Reading Of Text Research Articles

WASHBACK EFFECTS OF ONLINE ASSESSING STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION IN NARRATIVE TEXT

The Covid-19 pandemic has altered the educational landscape. This is due to the fact that traditional classroom learning has been replaced with online learning. Even if the learning and assessment take place at home, teachers must be able to offer an effective learning process and assessment. The impact of testing on teaching and learning is known as washback. Teachers appear to play a significant part in developing different types of washback by examining the probable positive and negative washback that tests may cause at the micro and macro levels. In other words, the teachers' beliefs play an important role in influencing the washback effect. This study aims at explaining washback effect of online students’ assessment on reading comprehension in narrative text. Secondly, to describe students’ engagement in following online learning and assessing of reading comprehension. It employed qualitative method and descriptive research design. Data collection techniques used observation, online reading test, interview, and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques implemented data reduction, data display, data verification. The research participants were 32 the seventh graders of an Islamic secondary school in Semarang regency. The results show that narrative reading text used folklore digital storytelling namely The Crying Stone. The reading comprehension test consisted of forty items, they were short answer, close test, true or false, vocabulary development, matching, and references. Based on the data, there are two types of washback effects namely negative washback effect and positive washback effect. Positive and negative washback effect covered formative assessment and summative assessment. They are included assessment as learning, assessment for learning, and assessment of learning. Positive washback effects made students have eagerness to be autonomous learners. Students had high motivation and well-prepared in joining reading class. Meanwhile students had difficulties in learning and follow the reading assessment because of bad internet connection as negative washback. Sometimes some parents were not able to buy internet data package.

Tingkat Keterbacaan dan Keefektifan Kalimat pada Teks Tajuk pada Harian Fajar edisi Januari 2024 sebagai Sumber Bacaan Siswa SMA

This research is to describe the readability and effectiveness of the Headline text in the January 2024 edition of Fajar Daily as a reading resource for high school students. This study aims to analyze the level of readability and effectiveness of sentences in the Headline text in the January 2024 edition of Fajar Daily. This research uses quantitative descriptive method. The data in this study are 14 Headline texts in the January 2024 edition of Fajar Daily which were collected using the data collection techniques of listening and noting and using the high method. The readability level was measured using Fry's Graph. The results showed that 7 texts were suitable for high school students' reading materials and 7 texts were not suitable for high school students' reading materials. In the analysis of the effectiveness of the Headline text on Fajar Daily January 2024 Edition, there are 14 texts. The results of this study can be used as an alternative reading source in schools for Indonesian language subjects, especially news text material at the high school level. This effectiveness analysis has two examples of effective sentences and four aspects found in ineffective sentences. The four aspects of ineffective sentences include word repetition, word selection errors, vagueness of meaning, and non-standardized words.

THE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL VALUES IN READING TEXT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK AT THE EIGHTH GRADE AT SMP NEGERI 1 GUNUNGSITOLI

Cultural values are the basis of thinking and views of a community group that has been studied and selected so that it is considered good, therefore cultural values based learning is very important for the easy generation of a nation. In Indonesia, cultural values in education are included in the independent curriculum and are referred to as the Pancasila student profile. These values must be applied in learning including in learning materials as a form of strengthening the cultural values of the nation's children in the midst of global progress. Given the importance of this, this study aims to analyze cultural values in reading texts contained in English textbooks at UPTD SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the cultural values in the reading text, how the author implements the meaning in the sentence and whether the reading text in the book have met the purpose of the curriculum. This research used a qualitative approach and content analysis technique. The data analysis technique is based on the theory namely familiarizing and organizing, coding and reduction and interpreting and representing. Data collection was based on using check table instruments and document analysis. Data were collected through analysis of reading texts in the English for Nusantara book at UPTD SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli. Then the data collected was processed qualitatively to analyze the patterns and meanings by the cultural values in the Pancasila student profile. The results showed that five dimensions were successfully adapted in the reading text, namely the dimension of faith, ear o almighty God and noble morals, the second dimension of global diversity, the third dimension of cooperation, the fourth dimension of independence and the fifth dimension of creativity. The only dimension that was not found was the critical reasoning dimension. The next finding is the meaning integration technique conveyed in the text sentences based on the results of the analysis, the researcher found two types of meaning adaptation in the sentences in the text, namely explicit and implicit. Between the two, the explicit adaptation technique is the most widely used by book authors while implicit is used the least. Based on these two findings, the researcher concluded that the author still needs to pay attention to embedding the value of the Pancasila student profile into the student reading text.

