Textile Components Research Articles

Recognition of natural silk fibers, dyes and metal threads of historical Romanian textile fragments using the multi-analytical techniques approach

A multi-analytical technique approach involving the combined use of micro-invasive and nondestructive techniques was used to identify the type of fiber, mordant and natural dye constituents for eight historical textiles fragments from the 17th–18th centuries, found in monasteries in Northern Romania. The analysis was performed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC could determine two flavonol-based structure yellow dyes (possibly weld and Persian berries), one naphthoquinone-based structure brown dye (juglone-walnut) and five samples composed of anthraquinone-based structure red dyes (two fragments contain kermes, one cochineal, one lac and one madder). Elemental analysis using EDX was utilized to identify the possible using of alum as a mordant and the use of metallic threads (pure silver and gilt threads). OM and SEM techniques identified the fiber type and the existence of metal threads, while ATR-FTIR analysis could provide an initial idea about the functional groups of the textile components for the fiber structure substrates.

«Впізнавані» тканини в повсякденних практиках Флоренції XVI ст.

The aim of the article is to shape the semiotic of textiles in the context of their use in various daily practices of the city of Florence during the 16th century. The article investigates the possibility of different representatives of the city to perceive fabrics as a symbol and the ability to identify different types of textiles “by eye”. It consists of three thematic sections. The first one dedicates to the study of those characteristics of textiles that were decisive in the formation of their semiotics. We have found that fabric materials and techniques were such characteristics. Since the creation of textiles was a complicated process, their function as a symbol of user’s status was extremely important. The second part devotes to those manufacturing processes within cities that facilitated exchange of technology and design of fabrics and, as a consequence, perception by users such a textile component as an ornament. The third part of the article deals with specific examples of the Florentine comprehension of certain fabrics. It draws attention to the way textiles are described in written sources. The various urban practices have made it possible for representatives of different segments of the population to be able to distinguish different types of textiles. Fabrics have become an additional way of identifying the status and origin of their user. The ornaments were also symbolic, depending on the materials used to make them. On the other hand, many city dwellers could not identify elements of most common fabric patterns and, therefore, could not perceive them as symbols.

Textile materials as barriers against electromagnetic radiation

The accelerated development of textile products that have shielding properties against electromagnetic (EM) radiation excites the interest of scientists, the textile and clothing industry in the manufacture of woven fabrics, knitted fabrics and clothing with shielding properties. This paper deals with the investigation of the shielding effect of the electroconductive fabric to be used for manufacturing protective clothing consisting of textile and non-textile components. The textile component is a cotton-modacrylic blend, and the non-textile component is an inox yarn inserted into the fabric every 1 cm in the transverse direction of the fabric. The fabric was finished using solvents in the processes of dry and wet cleaning as potential care processes. The measurement results of shielding fabric properties have shown that the degree of shielding is better preserved after 10 cycles of wet cleaning than after dry cleaning

Small Caliber Compliant Vascular Grafts Based on Elastin-Like Recombinamers for in situ Tissue Engineering.

Vascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, but surgical options are restricted by the limited availability of autologous vessels, and the suboptimal performance of prosthetic vascular grafts. This is especially evident for coronary artery by-pass grafts, whose small caliber is associated with a high occlusion propensity. Despite the potential of tissue-engineered grafts, compliance mismatch, dilatation, thrombus formation, and the lack of functional elastin are still major limitations leading to graft failure. This calls for advanced materials and fabrication schemes to achieve improved control on the grafts' properties and performance. Here, bioinspired materials and technical textile components are combined to create biohybrid cell-free implants for endogenous tissue regeneration. Clickable elastin-like recombinamers are processed to form an open macroporous 3D architecture to favor cell ingrowth, while being endowed with the non-thrombogenicity and the elastic behavior of the native elastin. The textile components (i.e., warp-knitted and electrospun meshes) are designed to confer suture retention, long-term structural stability, burst strength, and compliance. Notably, by controlling the electrospun layer's thickness, the compliance can be modulated over a wide range of values encompassing those of native vessels. The grafts support cell ingrowth, extracellular matrix deposition and endothelium development in vitro. Overall, the fabrication strategy results in promising off-the-shelf hemocompatible vascular implants for in situ tissue engineering by addressing the known limitations of bioartificial vessel substitutes.

