrepresented bibliographic data, inappropriate references, irrelevant material and generalised text that did not address the assessment question or grading criteria. The validated patterns formed the basis of identifying potential instances of contract cheating in later submissions. Timely conversations with students before the end of semester are essential to determining whether the patterns and clues link to poor knowledge of academic writing conventions or classified as contract cheating necessitating the application of appropriate penalties under institutional policies and procedures.

From no body to some bodies: forms of mourning and melancholia in Jenny Boully’s The Body and [one love affair

ABSTRACTThe essay explores footnotes and endnotes as poetic forms in Jenny Boully’s The Body and [one love affair]*. In The Body, Boully radically foregrounds the footnote by making it the sole textual component on the page. The essay argues that Boully uses footnotes and endnotes to enact textual performance, dramatising psychological reactions to a missing body by staging repression and the return of the repressed through alternately subsuming and subsiding footnotes and the covering over (more or less successfully) of the missing body of a dead lover who is figured in the blank textual body. Whereas The Body and its form are motivated by the tenets of melancholia, in her second book, [one love affair]*, Boully stages processes of mourning. Following Jeffrey Adams, the essay considers intertextuality in terms of ‘aesthetic object-relating’, arguing that palimpsest and endnotes perform a reactivation of object-relating and help the speaker of the poems reinvest in relationships with other subjects rather than withdraw from such investments because of an inability to grieve the lost object.

New Methods of Bringing Image Data into Historical Linguistics: A Case Study with Medical Writing 1500–1700

ABSTRACTIn recent years, advances in text annotation, the computational analysis of images and quantitative corpus linguistics have introduced new and exciting approaches to the study of text and paratext that combine the perspectives of historical linguistics and book history. However, so far most corpus-based research in this field has been hampered by the manual nature of the visual analyses (see, e.g., Tyrkkö, Marttila & Suhr 2013 and Tyrkkö 2013). The manual measuring and evaluation of visual features in a consistent manner is both slow and prone to human error, particularly with volumes of texts sufficient for statistical interrogation. As a result, while the linguistic analysis of historical texts can be rigorously systematic and corpus-based, the visual data, when taken into account at all, have typically been rather scarce and anecdotal in nature. In this paper, I will discuss new computational methods of analysing diachronic changes in visual features of title-pages and body text, and of combining that information with linguistic data. Using two linguistic corpora, Early Modern English Medical Texts and Late Modern English Medical Texts, and ImagePlot 1.1, a tool designed for the analysis of visual data, I will first map the paratextual features of the medical books and turn them into a matrix of statistically usable data points (Manovich 2012, 2013) for further processing.

AGEs, RAGEs and s-RAGE; friend or foe for cancer.

Impaired awareness of glycation biology in cancer initiation and progression is one of the fundamental reasons for its meticulous investigation of the molecules involved in signalling pathway. Glycation of biological macromolecules results in the progression of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that proliferates the process of carcinogenesis by activation of transcription factors and release of cytokines. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGEs) with the binding of its different ligands like; AGEs, HMGB1 and S100 activate the signalling arrays. The activation of downstream signalling pathway ultimately leads to the pathophysiological conditions of diabetes, ageing, neurological disorders and cancers as well as a result of the activation of transcription factors which is discussed in the main body text of this review. However, there might be a likelihood of the positive effect of the HMGB1 and S100 proteins in cancer. Still, some untouched mechanisms might be responsible for the establishment of the function of AGE-RAGE or AGE-sRAGE axis activation that leads to the friend-foe association with the cancers. The levels of RAGE and s-RAGE may be a useful biomarker of ligand-RAGE pathway activation and cancer. Thus, the possibility of providing a potential complement to carcinogenesis is very high which might be an interesting target for therapeutic interventions. This article is an insightful assessment on AGE, RAGE and s-RAGE for its possible role in cancer onset and progression. The novel therapeutic targets for cancer prevention or inhibition are also explained in brief in relation to AGE and RAGE.

Typographic Changes in Package Leaflets of the European Union Based on the Example of German Versions Between 2005 and 2015.