Türkçenin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretiminde Okuma Metinlerinin Kültür Aktarımında Kullanımı ve Metin İşleme Sürecine Uygunluğu

In foreign language teaching, not only grammar but also cultural teaching should be targeted. It is important that the selected texts facilitate both language learning and cultural learning and make students love language teaching. In order to teach Turkish and Turkish culture, students should read texts that describe Turkish culture and convey the cultural elements in these texts to others in written and oral form, which allows them to know and embrace these cultural elements. The texts used should include cultural elements and should be aimed at teaching Turkish culture to students. Reading texts that accurately convey Turkish culture should be included in teaching Turkish to foreigners. Because each language is taught within its own logic. The purpose of this research is to address the importance and necessity of using texts for cultural transfer. In this direction, a case study was conducted within the framework of qualitative research and the research was presented. In the formation of the research, the texts named Wedding in Anatolia, Turkish Bracelets, Sultan Ahmet Mosque and Hagia Sophia were selected and examined in terms of cultural transfer during the teaching of Turkish to foreigners. As a result of the research, it was determined that students who read the selected texts and learn Turkish as a foreign language will be introduced to Turkish culture, customs and traditions. Key words: Teaching Turkish as a foreign language, Turkish language, text usage, cultural transfer, achievements, processing of text process

Experience from Designing Augmented Reality Browsing Interfaces for Real-world Walking Scenarios

Mobile phones have enabled users to browse information in varying mobility contexts. For high-mobility settings such as walking, however, phones pose several usability challenges, particularly safety and limited screen sizes. While Augmented Reality (AR) has been proposed to address these issues, prior work has yet to investigate AR interface design in real-world walking conditions beyond text readability and notification design. This paper presents the first exploration of AR browsing interface design and extended usage while walking in the wild. We first conducted design sessions with 12 UI designers while walking in varied environments to design the window size, distance, opacity, anchor type, and placement for three categories of apps: text, video, and mixed content. Results show that traffic level significantly affects the designed window size, whereas content type significantly affects window size, distance, opacity, and vertical placement. To gain further insights from real-world usage, we conducted a multi-day observational study with 5 participants and observed that participants on average switched among window layouts every 3.3 minutes, for reasons such as safety and the level of extended visual attention.

Abstract B160: Assessing patient experience in cancer clinical trial participants: Results from a rapid umbrella review with an equity lens

