Historical Texts Research Articles

The mega-metaphor DEATH AS A LIVING BEING in 16th-17th century Latin mourning poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Abstract This article analyses anthropomorphic characteristics of death, specifically the mega-metaphor DEATH IS A LIVING BEING, manifested in the 16th-17th Century Latin mourning poetry by Vilnius Academy students. Employing the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) method, the study systematically identifies and analyzes the conceptual metaphors within these works. Focusing on the anthropomorphic attributes of death, the research reveals that death was personified as a CAPTURER, GRIM REAPER, ENEMY, ANCIENT MYTHICAL FIGURE in the poetic tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This analysis provides insights into the conceptualization of mortality during the late Renaissance and Baroque periods, unraveling the complex interplay between life, death, and human emotions. Additionally, the article serves as a methodological exemplar, demonstrating the application of MIP in historical literary texts and cataloging valuable resources for scholars and those interested in the mourning poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Linguistic Equivalence in Muslim-Idiom Translation

Muslim-idiom translations use a range of strategies to properly contextualise biblical messages and to engage their audience. Most of these are not new or unusual. The rendering of divine titles may be subject to various different kinds of legitimate equivalence, as well as semantic and social constraints, and these issues are part of biblical history. Similarly, euphemisms, fundamental to human interaction, have always been a part of biblical textual history and cannot be banned from modern translations. And the formulaic key expressions of Islam, closely paralleling those of the Bible, contribute valuably to the literary stock which can be used to achieve engagement. Concerns about these issues are ultimately a matter of trust in translators’ loyalty to the biblical source text.

Orientalists' Criticism Of Saida Aisha's Marriage: Analytical Study Of Hadith Narrations

This Article presenting the divergent orientalists’ opinions, that were not indicated in most cases by reliable historical texts, about the ages of Saida Aisha when she got married to the Prophet. They have noticed the scarcity of information about the childhood of Saida Aisha and if her childhood was shrouded in mystery, then how could it be possible to confirm her early marriage. This research adapted the descriptive approach by collecting contradicted evidence of debaters and analyzing them in the light of Hadiths data related to the subject. The researchers concluded that reconsidering the age of Saida Aisha is necessary since the clear indications to her age in al-Bukhari and other canonical books of prophetic traditions are not prophetic statements but historical records of the companions and individual matters. Her sister Asma’ was 10 years older, and she was 27 years when they migrated to Yathrib which means Saida Aisha was 17 when they migrated! According to this historical account the age of Saida Aisha when got married was around nineteen.

Teksty historyków rzymskich na lektoracie języka łacińskiego we współczesnej szkole wyższej i w dawnym polskim szkolnictwie – zarys historyczny i wybrane zagadnienia dydaktyczne

Texts of Roman Historians on the Latin Language Course at a Modern University and in the Former Polish Educational System – Historical Outline and Selected Didactic Issues In this article the author focusses on two problems: these are a reception of Roman historical texts in the former Polish educational system and methods that can be used while working with students on translation and analysis of Roman historical texts in Latin classes at a modern university. In the first part of the paper, in a short outline the author presents which texts of Roman historians were read and how they were worked on in Polish schools from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. In the second part of the article the author deals with selected didactic issues, which are often focused on during Latin classes nowadays. The author discusses here her own didactic experiences and presents some methods of working on reading, translation and analysis of Latin historical texts that can be used to make teaching and learning interesting and inspiring for both a lecturer and student.

POVĚST’ VREMENNYH LĚT AS THE LITERARY CORPUS OF KYIVAN RUS’