Typography significantly influences the legibility and usability of patient information. This study investigated the implementation and changes of different typographic subjects in package leaflets used in the European Union. A randomly selected sample of all German package leaflets investigated in 2005 was reanalyzed in 2015 for different important and predefined typographic subjects. The 138 package leaflets revisited in 2015 showed significant increases in word count (average 2551 words), font size (1.43 mm x-height, 2.0 mm cap-height), line spacing (3.13 mm), use of text attributes (for example, lists in 94.2% and bold print in 83.2% package leaflet's body text), use of light-condensed or condensed font (34.1%), and use of portrait format (81.9%) ( P ≤ .015). Otherwise, line length significantly decreased to on average 62.6 characters per line ( P = .012) and the classes of fonts used remained almost unchanged. To achieve any further increase of package leaflet font size and other typographic improvements, a significant decrease in text volume is essential. To this end, replacing the current 840-word QRD template with a 200-word version would allow optimization of typography in all package leaflets, without deleting information essential for patients or incurring any unfavorable format increase.

Classification of Malicious Web Pages through a J48 Decision Tree, a Naïve Bayes, a RBF Network and a Random Forest Classifier for WebSpam Detection

Web spam is a negative practice carried out by spammers to produce fake searchengines results for improving rank position of their Web pages. It is available on arena of World Wide Web (WWW) in different forms and lacks a consistent definition. The search engines are struggling to eliminate spam pages through machine learning (ML) detectors. Mostly, search engines measure the quality of websites by using different factors (signals) such as, number of visitors, body text, anchor text, back link and forward link etc. information and, and spammers try to induce these signals into their desired pages to subvert ranking function of search engines. This study compares the detection efficiencyof different ML classifiers trained and tested on WebSpam UK2007 data set. The results of our study show that random forest has achieve higher score than other well-known classifiers.

Burnout of caregivers in geriatric Institution: “Coping” strategies

IntroductionThe health sector has long been recognized to be a very stressful work environment for teams that can lead to “burnout”. Geriatric institutions are no exception to this observation; this state has deleterious effects on health care as on the quality of care.ObjectivesMeasure the burnout rate among caregivers in geriatric institutions and identify associated factors and coping strategies specific to this population in order to provide the necessary preventive measures.Subjects and method A cross-sectional study, conducted among caregivers exercising at the shelter for aged subjects of Manouba, Tunisia. We used a pre-survey exploring the socio-demographic data associated with two validated scales: the Maslach Burnout Inventory assessing the level of burnout and the Brief COPE assessing coping strategies.ResultsThirty-one subjects were recruited. The prevalence of burnout was 45.16%. Respectively 32.26%, 25.80% and 45.16% of the respondents had high scores in dimensions emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment at work. The analytical study revealed that seniority in work increased the risk of burnout. The coping strategies of caregivers in geriatric institution facing burnout were mainly centered on emotion. The number of years of experience has been associated with burnout in our study.ConclusionThis work reaffirms that the population of caregivers in geriatric institution is at risk of burnout and allows to identify predictors. The establishment of individual and collective measures is essential for appropriate treatment references (In the body text, a publication should be referred to by a consecutive number between bracket)Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Erratum: Ghasemi, M., et al. The Evaluation of Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid on Physiological Characteristics, Proline and Essential Oil Content of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions. Agriculture 2016, 6, 31

The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper [...]