Abstract Introduction: Clinical trials are an important part of cancer care, yet research assessing patient experience in cancer clinical trials is sparse. Ensuring that the patient voice is heard and valued in the context of clinical trials is critical to the delivery of high-quality, patient-centered, and equitable cancer care. Furthermore, understanding the aspects of cancer clinical trials that are important to and reported by patients may inform strategies to address barriers to clinical trial participation, improve diversity in clinical trials, and advance health equity, particularly among populations underrepresented in clinical research. This rapid umbrella review sought to understand how patient experience is assessed in cancer clinical trials and to identify opportunities to integrate an equity lens. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases were searched for systematic reviews that identify and describe development, use, or testing of tools/instruments assessing patient experience of cancer clinical trial patients. The search strategy was collaboratively developed with an NIH Librarian, using a combination of key terms to describe: 1) patient experience, 2) clinical trials, 3) healthcare delivery, and ) systematic reviews. The search was limited to publications in the English language and a date range of 2018-2024. One co-author completed the title and abstract review based on the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers will then independently completed the full text review, quality appraisal, and data abstraction for all included studies. All authors will synthesize data into matrix tables and narratively summarize into key themes. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion. Results: Out of 1,751 yielded search results, 151 articles were preliminarily identified. Upon further reading of the full texts, the final list of included articles meeting inclusion criteria will be reported using Covidence. Summary findings from this rapid umbrella review will include the number of studies identified, clinical trials population, a description of the patient experience measures, domains, findings, as well as opportunities for health equity integration using the PROGRESS-Plus Framework. Conclusion: Equitable representation in clinical trials will require intentional efforts to understand and enhance the experience of patients on clinical trials across diverse patient populations, as well as address barriers to participation. However, there are several research gaps that limit our understanding in this area, including a lack of consistent definitions, patient experience domains; availability and use of standardized, validated measures for clinical trial populations, and knowledge about what factors differ and influence patients’ experiences, particularly among populations underrepresented in clinical research. Attention to these gaps will facilitate a greater understanding of patient needs, experiences, and barriers, and may promote actionable strategies to increase access to, inclusion of, and diversity in cancer clinical trials. Citation Format: Brenda Adjei, Katrina Makres, Eric Juarez, Sae-Jin E Lee, Lynne Padgett. Assessing patient experience in cancer clinical trial participants: Results from a rapid umbrella review with an equity lens [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B160.

Analysis of buried ink elements in library artefacts using pulsed thermography

Pulsed thermography is a well-established method for the non-destructive analysis of cultural heritage items. This technique has been recently applied by the authors of this paper for reading written scraps, used for the making of bookbinding of ancient manuscripts, located between the end papers and the covers. The readability of the hidden text depends on several geometrical, optical and thermal parameters characterizing the typology of paper and the ink employed. To this end, a comprehensive mathematical model was developed by the authors for analyzing the influence of the various involved parameters. In particular, two indices were introduced, namely the signal contrast and the distortion index, used to quantitatively characterize the hidden text readability. Several numerical simulations are reported for assessing the dependence of the contrast and distortion from various parameters appearing in the model. Finally, a preliminary application to the analysis of original books is also presented.

Диагностика сформированности смыслового чтения при работе учеников средней школы с учебными математическими текстами

Learning is working with a variety of educational texts based on reading, understanding, evaluating and interpreting information. To identify the result of reading an educational mathematical text and the quality of understanding the meaning of the text space created by educational materials, it is necessary to diagnose reading, namely, the level of semantic reading. In the modern study of reading, the PISA international monitoring, the concept of reading literacy, its components and levels are defined. The success of understanding more complex educational mathematical texts will depend on the level of reader literacy. If the levels of reading literacy have evaluation criteria and diagnostic apparatus, then how to assess the level of semantic reading? The article examines the relationship between the levels of reading literacy and text comprehension, models for assessing the semantic complexity of the text and semantic reading skills, various level structures for diagnosing the understanding of a mathematical educational text. Based on the studied scientific material, the complexity of the educational mathematical text "Triangle" was assessed according to criteria such as the number of words, simple words, scientific terms and their complexity, the number of mentions of scientific terms in each paragraph. Diagnostic material has also been created to check the understanding of this text, each task of which is aimed at determining the understanding of each information block and assessing the degree of development of semantic reading.