The oldest chronicle of the Kyivan Rus, preserved under the conventional title The Tale of Bygone Years (Pověst’ vremennyh lět), has almost always been the focus of attention for historians, but much less often for linguists and literary scholars. Therefore, its composition as a literary monument remains not fully researched, and the status of individual episodes is uncertain. In the present article, the author attempts to carry out a comprehensive study of various witnesses to the text of the chronicle, which convey its composition at different stages of formation. Finally, after comparing independent evidence (the Latin translation by Jan Dlugosz, the outline by Jan Binwilski, Novgorod 1st Chronicle, Radziwiłł and Hypatian manuscripts), the author concludes that the chronicle was the result of the gradual integration of independent corpora of texts – historical, documentary, legal, literary, religious, including those with pagan motifs – and thus can be considered a summa textorum of Kievan Rus of the pre-Mongol period. The list of episodes of the chronicle up to the 1070s was studied (up to this moment, common episodes can be traced in the Novgorod and Kyivan chronicles) at various hypothetical stages of its formation. As a result of the comparison of textual layers within the annals, the hypothesis is substantiated that to explain each stage of formation it is necessary to operate with units smaller than the entire chronicle compilation. Independent functioning of compositionally completed episodes should be assumed. So each episode deserves to be explored in terms of its individual textual history and aesthetic features. The article proposes to reassess the literary heritage of Kyivan Rus’ and to talk not about a unique chronicle, but about a substantial library of texts, united into one corpus at a certain stage of the existence of literature of Kyivan Rus. The proposed theory is proposed to be called a dynamic model of compilation of the chronicle text.

The Golden Age of Islam and Its Impact on European Technology: A Historical Analysis

This study explores the profound influence of the Islamic Golden Age on the technological advancements in Medieval Europe. It investigates how the innovations and knowledge from the Islamic world, particularly between the 8th and 14th centuries, were transferred to and assimilated within European societies, thereby playing a pivotal role in shaping the technological landscape of Europe. The primary aim is to delineate the extent of Islamic contributions to European technology, addressing the historical narrative that often overlooks these influences. This research seeks to bridge the gap in historical understanding and acknowledge the intercultural exchanges that have significantly impacted the development of technology. Employing a historical-analytical method, the study analyzes primary and secondary sources, including historical texts, scientific manuscripts, and archaeological findings. This approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the technological exchanges between the Islamic world and Europe. Key findings reveal that various technological innovations, such as advancements in mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and medicine, originated from the Islamic world and were instrumental in European technological progress. The study highlights specific instances of knowledge transfer, such as through the translation movement in Al-Andalus and the Crusades, which introduced Europe to a wealth of Islamic scholarly works and inventions. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing the Islamic Golden Age's contributions to European technology, challenging the Eurocentric view of history and science. This research contributes to a more inclusive historical narrative and underscores the value of intercultural knowledge exchange in technological advancement.

Dialectological Problems in Historical Turkish Texts

Modern dillerin tarih boyunca yazılan metinlerindeki birtakım yazı, ses ve şekil farklılıkları, o dönemlerde günümüzdeki gibi ölçünlü bir yazı dili olmadığını göstermektedir. Matbaanın icat edilmesinden ve yaygınlaşmasından önce yazıya geçirilen hemen hemen bütün metinler önce sözlü olarak üretilmiş daha sonra da yazıya aktarılarak el yazısıyla sınırlı sayıda çoğaltılmıştır. 
 Türk dilinin tarihî metinlerinin yazıldıkları Köktürk, Uygur ve Arap alfabelerindeki birtakım çoklu yazım şekilleri, bu metinlerin de önce sözlü olarak üretilip daha sonra yazılı hâle getirildiğini gösterir. Bu metinlerdeki farklı diyalektik özellikler bu savı doğrular. 
 Türk dilinin tarihî diyalektoloji sorunlarının tespit edilmesi ve çözümü, artzamanlı lehçe çalışmalarına sunduğu katkılar kadar günümüzdeki ağız araştırmalarına da ışık tutmaktadır. Esasen günümüzde yapılan ağız araştırmalarıyla ilgili yöntem sorunlarının başında, dilin geçirmiş olduğu artzamanlı gelişmelerin dikkate alınmaması gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda çağdaş ağızlardaki kapalı e’li ve birincil uzun ünlülü sözcüklerin tespiti, ağızların bağlı bulundukları referans ağız gibi konularda esaslı yöntem sorunları yaşanmaktadır. 
 Bu makalede alfabeden hareketle öncelikle tarihî metinlerdeki diyalektolojik sorunlar, tespit edilecek ve daha sonra bu veriler ışığında günümüz ağız araştırmalarındaki sorunların çözümü için teklifler yapılacaktır.

