Text Layout Research Articles

An Investigation Into The Reading Direction Preferences Of Generation Z: A Study On The Design Of Asian Winter Olympics Posters

Visual design is a crucial tool for communicating ideas through images rather than words or printed text. It enables readers to visually interpret and understand information, potentially solving problems across various life aspects. Traditional reading patterns usually flow from left to right and from top to bottom, while some Asian scripts are written in horizontal rows from left to right or in vertical columns from top to bottom. Lines guide the eye between sections and visual elements, while white space allows the eye to rest and focus on targeted areas. The purpose of arranging the five elements of layout design—text, images, lines, shapes, and white space—is to capture the reader's attention and effectively convey information. In this study, researchers conducted a visual content analysis of a poster with 40 Generation Z respondents to investigate their reading direction. This generation is known for its frequent use of various gadgets and preference for short, simple text to comprehend content. The researchers intentionally designed a vertical banner-sized poster representing the Asian Winter Olympics as a sample. The events included Sapporo 1972 and Nagano 1998 in Japan, PyeongChang 2018 in South Korea, and Beijing 2022 in China. The poster is segmented into four sections from top to bottom, each depicting one of the Winter Olympics events from 1972 to 2022. Coding categories were developed to analyse text layout, lines, and white space. However, the colours and images of these emblems and symbols of the Winter Olympic Games were predetermined, so colours and images were not examined in this study. This exploratory study of Generation Z offers an analytical approach to understanding the reading orientation of Generation Z and serves as a basis for future research. Additionally, several informants tended to scan the poster for information, even though it was not indicated that the poster could be interacted with via an app on their mobile phones.

Research on Product Advertising Design Combining Feature Extraction Technology and Web3D Technology

This work, built on the Unity3D development platform, presents a way for merging feature extraction technology and Web3D technology into advertising design to effectively address the issues of poor efficiency and distortion in the field. Using the candidate text layout generating technique of visual salience, we first build the vector function set based on the three main colors, then we produce the visual communication partition model of advertising design. Next, the number of feature parameters of the shape advertising design is obtained via the establishment of coding coefficient constraint features and the use of an upgraded neural network technique to extract local feature parameter information about the product. Finally, the product design model is brought to life using Web3D technology to boost advertising design's productivity and accuracy. The experiments show that this method not only results in a high rate of correct product identification but also offers a fresh viewpoint on the visual communication of product advertising design by merging the two disciplines.

Vertical is Beneficial but volume is Irrelevant: Optimization of urban guide signs based on spatial representation of road networks

Urban guide signs, a fundamental component of traffic sign systems, convey both directional and locational information. Previous studies mainly focused on the font or volume of information, while little attention was paid to the layout of text-based Chinese guide signs, which is an unregulated area but crucial in practical applications and related to people's travel safety. This study investigates the impact of text layout and information volume on the spatial representation of road networks through two experimental studies, examining the effects of different designs on path determination and global road network knowledge. The results indicate that the text layout of urban road guide signs significantly influences the formation of spatial representation of the road network. Specifically, vertical guide signs displaying road names on both sides proved more effective than horizontal ones. While the volume of road name information does not markedly affect the formation of spatial representation, the arrangement of road names does influence the determination of information volume, with vertical layouts facilitating the presentation of more information. It is anticipated that these design recommendations for road signs can effectively mitigate the incidence of road traffic accidents.

Text2City: One-Stage Text-Driven Urban Layout Regeneration

Regenerating urban layout is an essential process for urban regeneration. In this paper, we propose a new task called text-driven urban layout regeneration, which provides an intuitive input modal - text - for users to specify the regeneration, instead of designing complex rules. Given the target region to be regenerated, we propose a one-stage text-driven urban layout regeneration model, Text2City, to jointly and progressively regenerate the urban layout (i.e., road and building layouts) based on textual layout descriptions and surrounding context (i.e., urban layouts and functions of the surrounding regions). Text2City first extracts road and building attributes from the textual layout description to guide the regeneration. It includes a novel one-stage joint regenerator network based on the conditioned denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) and prior knowledge exchange. To harmonize the regenerated layouts through joint optimization, we propose the interactive & enhanced guidance module for self-enhancement and prior knowledge exchange between road and building layouts during the regeneration. We also design a series of constraints from attribute-, geometry- and pixel-levels to ensure rational urban layout generation. To train our model, we build a large-scale dataset containing urban layouts and layout descriptions, covering 147K regions. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations show that our proposed method outperforms the baseline methods in regenerating desirable urban layouts that meet the textual descriptions.