Body Transformations and their Phenomenological Hermeneutics: A Study of the Concealed Body Phenomenon in Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry

This paper discusses the intertwined relationship between the two concepts of phenomenology as an interpretive philosophy for revealing phenomena that leads to the formation of a vision of the world; and phenomenological interpretation as concept as a method of intensive textual reading that deals with phenomena as part of both subject and object embedded in phenomenology. The researcher delves into the concept of phenomenological hermeneutics as a method to uncover the textual meanings in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. The phenomenon of the body is selected as a sample studied to probe this existing entanglement. Merleau-Ponty's approach and its techniques is applied to tackle this phenomenon of concealed body. The paper attempts to define phenomenological hermeneutics; and examine how Merleau-Ponty's ideas present the body in phenomenological hermeneutics. The hermeneutics transformations which revealed the phenomenon of concealed body, and the techniques of its presence in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry are explored. The concealed body is investigated whether it is considered traveling through a successive poetic technique. The paper also seeks to present a view that covers the characteristics of the concealed body using the techniques of hermeneutics to explore its mysterious identity by presenting various Arabic poetry examples; in an attempt to present a critical phenomenological hermeneutic study that sheds light on the technique of intentional concealment in poetry.

Does the optimal level of illumination improve both visual functions and visual comfort in schoolchildren with low vision?

Lighting modification is commonly performed by optometrists and occupational therapists to enhance visibility and visual comfort among schoolchildren with low vision. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal illumination level for visual function and visual comfort of schoolchildren with low vision and the relationship between them. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess five levels of illumination ranging from 125 lux to 2000 lux to determine the optimal illumination for visual functions and visual comfort in schoolchildren with low vision from a special education school for blind in Malaysia. Purposive sampling was done to recruit forty-two schoolchildren with low vision for this study. Visual functions assessed were visual acuity, measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study LogMAR chart at distance and near, contrast sensitivity (CS) measured using the Pelli-Robson chart at distance and the Mars CS chart at near. Reading speed was determined using the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Malay Language Related Word Reading Text test chart. Subjects were asked to rate their visual comfort using a validated questionnaire at the end of each measurement of visual functions and reading speed for the different illumination levels. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity at distance and near, visual comfort and reading speed improved significantly with increase in illumination levels (p<0.05). However, the interaction between illumination level and level of low vision was not significant (p>0.05). Visual comfort was significantly associated with visual function (p<0.05), while direct association between visual comfort and illumination level was not significant (p>0.05). Optimal illumination for improvement of visual function, reading speed and visual comfort range from 276.67 lux to 701.59 lux. Majority of the schoolchildren with low vision had improved visual function, reading speed and visual comfort with increased illumination. Illumination of at least 600 lux is recommended for maximum visual functioning and visual comfort of schoolchildren with low vision.

Analisis Keefektifan Kalimat pada Teks Berita Artikel CNN Indonesia Mengenai Pemilu Edisi Februari 2024 sebagai Kelayakan Bahan Ajar Membaca Kritis Siswa Kelas IX SMP

A news text is a text that conveys news or information to the public about a factual and actual event. In the writing of news text should pay attention to the effectiveness of sentences so that the information conveyed can be accepted by readers and listeners. So, this research focuses more on analyzing the effectiveness of sentences contained in news text excerpts. The purpose of this study is to describe the effectiveness of sentences in news texts for critical reading of grade IX junior high school students. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive method while the research data collection uses literature study techniques, namely listening and noting. The results of this study prove that sentence analysis shows the existence of effective sentences and ineffective sentences. Sentences are classified as effective if they meet several requirements, namely structural equivalence, word economy, accuracy of reasoning and logicality of language. Meanwhile, ineffective sentences are caused by the structure of the sentence not being unified, not parallel, and very wasteful or wordy. The practical benefit obtained is the ease of determining the effectiveness of sentences in news texts. The data taken in this research is in the form of effective sentences contained in CNN news articles about the February edition of the election for critical reading of grade IX junior high school students.