Princess Olga’s Wars With the Derevlyans. Publication of the Fragment According to the Ostroh (Khlebnikovski) Copy With Poetological Commentary

The purpose of the article is to at least partially fill in some gaps in the study of the Kyivan Rus’ literary heritage. Firstly, the author proposes to consider fragments of the Tale of Bygone Years ( PVL) as independent literary works that deserve a separate study. These works may have their own textual history and distinct individual style. In order to clarify the textual history of the work, we use both direct evidence (manuscripts of the Tale of Bygone Years) and indirect evidence, in particular, the paraphrase‑translations of Jan Długosz, Maciej Stryjkovskii, and seventeenth‑century Old Ukrainian authors. Secondly, the article makes accessible for the first time a complete fragment of the PVL published from the Ostroh (Khlebnikovsky) manuscript only, including the accentuation, which is of great importance for the study of the textual history and literary formation of the PVL. Thirdly, the article provides a detailed poetologic analysis of the Tale of Olga’s Wars with the Derevlyans, shows its compositional independence from the subsequent stories about Olga, and explores its complex poetic form, built on rhetorical repetitions of the series of vocabulary, as well as on the counting of syllables and accents.

The Effect of Digital Stories in Teaching Historical Texts in Literature Class

The Effect of Digital Stories in Teaching Historical Texts in Literature Class

The Transformation of Domes in Medieval Chinese Mosques: From Immigrant Muslims to Local Followers

Abstract This article studies the evolution of the Muslim community in China between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries from the perspective of mosque architecture. It analyses four medieval Chinese mosques with domed mihrab chambers: the Hangzhou Phoenix Mosque, the Songjiang Mosque, the Dingzhou Mosque, and the Qingyang Great North Mosque. The article focuses on the dome-roof of the mihrab chamber in these mosques, applying an art-historical approach to examine the construction methods, as well as the decorative details of the dome-roof. To explore the origin and function of the domes in these mosques, I compare them not only with local architecture but also architecture from Central Asia. Meanwhile, the historical text on building construction examines the links between the Muslim community and the transformation of the architecture. The appearance of the mosques’ roofs reflects the fact that the immigrant Muslims became local Muslims under the authority and conciliation of the Ming central administration.

Rethinking basic taste terms

Abstract The general consensus about four basic tastes, sweet, bitter, sour and salty, is rooted in Aristotle’s writings. This inventory was expanded with the addition of umami (or savoury) in the early years of last century, a taste that wasn’t fully scientifically recognized until the mid-1980s. Work on this area of human cognition from various fields – psychology, physiology, chemistry and particularly food science – has led to new discoveries that allow us to have a better understanding of the mechanism of taste. However, linguistic work on this aspect of human perception is lacking. Questions remain to be asked as to the size of the vocabulary of basic tastes, and how language can reflect the organization of the taste domain. This paper proposes to look at basic tastes by examining Chinese historical texts with an aim to reveal how the ancient Chinese people classified and categorized tastes. It will be demonstrated that the Chinese concept of “taste” boasts a long history, going back to pre-historic times. The word for “taste”, 味 wèi, can also refer to “smell; flavour.” The term is primarily used as a category noun, which gets borrowed into Japanese to become the head element -mi of the compound word umami in Japanese. Significantly, a form with a similar sound shape, 美 měi, was found in ancient Chinese with the meaning “tasty”, an adjective describing the taste, flavour of fresh meat, akin to “savoury.” This indicates that we are dealing with a morphological process or doublet in this semantic field. It also indicates that the idea of “good taste, tasty, savoury” existed long before that of umami. Equally important is the form with related meaning, 鲜 xiān, which is made up of two graphic forms, “fish” （鱼） + “lamb” （羊）. This form etymologically denotes the flavour of fresh fish, now carrying the sense of “fresh, delicious, tasty, savoury” in Chinese, which further illustrates the point. Still another form, 旨 zhǐ “(n) good flavour; pleasant taste,” is the source of the meaning of umami, as defined in Japanese dictionaries. Several other tastes are also analysed. Their implications for the expansion of basic tastes are discussed. The connections between the taste domain and olfaction domain are explored, with insights from some neighbouring languages.