Box2Poly: Memory-Efficient Polygon Prediction of Arbitrarily Shaped and Rotated Text

Recently, Transformer-based text detection techniques have sought to predict polygons by encoding the coordinates of individual boundary vertices using distinct query features. However, this approach incurs a significant memory overhead and struggles to effectively capture the intricate relationships between vertices belonging to the same instance. Consequently, irregular text layouts often lead to the prediction of outlined vertices, diminishing the quality of results. To address these challenges, we present an innovative approach rooted in Sparse R-CNN: a cascade decoding pipeline for polygon prediction. Our method ensures precision by iteratively refining polygon predictions, considering both the scale and location of preceding results. Leveraging this stabilized regression pipeline, even employing just a single feature vector to guide polygon instance regression yields promising detection results. Simultaneously, the leverage of instance-level feature proposal substantially enhances memory efficiency ( > 50% less vs. the SOTA method DPText-DETR) and reduces inference speed (> 40% less vs. DPText-DETR) with comparable performance on benchmarks. The code is available at https://github.com/Albertchen98/Box2Poly.git.

The Digital World of Cytogenetic and Cytogenomic Web Resources.

The dynamic growth of technological capabilities at the cellular and molecular level has led to a rapid increase in the amount of data on the genes and genomes of organisms. In order to store, access, compare, validate, classify, and understand the massive data generated by different researchers, and to promote effective communication among research communities, various genome and cytogenetic online databases have been established. These data platforms/resources are essential not only for computational analyses and theoretical syntheses but also for helping researchers select future research topics and prioritize molecular targets. Furthermore, they are valuable for identifying shared recurrent genomic patterns related to human diseases and for avoiding unnecessary duplications among different researchers. The website interface, menu, graphics, animations, text layout, and data from databases are displayed by a front end on the screen of a monitor or smartphone. A database front-end refers to the user interface or application that enables accessing tabular, structured, or raw data stored in the database. The Internet makes it possible to reach a greater number of users around the world and gives them quick access to information stored in databases. The number of ways of presenting this data by front-ends increases as well. This requires unifying the ways of operating and presenting information by front-ends and ensuring contextual switching between front-ends of different databases. This chapter aims to present selected cytogenetic and cytogenomic Internet resources in terms of obtaining the needed information and to indicate how to increase the efficiency of access to stored information. Through a brief introduction of these databases and by providing examples of their usage in cytogenetic analyses, we aim to bridge the gap between cytogenetics and molecular genomics by encouraging their utilization.

Script and Creating a Religious Identity: The Typography of the Talmud

Aim of the article. This article deals with the iconic typography of the Talmud page and focuses on the relationship between script and religious identity. It examines changes in design and typography in the modern editions of Steinsaltz, Artscroll, and Koren since the 1980s, and how they led to the removal of some of these editions from the yeshiva world, preventing yeshiva students from using them. Results. The Talmud is the central and most influential text in the world of Jewish law. Its study holds great spiritual significance, and many regard it as a means for self-expression and connection to the Torah’s oral tradition. During the second half of the 20th century, initiatives were taken to change the traditional layout of Judaic texts. The aim of these initiatives was to create a new “Israeli design” for Judaic texts while remaining loyal to the past. Designers sought to strike a balance between conservation and innovation in aspects such as book design, technological advances in the printing industry, accessibility regarding reading, studying, and prayer, and catering to broader target audiences. In most cases, new book formats were chosen, but at times, such changes generated strong opposition in certain Jewish sectors, resulting in those books being banned from study halls and synagogues. A case in point was Rabbi Steinsaltz’s project of redesigning the Talmud to make Talmud study more accessible for struggling learners. Rabbi Steinsaltz changed the format of the Talmud page to a more readable format, using new fonts, additional punctuation, and wider spacing between the lines. This change, however, was not accepted by the Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) and parts of the National- Religious public. Scientific novelty. Existing research deals separately with the issue of Zionist Hebrew typography and the issue of the ultra-Orthodox society. To the best of our knowledge, so far, no research has directly linked the two issues to examine the ultra-Orthodox approach to design in general and to Hebrew typography in particular. This study contributes to previous research on Hebrew typography, emphasising its role in conveying a social, educational, and ideological message, regardless of the written text’s content. Conclusions. Judaic texts that are used in the ultra-Orthodox world are visually different in design from those used in the secular and/ or National-Religious world. While the ultra-Orthodox staunchly preserve the traditional Judaic book format (albeit with minor changes), the secular world and parts of the National-Religious public welcome books that have a variety of fonts, colorful designs and pictures, decorations, and didactic explanations to aid the reader. The Talmud is a book with a distinct typography and contains a wealth of information. The layout of a Talmud page allowed for a variety of different texts to be combined in one book, making it easier to study. The fixed template, which is exactly the same in all tractates, generates a visual representation of the text so that a large amount of information can be remembered through an “eidetic memory” of images. Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz’s edition of the Talmud (Koren), which changed the traditional page layout to make the text more accessible, remained only partially faithful to the original but brought about a true revolution. For some audiences, this innovative edition represents a pinnacle of Hebrew literature, while for others, it is seen as a violation of the sacred literature and should be banned. There has always been a strong connection between the ultra-Orthodox world and Hebrew typography, and it is still present on a daily basis. The Hebrew letters are cornerstones in the design of the Holy Scriptures. However, the attitude of the ultra-Orthodox world toward modern Hebrew typography as reflected in this study, is one of ambivalence, some acceptance but mostly strong reservations.