"I Accuse" and "I Wander": on the Writer's Identity Formation from the SDGS Perspective

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the definition of writers, exploring the different configurations of writers in the context of diverse education, and learning about the importance of quality education for independent thinking and critical thinking. Method: This research adopts the methods of literature research and close reading of texts, analyzing historical works, academic monographs, and literary works to summarize the experiences, creations, and identities of contemporary Chinese writers, forming a comprehensive perspective. Results and Discussion: The writer is not only the material individual but also the creation main body, its position and the function in the literature field hold the balance. They are the primary force of literary production and the core of literary mechanism. After analyzing the history, definition and identity of a writer, we can divide the writer's identity into two types: the intellectual and the wanderer, which to some extent clears the fog of the writer's identity. Originality/Value: The current academic attention to the writer's identity is insufficient, the writer's identity structure in literary research is still not clear. This has led to a divergence of views in the community and the academic community on the writer, almost all the discussions are in disputes and conflicts, and the writer's identity which is very vague is more complicated. This study clarifies the definition of writers, provides a clearer definition and conclusion on the identity configuration of writers, and highlights the importance of quality education for independent and critical thinking.

Development of Critical Thinking in Chemistry Teaching

The critical thinking is an important part of education supported by the Czech curriculum documents, and its importance is now being discussed in the context of the development of artificial intelligence. In the teaching of (not only) chemistry, the critical thinking can be purposefully developed through appropriate activities. The article presents three comprehensive teaching tasks for chemistry education that have the potential to develop critical thinking: Genetically Modified Crops (a task using the problem-based learning and analysis of information sources), Nuclear Energy and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management (a task focused on critical reading of text, reasoning and working with artificial intelligence) and Reaction Kinetics (research-oriented laboratory work enhanced with elements of graph and data interpretation and reasoning). Building critical thinking skills in chemistry is essential for understanding abstract concepts and acquiring skills that enable students to approach chemistry topics responsibly and knowledgeably in everyday life. Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

A Suggestion for Eliminating Reading and Writing Errors of Students With Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of using the wrongly read and written words in sentences on correcting the reading and writing errors of students with learning disabilities. The study group of this research, which was designed according to the qualitative action research, consisted of 13 second grade students and 7 primary school teachers in Uşak province in 2022–2023 academic year. In the determination of the students, the criteria of having a learning disability diagnosis, having reading, and writing difficulties and volunteering to participate in the study were sought. The data collection tools of the research consisted of 5 reading texts chosen by taking expert opinions. Obtained data were analyzed by content analysis method. Since the students understood the meaning of the word by using the word in the sentence, they did not repeat the spelling and writing mistakes of the words. Teachers’ opinions about the effectiveness of using the word in sentences were analyzed with content analysis and the findings were discussed on the basis of the literature.

Two different visual stimuli that cause axial eye shortening have no additive effect

Previous studies identified two visual stimuli that can shorten the human eye by thickening the choroid after short-term visual stimulation, potentially inhibiting myopia: (1) watching digitally filtered movies where the red plane has full spatial resolution while green and blue are low-pass filtered according to the human longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) function (the “red in focus” filter), and (2) reading text with inverted contrast. This study aimed to determine whether combining these two stimuli would have an additive effect on axial length. Twenty-two emmetropic subjects were recruited to read text (standard and inverted contrast) for 30 min from a large screen, 2 m away, either unfiltered or filtered with the “red in focus” filter. Axial length was measured before and after each reading episode using low-coherence interferometry (Lenstar LS 900, Haag Streit). Reading text with conventional contrast polarity (dark letters on a bright background) resulted in no significant axial length change. Adding the “red in focus” filter did not alter the outcome. Consistent with previous findings, reading inverted contrast text made emmetropic eyes shorter. Surprisingly, when the text was combined with the “red in focus” filter, eyes became longer rather than shorter. A possible explanation for this contradictory result is that, for the text stimulus, the “red in focus” filter removes spatial information in the blue channel needed by the retina to use LCA analysis to thicken the choroid.

Mental effort during mindless reading? Pupil fluctuations indicate internal processing during levels of inattention.