Core-sheath nanofiber yarn for textile pressure sensor with high pressure sensitivity and spatial tactile acuity

Highly sensitive wearable textile pressure sensors represent the key components of smart textiles and personalized electronics, with potential applications in biomedical monitoring, electronic skin, and human-machine interfacing. Here, we present a simple and low-cost strategy to fabricate highly sensitive wearable textile pressure sensors for non-invasive human motion and physiological signal monitoring and the detection of dynamic tactile stimuli. The wearable textile sensor was woven using a one-dimensional (1D) weavable core-sheath nanofiber yarn, which was obtained by coating a Ni-coated cotton yarn electrode with carbon nanotube (CNT)-embedded polyurethane (PU) nanofibers using a simple electrospinning technique. In our design, the three-dimensional elastic porous nanofiber structure of the force-sensing layer and hierarchical fiber-bundled structure of the conductive Ni-coated electrode provide the sensor with a relatively large surface area, and a sufficient surface roughness and elasticity. This leads to rapid and sharp increases in the contact area under stimuli with low external pressure. As a result, the textile pressure sensor exhibits the advantages of a high sensitivity (16.52 N−1), wide sensing range (0.003–5 N), and short response time (~0.03 s). Owing to these merits, our textile-based sensor can be directly attached to the skin as usual and conformally fit the shape deformations of the body’s complex flexible curved surfaces. This contributes to the reliable real-time monitoring of human movements, ranging from subtle physiological signals to vigorous movements. Moreover, a large-area textile sensing matrix is successfully fabricated for tactile mapping of spatial pressure by being worn on the surface of wrist, highlighting the tremendous potential for applications in smart textiles and wearable electronics.

Biodegradable polymer coating for controlled release of hydrophobic functional molecules from cotton fabrics

Despite major advances in polymer chemistry, cotton still remains the principal textile component in the global pharmaceutical industry owing to its intrinsic strength, thermal stability, biocompatibility, and pleasant texture. Nevertheless, the hydrophilic nature of cotton requires the development of strategies for the incorporation of hydrophobic functional molecules into the fabric for controlled-release applications. To address this issue, we designed biodegradable crosslinked poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) coatings as reservoirs for the incorporation of small hydrophobic molecules and studied their release profiles under physiological conditions. Two PBAEs with different hydrophobic and degradation properties were prepared and crosslinked to cotton fabrics in the presence of azulene, which served as a model hydrophobic, active material. Optimization of the crosslinking process in terms of UV curing time and the amount of solvent revealed that curing time of 15 min using 0.5 mL of chloroform was the optimal crosslinking condition. The coatings were characterized by FTIR, XPS, and SEM as well as TGA and DSC analyses. Sustained release of azulene was observed, and there was a correlation between azulene delivery rates and the hydrophobicity of the coating. These results provide a potentially useful platform for the rational design of cotton-based controlled-release systems for bioactive molecule delivery applications.

Radiocarbon dating of textile Components from Historical silk costumes and other cloth products in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

ABSTRACTIn our research on traditional clothing and accessories in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, we have collected cloth fragments from traditional Ryukyuan costumes and other fabric products for radiocarbon (14C) dating. In this study, the cloth samples from historical costumes of noro priestesses (two samples), men and women from high-status families (five samples), and non-costume cloth products (seven samples), belonging to the traditional hereditary religious system of the ancient Ryukyu Kingdom, which lasted from approximately the 14th century AD to 1829 were analyzed. One extra sample originated from a silk shawl known as a Manila shawl. The oldest among the 15 samples dates back to the mid-15th century, but some newer ones belong to the unclear calibrated age range of AD 1650–1950. The measured dates are very consistent with the historical record, suggesting that acetone and acid-alkali-acid treatments are an adequate cleaning method for radiocarbon dating of silk and cotton samples produced in the late Middle Age and later.

Smart Textile-Integrated Microelectronic Systems for Wearable Applications.

The programmable nature of smart textiles makes them an indispensable part of an emerging new technology field. Smart textile-integrated microelectronic systems (STIMES), which combine microelectronics and technology such as artificial intelligence and augmented or virtual reality, have been intensively explored. A vast range of research activities have been reported. Many promising applications in healthcare, the internet of things (IoT), smart city management, robotics, etc., have been demonstrated around the world. A timely overview and comprehensive review of progress of this field in the last five years are provided. Several main aspects are covered: functional materials, major fabrication processes of smart textile components, functional devices, system architectures and heterogeneous integration, wearable applications in human and nonhuman-related areas, and the safety and security of STIMES. The major types of textile-integrated nonconventional functional devices are discussed in detail: sensors, actuators, displays, antennas, energy harvesters and their hybrids, batteries and supercapacitors, circuit boards, and memory devices.