Jüri Talvet Juhan Liivi radadel / Jüri Talvet on the Trails of Juhan Liiv

Teesid: Käesolev uurimus põhineb Jüri Talveti juubeliüritusel peetud ettekandel ning keskendub professori Liivi-alase tegevuse käsitlemisele. Artiklis tutvustan Talveti Liivi-tõlgenduse uudseid ja vähemärgatud detaile, mis kajastuvad tema koostatud Liivi luule väljaannetes ja nendega ühenduses olevates kriitilistes käsitlustes. Siinjuures tahan näidata, et Talvet avaldab Liivi luulet teistsuguses võtmes ja teisendab oluliselt seda normi, mille vahendusel Liivi luulet tänapäeval tuntakse. The article addresses Jüri Talvet’s interpretation of poetry by Juhan Liiv (1864–1913). Its focus lies on a collection of Liiv’s poetry Snow Drifts, I Sing: Selected Poems (Lumi tuiskab, mina laulan: Valik luulet, 2013) compiled by Talvet. I shall compare this book with the most extensive volume of Liiv’s poetry of the previous century With and Without You (Sinuga ja sinuta, 1989) edited by Aarne Vinkel, which has had a major role in the shaping of the norms that serve as a basis for understanding Liiv’s work in recent times. The article observes how these volumes mediate Liiv’s poetry and the way Talvet transposes its earlier publishing standards. More particularly, I will analyse the poetry collection edited by Talvet from five perspectives: I will map the new texts and text fragments included in the work, discuss Talvet’s corrections and highlight the omitted fragments and full texts. Such specific treatment can be narrowed down to three broader topics: what new additions Talvet makes to the known textual body of Liiv’s poems (new texts); what changes he makes to previously published poems (textual additions, corrections and omissions); what he has left out (omitted texts). Talvet adds a great number of texts to the known body of Liiv’s poems. The poetry book Snow Drifts, I Sing contains over 20 poems that are not included in With and Without You; furthermore, Talvet publishes a number of new pieces of poetry. These texts have been extracted from Estonian print media at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, early publications of Liiv’s poetry compiled by Friedebert Tuglas and Liiv’s written legacy. Of the more obscure or unpublished finds I will pay most attention to the poem I Found (Leidsin). The analysis of this poem shows that even though Talvet’s contributions to the body of Liiv’s published poetry may seem insignificant at first, the texts bear a certain aesthetic significance or value of thought that definitely sharpens and expands the view on Juhan Liiv’s poetry. Besides new texts, the volume compiled by Talvet also introduces a number of new versions of well-known poems. This includes text additions, corrections as well as omissions. Such changes have been applied to more than 20 poems. The most fascinating modifications occur in the poems “I Walked toward the Forest” (“Ma kõndisin metsa poole”), “Autumn” (“Sügise”) (i.e. the poem beginning with the verse “Drab sand and empty field” (“Igav liiv ja tühi väli”)) and “Infidelity” (“Truudusetus”). Compared to Vinkel, Talvet has managed to find better publication solutions for several of Liiv’s poems and his reasoning has dispelled a certain ambiguity that has long reigned over the publication of some of Liiv’s texts. And even though some of Talvet’s selective choices for Snow Drifts, I Sing have raised questions, the collection and his accompanying monograph allow readers to discover the reasoning behind his decisions and general problems concerning the publication of Juhan Liiv’s poetry. The poetry book Snow Drifts, I Sing excludes a great number of texts—more than 30—that were previously included in With and Without You. The omission of a rather well-known poem Future (Tulevik) raised the most questions and Talvet has not provided any reasons for that. Nevertheless, the general tightening of the circle of Liiv’s poetic works is understandable because most of the poems excluded from Snow Drifts, I Sing are generally lacking and fail to convey Liiv’s magnitude as a poet to the reader. The abundance of such texts may draw attention away from the intensity of Liiv’s poetry. Talvet’s selection has a clearer focus than Vinkel’s, emphasizing the unusual and unique quality of Liiv’s poetry. My research demonstrates that Talvet’s innovations have external scope and inherent gravitas—they concern a considerable number of Liiv’s poems and are expressed in substantial modifications. Despite the long and exhaustive publication practice of Liiv’s poems, Talvet has managed to present Liiv to the reader in a considerably different manner.