Impact of Learning Malay as a Second Language on Communication and Social Integration in Ban Iso Narathiwat Thailand

This research explores the impact of learning Malay as a second language on communication and social integration within the Muslim community of Ban Iso Narathiwat, Thailand. While the native language of the community is Thai, Malay is taught as an additional language due to its cultural and historical significance. The study adopts a qualitative approach, conducting interviews and surveys with community members, educators, and language experts. Participants' perspectives and experiences regarding their proficiency in Malay as a second language are examined to understand their motivations, challenges, and perceived benefits. Preliminary findings indicate that learning Malay facilitates improved communication with the Malay-speaking community and enhances cultural exchange. Additionally, it grants access to historical and religious texts written in Jawi script, strengthening their connection to their cultural heritage. The research focuses on the impact of learning Malay as a second language on social integration within the Muslim community of Ban Iso Narathiwat, Thailand. It aims to investigate how the learning of Malay influences interactions, mutual understanding, and social relationships in a diverse and dynamic community. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects of bilingualism and its implications on other aspects of community life.

Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna

OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: TENSE AND MOOD CATEGORIES This article is dedicated to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The problem with the annotation of tense and mood in medieval texts has been discussed. It results from the absence of the verb as a grammatical class, the varied ways of constructing the forms of tense and mood, and the mobility of the elements of these forms. Due to the difficulties related to the material studied, as well as technical issues, it was necessary to implement an additional level of annotation. The article discusses the rules of the second annotation, and identifies forms and constructions that are problematic to interpret in grammatical and syntactical basis. Differences in the way of understanding of agglutination category have been shown (in relation to other corpora of historical and contemporary texts). The work on the preparation of the “Tense and Mood” search engine has demonstrated that Old Polish apocryphal texts document the development of Polish verbal inflection.

Physiognomy and Geosophy of Pergamon according to Aelius Aristeides

Geographical depictions in ancient texts are often personal, biased, subjective, and sometimes imaginative. Therefore, the concept of geosophy coined by J. Kirtland Wright is important in terms of examining the geographical narratives and expressions in historical texts. According to him, geosophy is the study of geographical information in all respects and covers both true and false geographical ideas of all manner of people. Hence, Wright emphasizes that intuitive, imaginative and subjective thoughts are also valuable in geographical perception and should be taken into consideration. Examining all kinds of information related to the geographical perception in the texts from past to present brings the concept of geosophy closer to history as a discipline. In this study, physiognomic and geographical definitions of Aelius Aristeides, an orator and sophist of the 2nd century CE, about Pergamon, which is the most important ancient settlement of Kaikos Valley, and its surroundings are examined in terms of geosophical subjectivity and imagining categories. Thus, it is revealed that the examination of the narratives of ancient texts on terrestrial space from the geosophical point of view can offer new perspectives in studies on ancient history and historical geography.

Impresso Text Reuse at Scale. An interface for the exploration of text reuse data in semantically enriched historical newspapers.

Text Reuse reveals meaningful reiterations of text in large corpora. Humanities researchers use text reuse to study, e.g., the posterior reception of influential texts or to reveal evolving publication practices of historical media. This research is often supported by interactive visualizations which highlight relations and differences between text segments. In this paper, we build on earlier work in this domain. We present impresso Text Reuse at Scale, the to our knowledge first interface which integrates text reuse data with other forms of semantic enrichment to enable a versatile and scalable exploration of intertextual relations in historical newspaper corpora. The Text Reuse at Scale interface was developed as part of the impresso project and combines powerful search and filter operations with close and distant reading perspectives. We integrate text reuse data with enrichments derived from topic modeling, named entity recognition and classification, language and document type detection as well as a rich set of newspaper metadata. We report on historical research objectives and common user tasks for the analysis of historical text reuse data and present the prototype interface together with the results of a user evaluation.

Phenomenology: Application for the exploration of the live experiences of participants and historical text

Phenomenological research tries to describe and interpret meanings of experiences to a certain degree in-depth about the historical and sacred scripture and tried to explore the live experience of people about the phenomenon. There are mainly two types of phenomenology such as heuristic transcendental phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology. The heuristic transcendental phenomenology was used first by Husserl as descriptive or psychological or empirical phenomenology and it was developed as heuristic transcendental phenomenology. In heuristic transcendental phenomenology, Suspension or Reduction, Bracketing (epoche) is used to place researchers' preconceptions about the phenomenon at the edge of the writing. The hermeneutic phenomenology is used to understand the meaning of historical scripture such as Veda, Kuran, Bahagvat Geeta, Ramayan and other old scripture through the learning cycle being reflective and critical. So phenomenology works as the philosophy and qualitative research design to guide the whole research process.