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Jute/E-glass Fabric Reinforced Hybrid Composites

Composite structures, that are one of the most critical materials of today, are being improved day by day with high performances besides their lightness. Textile reinforced composite structures constitute a key share among all composite forms. In these structures, textile components provide strength and dimensional stability to the composite material. In this study, the effects of different types of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, MWCNT-OH,MWCNT-COOH) on mechanical properties (tensile strength and impact strength) of jute/E-glass fabric reinforced hybrid composites were examined. Unsaturated orthophthalic polyester resin was used as the matrix material. Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technique was utilized for the preparation of four-plied composite specimens. In sample codes, J and G refer to jute and E-glass fabrics, respectively.

Textile waste for chemical and textile industries feedstock (presentation of EU project)

The RESYNTEX project aims at designing, developing and demonstrating a new industrial symbiosis between textile waste and the chemical industry. The new original symbiosis is based on the chemical/enzymatic transformation of textile waste in a form that facilitates the easy take up as feedstock by the chemical industry in order to produce high added value chemicals. The parallel production of various high added value products ensures competitive production costs for the chemical market. As a result, economic advantages can be provided besides prevention of industrial environmental problems. The project will consider and demonstrate the whole value chain starting from the citizen behaviour change and the textile collection of unwearable textiles, improving and automatizing the industrial sorting, demonstrating the production of the transformed textile components and the symbiosis with the obtained chemical products and finally analysing the best economic models and policy actions for a successful introduction in EU markets.

On the separation and recycling behaviour of textile reinforced concrete: an experimental study

This paper presents the results of recent experiments on the recyclability of the textile components in textile reinforced concrete (TRC). TRC as a multi-component system often contains organic ingredients such as carbon fibres and polymer impregnations. Consequently, the recycling of TRC is not trivial and has not yet been sufficiently clarified until now. In this study, an impregnated, bi-axially reinforced, and warp-knitted textiles made of carbon fibres was used in combination with a fine grained concrete. Flexural tests on TRC specimens containing recycled epoxy-impregnated carbon reinforcement were performed, whereby the recycling was simulated by a pre-treatment of the carbon fibre material in a jaw crusher. The results showed a pronounced decrease in flexural strength compared to untreated carbon reinforcement. Moreover, three different crushing methods were investigated with respect to their influence on the recovery of styrene-butadiene-rubber impregnated carbon textiles. Besides jaw crushing and impact milling, crushing with a hammer mill showed the best degree of purity but also caused the highest mechanical damage to the textile. The impact of material, structure of the composite and crushing methods on the separation behaviour could be deduced from the experiments.

VIBRATION PNEUMATIC SEPARATION OF MILLED PRODUCT OF RUBBER-FIBRE-WASTE

This work is devoted to the problem of vibration pneumatic separation of milled product of rubber-fibre waste. It is established that worn rubber products are a valuable secondary raw material. We studied the mechanical technology for the processing of rubber products, based on the processes of multistage grinding with an initial removing the bead wire and steel cord. The analysis showed that the most simple and qualitative way of separating of crumb rubber is vibration pneumatic separation. A separation of crushed rubber waste on the vibrating table with the use of air blowing of the textile component will allow separating of dissimilar particles of the initial mixture as efficiently as possible. The operation of the vibro-pneumatic separator is influenced by many factors, including the angle of inclination of the vibrating table, the amplitude of its oscillations, as well as the magnitude of the aerodynamic lifting force of the air flow. We have conducted research to identify the impact of these factors on the efficiency of sieving and purity of the crumb rubber of different fractions at the outlet. The aim of this work is to study the process vibration pneumatic separation of rubber-cord compound and the development of its hardware design. To achieve this aim the following tasks were set and solved: development of a new modernized system; determination of dependencies between the rate of transport of rubber-cord compound, the angle of inclination of the vibrating table and the amplitude-frequency characteristics; obtaining the calculated dependencies allowing to determine the velosity of entrainment of the cord fibers and crumb rubber.Forcitation:Kozlov А.М., Blinichev V.N. Vibration pneumatic separation of milled product of rubber-fibre-waste. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 96-102

Re-thinking floor mat design from an ergonomics perspective: Can a two-part mat system reduce biomechanical loads during normal mat handling tasks?