The Plague and Immunity in Othello

The Plague and Immunity in Othello Jaecheol Kim (bio) Amiasma of plague hangs around Shakespeare's dramatic corpus, and Othello is a topical response to its occasional outbreak in 1603. Inevitably, its textual body is not only a palimpsest of traces recording epidemic outbreaks, but it is also a field of politico-clinical discourses that attempt to govern, quarantine, and direct the disease toward certain controllable ways. In other words, Othello is a representation of the rise of modern medical science. We know that as a medical term "Othello Syndrome" indicates a pathological and delusional jealousy, which is not primarily, however, the clinical subtext of the play that interests me; rather, the play's metaphoric depictions of the plague-stricken corpus politicum and its safety measure that is encapsulated by the word "immunization" fascinates me.1 The reason I would like to read Othello as a plague narrative by focusing on its representation of an immunitary crisis is not just because the play's semantic features obsessively revolve around words such as "plague," "infection," "pestilence," and "contamination."2 It is also because the play was produced in the heavy referential web of the plague visit in (and around) 1603—the year that Thomas Dekker called "The Wonderfull Yeare" when the Tudor-Stuart dynastic shift occurred.3 It is a truism to say that the history of English Renaissance is also the history of the plague, and inevitably literature produced between Shakespeare's birth and Milton's death provides records of pandemic outbreaks. It is quite intriguing, however, to remember that, as Richelle Munkhoff points out, the dynastic transitions in early modern England accompanied massive outbreaks—from Elizabeth to James in 1603 and from James to Charles in 1625.4 In particular, around the time of Elizabeth's death and James's accession, England had a severe outbreak, and James's passage through [End Page 23] London did not happen until March 1604 because he remained in the north by ordering the Privy Council to bury Elizabeth without him.5 Thus the situation was very much as though, as Rebecca Totaro puts it, "the plague itself took the throne in the interim."6 The plague, which people simply called "death," was not just an unwelcome visitor in the suburbs and the ghettos of the metropolitan margins; rather, in popular imagination, even though Elizabeth's own death was not directly related to the plague, it was vested with regicidal power. Its presence is vicinal with the rise and fall of the nation's body politic. Othello was produced during such a period, and the apocalyptic circumstance created by the dynastic shift along with the lingering sense of fin de siècle defines the general tenor of the play. Othello remarks, "Methinks it should be now a huge eclipse / Of sun and moon, and that th'affrighted globe / Should yawn at alteration"(5.2.108–9). These metatheatrical comments wittingly evoke the reactions of the audience watching a spectacular scene of uxoricidal slaughter. Yet we need to remember that the "huge eclipse" that backdrops Othello's final scene is repeated in both King Lear and Macbeth—two of Shakespeare's regicidal tragedies written in the time of the dynastic shift and plague; in other words, the total disintegration of the social bond effected by the "huge eclipse" accompanies the "deconsecration of sovereignty."7 The political "alteration" created right after Elizabeth's death and James's accession includes the effect of the plague. For early modern minds, a pandemic outbreak was usually considered an expression of divine disfavor and punishment.8 Insofar as the plague was the will of the Sovereign and the kingship was considered His earthly deputy, to properly control or quarantine it was the work of the crown; consequently, proclaiming the "plague orders" was an expression of the queen's and king's sovereign immunity.9 Yet there are some inevitable differences between Elizabethan and Jacobean plague politics as, during his accession, English society understood James I, a Scottish monarch, as a foreign body visiting with the plague.10 Of course, by reading this full-fledged Jacobean tragedy in terms of sovereign immunity, I am not tempted to identify Othello, a...

The Literary Correspondences of the Tonsons ed. by Stephen Bernard

Reviewed by: The Literary Correspondences of the Tonsons ed. by Stephen Bernard David Alff The Literary Correspondences of the Tonsons, ed. Stephen Bernard. Oxford: Oxford, 2015. Pp. xxii [H11001] 386. $140. Print culture. How often we use this catch-all catchphrase to name that which transforms an author's thoughts into a reader's experience. In eighteenth-century studies, "print culture" refers to the materials of bookmaking and the mechanical processes that made manuscript foul papers into typeset commodities, simultaneously evoking the human networks of printers, publishers, and sellers who labored to package and distribute the written word. The term lends conceptual stability to a vibrant but bewildering world of patronage, marketing, deal-cutting, and quarrel, encompassing the story of a literary work that resides "apart from that recounted by its text," in D. F. McKenzie's phrase. Grasping print culture, therefore, entails combing through a fragmentary archive of letters, ledgers, wills, and catalogues to reconstruct as fully as possible the early modern business of literature. From this view, Mr. Bernard renders crucial service to the study of book history and eighteenth-century society by locating, transcribing, and annotating the professional correspondences of Jacob Tonson (1656–1736) and his nephew, Jacob Tonson the Younger (1682–1735). For almost six decades, these two men ran the most important publishing house in Britain. The Tonsons brought to press the works of their luminous contemporaries, Dryden, Behn, Congreve, Gay, Addison, Steele, Prior, and Pope. They secured the posthumous reputations of Shakespeare and Milton through editions that not only sold widely but inaugurated traditions of textual scholarship that persist in the present. Jacob the Elder pioneered the practice of anthologizing poets within miscellanies as a strategy to stimulate reader interest in authors new and old. Jacob the Younger exploited the copyrights accumulated by his uncle to republish earlier works in editions ranging from lavish folios to cheap duodecimos, making him "the shepherd of the English literary canon, tending Tonson [the Elder's] flock." Together, the Tonsons shaped not only the literary markets of their time, but our present-day estimation of what writing from this period mattered. Despite their central role in the London book trade, we know relatively little about the Tonsons' day-to-day working lives beyond what Kathleen Lynch detailed in her 1971 biography of Jacob the Elder. The Literary Correspondences helps remedy this deficit by collating 158 of the Tonsons' letters—those related to their business operations and authorial relationships—which today lie scattered among manuscript archives across Britain and the [End Page 88] United States. Mr. Bernard's transcriptions are clear and forthright, regularly flagging passages where the original manuscript is too damaged to render an accurate reproduction, or where marginal writing clarifies (or confounds) body text. The notes that accompany each letter are concise yet thorough, themselves the product of wide-ranging historical fluency and obvious toil. The quantity of sweat and erudition that went into this edition is so great that readers could easily overlook the critical program driving its diligence. Mr. Bernard's selfaware enterprise is nothing less than to present "evidence of the personal relationships fundamental to the creation of literature." By highlighting and explaining these interactions, he pushes readers away from abstractions like print culture, and toward the challenge of rekindling the "white heat" of literary invention from the book trade's extant remains. His overarching goal is to show through epistolary glimpses into the Tonsons' business how "booksellers actually work to get from the idea for a book to the material text." What can we learn from the letters themselves? Even the most casual browser will enjoy the correspondences' many ill-timed speculations, gossipy asides, and humanizing anecdotes. Tonson vouches risibly for the "undeniable truth" of William Bedloe and Titus Oates's allegations of a Popish Plot conspiracy to assassinate Charles II in a letter to Narcissus Luttrell. Similarly gratifying is a 1719 note from John Vanbrugh to Tonson that marvels at the fortunes of the South Sea Company, then "rising so vastly." In another letter from the late seventeenth century, Aphra Behn asks Tonson to conceal from Thomas Creech that she disliked his commendatory verse published at the front of...