Gradient-Based Graph Attention for Scene Text Image Super-resolution

Scene text image super-resolution (STISR) in the wild has been shown to be beneficial to support improved vision-based text recognition from low-resolution imagery. An intuitive way to enhance STISR performance is to explore the well-structured and repetitive layout characteristics of text and exploit these as prior knowledge to guide model convergence. In this paper, we propose a novel gradient-based graph attention method to embed patch-wise text layout contexts into image feature representations for high-resolution text image reconstruction in an implicit and elegant manner. We introduce a non-local group-wise attention module to extract text features which are then enhanced by a cascaded channel attention module and a novel gradient-based graph attention module in order to obtain more effective representations by exploring correlations of regional and local patch-wise text layout properties. Extensive experiments on the benchmark TextZoom dataset convincingly demonstrate that our method supports excellent text recognition and outperforms the current state-of-the-art in STISR. The source code is available at https://github.com/xyzhu1/TSAN.

Visual Metaphor in Early Second Language Education

The paper adapts the theory of knowledge enablement in knowledge-sharing companies to the needs of the second-language classroom to explicate the association between pedagogical interaction and the effectiveness of the teaching process. The goal of the inquiry is to alert language teachers to the hidden opportunities visualization and layout suggest in designing a stress-free educational environment conducive to amplifying language knowledge and skills in a context stimulating knowledge enablement. Visualization is explored at two levels: 1) the level of text layout and illustrations; and 2) the level of visual images and visual metaphors. The method of structural and functional modelling is used to present the layout of exercises and language content and the visual metaphor identification method is employed in the analysis of visual images. A conclusion is asserted of the instrumental role of visuals in English coursebooks for young learners as a medium of visual literacy and as a factor in streamlining the development of productive second language skills. This claim is substantiated by a case study that 1) demonstrates the contextualizing function of images and visual metaphors in English language coursebooks for young learners; and 2) explores the means, instruments and ways of visualizing the instructional content of two TEYL coursebooks published in 2014 and 2015.

Poster graphic design with your Eyes: An approach to automatic textual layout design based on visual perception

The layout of graphic design can betedious, especially for non-professional users who require additional time. Therefore, this paper proposes a graphic design layout method based on visual perception. First, a graphic design dataset is trained based on a fully convolutional network, and a visual saliency prediction model is established to predict the visual saliency of the background image. Second, a probability density map of the background image is obtained using a diffusion equation. Third, based on a generation algorithm for a text anchor box, anchor boxes of different positions, sizes, and lengths are obtained. The experimental results show that, compared with previous work, the text position and size obtained by this method have higher correlations with the baseline.