Floor mats are commonplace in commercial buildings, particularly in entry ways. These mats are routinely handled by delivery personnel as the mats are picked up for cleaning and clean mats are deployed. A new two-part mat design, which eliminates the need to move the rubber base during mat change operations, was hypothesized to reduce the physical demands on delivery personnel. Electromyographic data from back and shoulder muscles and spinal kinematics were obtained as 12 volunteers simulated mat selection, mat deployment, and mat pick-up tasks. Other factors considered in this study included mat size, pick-up method, and mat textile orientation during deployment. Results indicated that the two-part design reduced muscle activation levels across all tasks. Biomechanical benefits were also found when the mats were picked-up using a kick-fold as opposed to hand-fold method and when mats were deployed with the textile component rolled towards the inside of the roll.

Wearable strain sensing textile based on one-dimensional stretchable and weavable yarn sensors

Flexible, wearable, and even stretchable sensors are the key components of smart electronic textiles. However, most reported flexible and wearable sensors for wearable electronics are usually fabricated in two-dimensional (2D) planar strip configurations, which cannot be properly integrated into textile structures and thus greatly degrade intrinsic properties such as the softness, flexibility, and air permeability of textiles and the aesthetic feeling of clothing. In this work, a new one-dimensional weavable strain sensing yarn consisting of an elastic polyurethane (PU) core, a conductive Ag-nanoparticles/graphene-microsheets composite sheath, and a silicone encapsulation layer was designed and fabricated through an easily manipulated protocol. Arising from the reasonable structural design and appropriate material selection, the as-fabricated strain sensor not only exhibited excellent flexibility, stretchability, and highly repeatable electromechanical stability (a repeatability error of 1.56%) but also possessed both high sensitivity (a gauge factor of nearly 500) and a relatively wide working range (0–50% applied strain) with good linearity (a correlation coefficient of 0.98). In addition, the facile, nearly all-solution-based fabrication protocol enabled the scalable production of long conductive yarns. Thus, the proper yarn length and superb mechanical properties endowed the stretchable conductive yarn with good weavability. The excellent wearability of the stretchable conductive yarn was derived from the outermost isolating, hydrophobic, and biocompatible silicone encapsulation layer. A wearable high-sensitivity strain sensing textile, fabricated by directly weaving the as-prepared yarn-based sensor, showed great potential for application to wearable textile sensors for real-time monitoring of human motions from vigorous walking to subtle and complex pronunciations.

Large-Area All-Textile Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Human Motion and Physiological Signals.

Wearable pressure sensors, which can perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, are essential components of smart textiles. Here, large-area all-textile-based pressure-sensor arrays are successfully realized on common fabric substrates. The textile sensor unit achieves high sensitivity (14.4 kPa-1 ), low detection limit (2 Pa), fast response (≈24 ms), low power consumption (<6 µW), and mechanical stability under harsh deformations. Thanks to these merits, the textile sensor is demonstrated to be able to recognize finger movement, hand gestures, acoustic vibrations, and real-time pulse wave. Furthermore, large-area sensor arrays are successfully fabricated on one textile substrate to spatially map tactile stimuli and can be directly incorporated into a fabric garment for stylish designs without sacrifice of comfort, suggesting great potential in smart textiles or wearable electronics.

Earth eco-building: textile-reinforced earth block construction

Compacted earth block and adobe respond directly to the demands of sustainable building: low embodied energy, high specific heat capacity, inherent phase change properties, locally available in nearly all regions of the world. Because of its resistance to codification by traditional engineered quantification, however, earthen construction has remained largely relegated to the global south and, in Northern Europe, to bespoke small-market construction. Our research considers how the addition of natural fibre and recoverable textile components can lend compressed earth block building structural resilience and more predictable material qualities relative to human comfort and building longevity. Through our own and combinatory research, we have developed a decision tool to customize textile and fibre components to local climatic, soil and seismic conditions. The customized components, conceived as a kit of parts we have termed the ‘Just-Add-Earth Kit’, ship pre-templated to the site, serving to regulate construction, much like formwork or centering, but remaining in place after construction to serve as tensile reinforcing. The result is a carbon-neutral, locally appropriate construction with excellent interior climate characteristics as much at home in the developed world as in the developing world.