A novel committee selection mechanism for combining classifiers to detect unsolicited emails

Purpose The email is an important medium for sharing information rapidly. However, spam, being a nuisance in such communication, motivates the building of a robust filtering system with high classification accuracy and good sensitivity towards false positives. In that context, this paper aims to present a combined classifier technique using a committee selection mechanism where the main objective is to identify a set of classifiers so that their individual decisions can be combined by a committee selection procedure for accurate detection of spam. Design/methodology/approach For training and testing of the relevant machine learning classifiers, text mining approaches are used in this research. Three data sets (Enron, SpamAssassin and LingSpam) have been used to test the classifiers. Initially, pre-processing is performed to extract the features associated with the email files. In the next step, the extracted features are taken through a dimensionality reduction method where non-informative features are removed. Subsequently, an informative feature subset is selected using genetic feature search. Thereafter, the proposed classifiers are tested on those informative features and the results compared with those of other classifiers. Findings For building the proposed combined classifier, three different studies have been performed. The first study identifies the effect of boosting algorithms on two probabilistic classifiers: Bayesian and Naïve Bayes. In that study, AdaBoost has been found to be the best algorithm for performance boosting. The second study was on the effect of different Kernel functions on support vector machine (SVM) classifier, where SVM with normalized polynomial (NP) kernel was observed to be the best. The last study was on combining classifiers with committee selection where the committee members were the best classifiers identified by the first study i.e. Bayesian and Naïve bays with AdaBoost, and the committee president was selected from the second study i.e. SVM with NP kernel. Results show that combining of the identified classifiers to form a committee machine gives excellent performance accuracy with a low false positive rate. Research limitations/implications This research is focused on the classification of email spams written in English language. Only body (text) parts of the emails have been used. Image spam has not been included in this work. We have restricted our work to only emails messages. None of the other types of messages like short message service or multi-media messaging service were a part of this study. Practical implications This research proposes a method of dealing with the issues and challenges faced by internet service providers and organizations that use email. The proposed model provides not only better classification accuracy but also a low false positive rate. Originality/value The proposed combined classifier is a novel classifier designed for accurate classification of email spam.

Corrigendum.