PKM BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA BAKU DAN KALIMAT EFEKTIF DALAM SURAT DINAS KANTOR DESA AMBEUA RAYA KECAMATAN KELEDUPA

The realization of orderly administration of governance and development, as well as improving public services, the government followed up with Wakatobi Regent Regulation Number 23 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for Official Manuscript Arrangement in the Wakatobi District Government Environment. The Ambeua Raya Village Office, Kaledupa District, Wakatobi Regency is one of the village government offices that serves correspondence activities that are required to act quickly to produce the information needed. However, the problem is that the village apparatus is still unable to provide maximum service, especially in writing standard language and effective sentences in official letter scripts. The purpose of this PkM is to provide knowledge to partners in writing standard language and effective sentences in the layout of official letter texts. The method used is lectures and questions and answers as well as direct practice in writing standard language and effective sentences in official letters. This PkM activity was very satisfying and went quite well. This is indicated by the increased knowledge and understanding of village officials regarding the use of standard language and effective sentences in official letter documents. Of course, the success of this technical guidance will have an impact on the quality of the performance of the Ambeua Raya Village apparatus, Kaledupa District. The increase was especially in the mailing communication services, both internally and externally. In general, the benefits of this technical guidance will bring a positive image to the leadership of the village head who is currently in office. In addition, the success of the Village Head will add to the fragrance of this village's achievements in the competition arena at the district or provincial level. This will certainly bring the good name of all the people in Ambeua Raya Village, Kaledupa District, Wakatobi Regency

Layout of ancient Greek papyri through lead-drawn ruling lines revealed by Macro X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging

The use of lead-drawn ruling lines by ancient scribes for the layout of Greek papyrus rolls was known to us only from classical authors and was postulated by a few scholars in modern times. In situ application of noninvasive Macro X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy (MA-XRF) to unrolled papyri from Herculaneum, dating from about 200 BC to the 1st century AD, has provided the first direct evidence of such practice in ancient book production. The key experimental proof of periodic lines drawn in lead was gathered by a highly sensitive MA-XRF mobile instrument, which allowed detection of ultra-low trace residues of metals with detection limits that rival synchrotron light instruments. Elemental distribution maps of Pb have revealed three different systems of textual layout in ancient papyrus rolls and have resolved the dispute around so-called Maas’ Law, by delivering experimental proof that slanted text columns were a deliberate aesthetic choice of scribes.

Legally Binding

Copper-plate grants were issued in large numbers by pre-modern South Asian royal courts as legally binding documents recording ownership over land revenue. The textual layout of an inscription, and the positioning and size of certain elements, was linked to ritual dimensions inherent in the transaction and to ancient techniques of legal validation. Using the grant now known as IO-19 as an example, the author shows how textual layout can also reveal the complex and multi-stage processes involved in the production of such grants.

Multi-modal graph reasoning for structured video text extraction

Structured video text information extraction is a crucial part of video understanding for exploring the structured text fields from different category-specific videos such as scores in basketball games or identities in news. Recent natural language models and text detectors have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in video text detection and recognition. However, understanding text from unstructured video frames is challenging in practice due to a variety of video text and dynamic text layout changes. Limited work has focused on the solutions that efficiently extract structured information from the video text. In this paper, we address this task by modeling a multi-modal attention graph on the video text. Specifically, we encode both the visual and textual features of detected text regions as nodes of the graph; the spatial layout relationship of the text regions is modeled as edges of the graph. The structured information extraction is solved by iteratively propagating text region messages along graph edges and reasoning the structured categories of graph nodes. To promote the representation capacity of the graph, we further introduce a contrastive loss on the visual embeddings of the text regions in a self-supervised manner. In order to roundly evaluate our proposed method as well as boost future research, we release a new dataset collected and annotated from several standard NBA regular seasons and playoff match videos. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over several state-of-the-art methods.

The implications of typographic design in bilingual picturebooks for hierarchies

Presentation of text in picturebooks is an under-investigated field that requires consideration in order to support readers and those selecting books for readers. A unique form of picturebook is the bilingual picturebook which presents a story in two languages. The complexities of language readability and legibility are increased in these books, with implications for reader perception of the typographic design. In this paper we outline considerations for the design and presentation of two languages in bilingual picturebooks. We provide a discussion and analysis of text layout in Māori-English bilingual picturebooks and present guidelines for authors, designers, and publishers as well providing recommendations for the required further investigation into typographic layout for bilingual picturebooks.