Multimodal rhythm in TikTok videos: Exploring a recontextualization of the Gillard ‘misogyny speech’

This article presents a multimodal rhythmic analysis of a TikTok video, adopting a social semiotic perspective on embodied meaning-making. We highlight the importance of rhythm in coordinating and intertwining semiotic modes to produce meaning. The study develops a method for undertaking an integrated multimodal analysis of rhythm across speech, bodily action, gesture and music, and develops a transcription convention for representing this rhythmic unfolding. The data considered is a TikTok ‘glambot/boss challenge’ video featuring a lip sync to audio sampled from former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard’s 2012 culturally iconic ‘Misogyny Speech’ condemning misogynist and sexist men, particularly those in positions of power. This speech achieved viral prominence internationally and continues to be a key feminist text in Australian political history. The paper demonstrates how end-accented rhythmic groups create anticipation and lead to the main event in both the speech and glambot sections of the video. Alongside the rhythmic analysis, the article examines the intertextual meanings established with other TikTok videos that iterate the glambot meme and glambot challenge.

A critical review of the history and practices of millets in India

Millets have a long-standing history in India, and one can trace their cultivation and consumption to ancient times. This critical review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the history, practices, significance, and diverse applications of millets in India by drawing information from a range of ancient texts. Millets have played a crucial role in India's agriculture and dietary landscape for millennia. However, despite their historical importance, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in millets due to their potential health benefits, climate-resilient nature, and sustainable agricultural practices. The literature on millets is scattered across various historical texts such as Veda, Purana, and Samhita, making it imperative to consolidate this information systematically. The review of historical sources reveals a rich diversity of millets in India, with over 28 distinct species. These include Balbaja, Kangu, Priyangu, Shyamaka, Kodrava, Nivara, Yavanala, Gavedhuka, Chinaka, Uddalaka, Charuka, Chanaka, Venuyava, Varuka, Varaka, Varattika, Todaparani, Madhulika, Nandimukhi, Nala, Nali, Mukunda, Sarabeejam, Shimbira, Nartaka, Prashatika, Ragi, and Kuri. Historical texts provide insights into millet cultivation techniques, traditional practices, and their importance in Indian diets. The consolidation of historical knowledge about millets is essential for understanding their potential as a sustainable and nutritional food source. Further research is needed to explore the mechanistic aspects of their nutritional and ecological significance.

Deviating from Monstrosity

Between 1800 and 1807, Napoleonic reforms to obstetrics exposed more physicians to “monstrous births” (congenital anomalies). These reforms followed post-Revolutionary France’s need to re-define the “individual” and the Enlightenment’s attempts to naturalize the “monstrous.” Drawing on foundational eighteenth-century natural historical and medical texts, the article argues that the French Revolution was a major turning point in the conceptualization of dis/ability. To illustrate this, the illuminated volume Les Ecarts de la Nature (1775) by Nicolas-François and Geneviève Regnault and its 1808 edition revised by the physician Jacques-Louis Moreau de la Sarthe are analyzed through contemporary disability studies. The late eighteenth-century’s eventual eradication of monstrosities from the natural realm would lead to certain human bodies becoming normalized and others pathologized. This pathologization involved systematically categorizing human beings into forced binaries. Yet, by attempting to order that which does not fit into a binary, Les Ecarts attests that the dichotomy between “normal” and “abnormal” is a false narrative.

한국 차-연대기 문헌 DB 구축 및 웹서비스 구현

A Korean Tea-Historical Literature DB was constructed, collating information related to tea from eight historical texts, including the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Data were gathered from existing historical literature DB and web services. After processing, verification, and tag input, 53,679 historical literature data entries related to tea were created. This DB construction centralizes previously dispersed reading services into a single web service. Features such as literature title, time, and tag-based search functionality; assignment of attribute tags to data; search linkage through original source links; and a bookmark function were incorporated to enhance user convenience. The outcomes of this research support studies in the related fields, and it is believed that by accumulating and improving accessibility to tea-related literature, contributions can be made to the preservation and education of Korean traditional tea as a food resource and cultural heritage.