British Journal of HaematologyVolume 175, Issue 3 p. 546-546 CorrigendumFree Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia Sally B. Killick, Nick Bown, Jamie Cavenagh, Inderjeet Dokal, Theodora Foukaneli, Anita Hill, Peter Hillmen, Robin Ireland, Austin Kulasekararaj, Ghulam Mufti, John A. Snowden, Sujith Samarasinghe, Anna Wood, Judith C. W. Marsh, , Volume 172Issue 2British Journal of Haematology pages: 187-207 First Published online: November 16, 2015 First published: 26 October 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14408AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL The following errors have been identified in the body text of Killick et al (2016): On page 196, column 1: “The dose of horse ATG (ATGAM) is 40 mg/kg/d for 4 d… whereby the first 100 ml of the first day infusion is given over 1 h.” should read “The dose of horse ATG (ATGAM) is 40 mg/kg/d for 4 d. Dilute the ATGAM in 100 ml sodium chloride 0.9% (max concentration 4 mg/ml) and infuse via a 0.2 micron filter. It is given as an intravenous infusion over 12–18 h but due to the risk of anaphylaxis, a ?test’ dose must be given. Current practice is to use an intravenous infusion test dose (recent survey of the EBMT SAA Working Party, unpublished data May 2012), prior to the first infusion. Following pre-medication with methylprednisolone and chlorphenamine, the first 5 ml of the 1 litre bag should be administered over 1 h (5 ml/h). In the event of a severe reaction, the infusion should be stopped. Epinephrine, chlorphenamine and hydrocortisone should be drawn up beforehand ready for use. Following an uneventful test dose the remainder of the bag is then administered over 12–18 h. A severe systemic reaction or anaphylaxis to the test dose is an absolute contraindication to proceeding with ATG treatment.” On page 202, column 1: “Eltrombopag is a peptide” should read “Eltrombopag is a nonpeptide” Reference Killick, S. B., Bown, N., Cavenagh, J., Dokal, I., Foukaneli, T., Hill, A., Hillmen, P., Ireland, R., Kulasekararaj, A., Mufti, G., Snowden, J. A., Samarasinghe, S., Wood, A., Marsh, J. C. W.& the British Society for Standards in Haematology (2016) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia. British Journal of Haematology, 172, 187– 207. doi:10.1111/bjh.13853 Volume175, Issue3November 2016Pages 546-546 ReferencesRelatedInformation

A releitura do princípio da actio nata quanto aos direitos difusos na judicialização brasileira

This article focuses on the study of the universal principle of Actio Nata i.e, the right to an efficient demand through a lawsuit. In post modern contextures, the Environment as a common good and a legal asset implies alterations and constant revisions of pleadings filed with courts on the grounds of causes of action. In Brazil, the pursue of a cause of action is firstly weighted by time barriers, fact that conducts to default judgements when noncompliance is verified by the court. However, collective goods nourish a diverse comprehension of torts and damages through ideas of risk management and preventive injunctions. These new concepts address essential matters to the juridical community pertaing to the origins and notion of a legal claim able to enforce the right sustained. The body text consists of the analysis of national jurisprudence and procedural instruments concerning the causes of action as well as their connection to the main goals of precautionary directives when collective rights are at stake. In the end, in view of the spread of diffuse premises and rights, new perspectives are arisen envisioning a sustainable development and life safeguarding, through the logical-deductive method.

Falling into language life: a montage of pre-faces in search of a text-ual body.

Clinical work, as all of consciousness, is steeped in and emerges out of language. Language is the medium of our knowing, and knowing the medium of our relating. Language has us; words dream us. For the mythical Navajo as for John of the New Testament, in the Beginning was the Word. Before any kind of distinction of thought, feeling, sensation or intuition comes language - language, not as 'just words', but as image. Words are images, and images as encompassing worlds present themselves as and through language. As a determinant of identity, language undermines all cues as to individual subjectivity, Yahweh's 'I am here' rendering time and place relative, and subjectivity co-constituted. This paper is a meditation on language for clinicians in the form that language presents itself, as a meandering flow of consciousness with associations and signposts leading onward.

The textual ethics of Dada: a case study

ABSTRACTResponding to the total devastation and global upheavals of the world’s first industrial war, avant-garde poets in the first decades of the twentieth century undertook the extraordinary task of developing a ‘reality-shattering’ aesthetic and dismantling the verisimilitudes of realism in a ‘momentous turn to toward the ethical’. Both multivalent, trans-modal, and often contradictory, these experimental and cross-genre innovations and poetic themes emerged in a new, trans-national Dada. Contributing to the burgeoning critical concern of the last decade in studies of twentieth century modernist poetry with the working through of ethics, this paper develops a case study for the textual ethics of Dada. The poems of the controversial ‘first American Dada’, Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, it is argued, are a preeminent example of an ethical experimentation in Dada, for her poetry in its material and transmodal aesthetic takes as its subject the trauma of being, and performs the dialogic dimensions of inter-human relations. The analysis reveals that while it is resistant to the possibilities of a collective moral code, Dada poesis can profoundly attest to the ethical tension of language troubling humanity in a vital process of historical transformation. By examining three areas of art poesis – ethics and trauma, ethics of the textual body, ethics and desire – the essay advances the first textual ethics of Dada.