Segmentation-Less Extraction of Text and Non-Text Regions From JPEG 2000 Compressed Document Images Through Partial and Intelligent Decompression

JPEG 2000 is a popular image compression technique that uses Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for compression and subsequently provides many rich features for efficient storage and decompression. Though compressed images are preferred for archival and communication purposes, their processing becomes difficult due to the overhead of decompression and re-compression operations which are needed as many times the data needs to operate. Therefore in this research paper, the novel idea of direct operation over the JPEG 2000 compressed documents is proposed for extracting text and non-text regions without using any segmentation algorithm. The technique avoids full decompression of the compressed document in contrast to the conventional methods, where they fully decompress and then process. Moreover, JPEG 2000 features are explored in this research work to partially and intelligently decompress only the selected regions of interest at different resolutions and bitdepths to accomplish segmentation-less extraction of text and non-text regions. Finally Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) algorithm is used to extract the layout of segmented text and non-text regions for further analysis. Experiments have been carried out on the standard PRImA Layout Analysis Dataset leading to promising results and saving computational resources.

Экспериментальный дейксис в пространстве поэтического текста

The article deals with the linguopoetics of deixis as one of the key mechanisms for expressing subjectivity in artistic communication. The aim of the study is to discuss the specifics of deictic words and constructions in experimental poetic discourse. The second part of the article analyzes the functions of personal, spatial, and discourse (textual) deixis in the visual layout of a poetic text (spatial design of verse). The material for analysis encompasses Edward Cummings’ experimental verse, conceptual poetry, US Language Writing, and Arkadii Dragomoshchenko’s poetic texts. The study has found that the deictic means of language, interacting with the visual space of the poetic text, actualize the dynamic subjec­tivity of the aesthetic utterance. In poetic discourse, the spatiality, length and duration of the utterance (message) as such is a particularly active field of indexicality.

DOC: Text Recognition via Dual Adaptation and Clustering

More recently, unsupervised domain adaptation has been introduced to text image recognition tasks for serious domain shift problem, which can transfer knowledge from source domains to target ones. Moreover, in unsupervised domain adaptation for text recognition, there is no label information in the target domain to supervise the domain adaptation, especially at the character. Several existing methods regard a text image as a whole and perform only on global feature adaptation, neglecting local-level feature adaptation, i.e., characters. Others methods only focus their attention on word-level feature alignment while ignoring the categories of local-level characters. To address these issues, we propose a text recognition model via Dual adaptatiOn and Clustering, DOC for short. Regarding word-level, we construct a Global Discriminator for global feature adaptation to reduce text layout bias between source and target domains. Regarding character-level, we propose an Adaptive Feature Clustering (AFC) module, which can extract invariant character features through a local-level discriminator for adaptation. Moreover, it enhances the local-feature adaptation by a clustering scheme, which evaluates the feature adaptation by leveraging the knowledge from the source domain as much as possible. In this way, it can pay more attention to the differences in fine-grained characters. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our framework can achieve state-of-the-art performance. We have released the code. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>

Effects of Reading Text on an Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Display During Treadmill Walking in a Virtual Environment

This study evaluated the effects of reading text on an optical see-through head-mounted display during treadmill walking in a virtual environment. Thirty participants were recruited to perform Chinese reading tasks by reading six types of text layouts in two polarity settings. A virtual environment was displayed on a projection screen to simulate a walking situation in which obstacles were encountered. High- and low-density obstacles were applied. Objective measures included reading performance, gait variability, and the error count of obstacles. The subjective measures were the situational awareness rating technique (SART) and NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores. The results indicated that font size and polarity affected the gait variability, reading performance, situational awareness, and mental workload ratings. The obstacle density affects gait variability and situation awareness rating. The layout with 32-point text and positive polarity yielded faster reading speed, better subjective ratings, and less variability in minimum foot clearance.

Preferences and Perceptions of Resumes Among Chinese People: A Visualization Study Based on Gaze Plot

This study uses the visualisation method of the gaze plot in eye-tracking technology to analyse how the physical characteristics of a CV, such as its layout, content ratio, and blankness rate, af ect the attention of dif erent Chinese people during the CV screening process. The study aims to summarise the focus, characteristics, and patterns of dif erent people's attention when browsing CVs to provide some references for CV creation for job seekers with dif erent needs. The study found that: 1. Regardless of the type of CV, the subjects would first pay attention to the image information in the CV; 2. The CV with a relatively open and organised text layout and a moderate/low amount of text would be more preferred by the subjects; 3. Appropriate blank space would attract the attention of the viewers more and faster, and a reasonable amount of blank space would also have a buf ering ef ect on the reception of new information; 4. Dif erent types of CV layout can have dif erent psychological implications for specific groups of people.