Ultrasonic-Impregnation for Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Prepreg Production

Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics have a high potential for big scale light weight process applications due to low processing times and recyclability. Further advantages are the low emissions during the manufacturing process and beneficial handling and storing properties of the semi finished materials. Thermoplastic composites are made of reinforcement fibers and a thermoplastic polymer matrix by applying two essential sub processes: (1) melting of the matrix-material and (2) impregnating the textile component with molten matrix-material. At present state of art both sub-processes are applied by using double-belt-presses, characterized by high processing temperatures and high processing forces. Therefore, a large amount of energy is needed to create the necessarily high compaction forces and temperatures with hydraulic cylinders and electric heating. Convection, infrared-radiation and the cooling (dynamic) of tempered machine parts leads to a significant dissipation of energy. Especially the process for generating the hydraulic pressure has a low level of efficiency. Therefore, in respect to economic and ecologic reasons, novel energy-efficient impregnation processes need to be investigated and developed. The represented novel impregnation process is based on ultrasonic technology. A stack of polymer film (outer layers) and a textile ply (inner layer) is formed and the energy is applied with an ultrasonic sonotrode. The efficient, fast and strongly concentrated energy application into the thermoplastic films allows the development of novel and highly flexible machine concepts. These can be used for development of small scale up to large scale production processes. The ultrasonic-technology allows a continuous impregnation of the textile component with molten matrix-material. A custom-designed prototype was developed. First material samples were produced and the technological parameters studied. A characterization of the experimental results, material samples, prototype machine and process is the focus of this paper.

TEXTILE HORSECLOTH AS AN ATTRIBUTES OF ROYAL POWER

The article discusses the importance of the textile equipment as oneof the components in the system of organization of power in Russia. Items selected for examination are related to the participation of the horse, as one of the most mythologized of animals in Russian culture, in the sacred environment. In this context, we considered textile horse trappings in general, with an accent on the most important items of the tsar's ritual sphere, filled with allegorical symbolism. These are authentic objects of applied art from the collections of Russian museums, which are interpreted by the inventory and historical narrative. Special attention is given to the equipment belonging to personal horses of Russian monarchs from Ivan the Terrible to Paul I. We investigate in detail all textile components of the ceremonial furnishings of the royal horse. We partially studied heraldic and funeral horsecloth. Summing up the results, textile horsecloth, with all its diversity in different historical periods, serves the formation of the image of a powerful monarch in the first place.

DEFINING THE TERMS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION IN TEXTILE BY THE PHOTOMETRY METHODS

The work proved computer photometric method for determining the water concentration in the line textile samples. The aim of the article is the testing of computer visualization techniques to determine the sorption characteristics of textile structural components. The main result is the determination of the actual empirical distribution functions in linear liquid samples. For this purpose one of the boundaries of the test material was set in contact with coloured water. Thanks to the diffusion properties of the material, water spread along the sample changing its brightness. Using of visualization enabled to determine the concentration in the textile sample. Experimental regressive dependence of concentration in a sample of different factors was developed. The proposed concentration dependence of the water from the coordinates and time has the form of exponential function. Exponent index is a characteristic feature of this material, which is characterized its absorption properties. Constants that describe the intensity of a linear sorption of the sample of material were defined. The results can be used in predicting of the water distribution and process modeling of discrete material structure.

Evaluation of an attributive measurement system in the automotive industry

Measurement System Analysis (MSA) is a critical component for any quality improvement process. MSA is defined as an experimental and mathematical method of determining how much the variation within the measurement process contributes to overall process variability and it falls into two categories: attribute and variable. Most problematic measurement system issues come from measuring attribute data, which are usually the result of human judgment (visual inspection). Because attributive measurement systems are often used in some manufacturing processes, their assessment is important to obtain the confidence in the inspection process, to see where are the problems in order to eliminate them and to guide the process improvement. It was the aim of this paper to address such a issue presenting a case study made in a local company from the Sibiu region supplying products for the automotive industry, specifically the bag (a technical textile component, i.e. the fabric) for the airbag module. Because defects are inherent in every manufacturing process and in the field of airbag systems a minor defect can influence their performance and lives depend on the safety feature, there is a stringent visual inspection required on the defects of the bag material. The purpose of this attribute MSA was: to determine if all inspectors use the same criteria to determine “pass” from “fail” product (i.e. the fabric); to assess company inspection standards against customer's requirements; to determine how well inspectors are conforming to themselves; to identify how inspectors are conforming to a “known master,” which includes: how often operators ship defective product, how often operators dispose of acceptable product; to discover areas where training is required, procedures must be developed and standards are not available. The results were analyzed using MINITAB software with its module called Attribute Agreement Analysis. The conclusion was that the inspection process must be improved by operator training, developing visual aids/boundary samples, establishing standards and set-up procedures.