Mind wandering, an experience characterized by a reduced external focus of attention and an increased internal focus, has seen significant theoretical advancement in understanding its underlying cognitive processes. The levels-of-inattention hypothesis posits that in mind wandering, external attention is reduced in a graded fashion, reflecting different levels of weak versus deep attentional decoupling. However, it has remained unclear whether internal processing during mind wandering, and mindless reading in particular, requires effort and, if so, whether it is graded or distinct. To address this, we analyzed pupil size as a measure of cognitive load in the sustained-attention-to-stimulus task during text reading. We examined whether decoupled external attention is linked to an overall reduction in workload and whether internal focus of attention is graded or represents a distinct cognitive process. Overall, overlooking errors in the text was associated with a small pupil size, indicating reduced effortful processing. However, this effect varied with error type: overlooking high- or medium-level errors (weak decoupling) resulted in reduced pupil size, while overlooking low-level errors (deep decoupling) had no effect on pupil size. Moreover, detecting an error (at any processing level) elicited a task-evoked pupillary response, which was absent when it was overlooked. These findings suggest that weak decoupling reduces internal resource-demanding processing and are in line with the hypothesis that large pupils during deep decoupling may be associated with distinct states of effortful internal processing. They further support both the levels-of-inattention hypothesis and the notion that internal focus is a distinct mode of deeply decoupled processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Attentional mediators of the effect of interest on comprehension

BackgroundWhile text reading is still a preferred form of learning, topic interest can be considered an important predictor of reading comprehension. However, the nature of the relationship between interest and comprehension is not yet fully understood. AimsThe present study investigates whether topic interest is related to comprehension when measured in advance and whether two indicators of attention (i.e., mind wandering and cognitive coupling) mediate this relation. SampleParticipants were 238 university students. MethodsParticipants rated their interest in three different topics. One week later, they read one text on each of these topics. The texts’ levels of difficulty were manipulated to change during reading. Measured variables during reading were the individual adaptation of the reading speed to the text difficulty (cognitive coupling) and the frequency of mind wandering. In addition, comprehension was measured after reading each text. ResultsPreliminary assessed topic interest was found to be indirectly but not directly associated with reading comprehension. Specifically, topic interest negatively predicted mind wandering during reading, while mind wandering was, in turn, negatively associated with reading comprehension. In addition, partial evidence was found for the mediating role of cognitive coupling. ConclusionsThe present study adds to the research by showing that topic interest can predict future mind wandering and one type of cognitive coupling. Because mind wandering was, in turn, negatively related to reading comprehension, the study's findings further suggest that topic interest should be encouraged to minimize harmful mind wandering, promote adaption to text properties, and thus improve comprehension.

Pillar 3: The impact of language complexity on the preferences of commercial bank website users

This research explores the impact of document complexity and readability on user preferences for disclosure information on commercial bank web portals, with a focus on Pillar 3 disclosures. The study investigates the usage patterns of disclosed information by stakeholders. Through an analysis of web portal access variables and document complexity and readability measures, the study identifies correlations between text complexity/readability and user preferences. The experiment used traditional readability measures like the Gunning Fog Index and Flesch Reading Ease but also focused on less-used metrics such as LIX, various text characteristics, and part-of-speech metrics. The findings reveal that while stakeholders show interest in financial documents despite their complexity, preferences in using these documents vary based on document type and readability. Notably, documents with higher complexity tend to attract more attention, suggesting potential challenges in accessibility and comprehension. The paper highlights the importance of presenting disclosure information in a manner that enhances readability and accessibility to better engage stakeholders. Additionally, the research introduces user preference indicators aligned with web portal access metrics, providing insights into stakeholders’ behavior. The research followed up on previous findings of extremely low interest in Pillar 3 information from commercial bank stakeholders. The results showed that stakeholders are more interested in less demanding and more readable texts such as annual reports, and as Pillar 3 documents are more complex and harder to read, they are less interested in them. The research concludes that stakeholders’ increasing interest in this information requires finding approaches to presenting it in less complicated and more readable ways.

Classification of papyrus fragments by chemometric analysis of near-infrared spectra

Papyrus has been used for millennia to record information, for sophisticated works of art as well as mundane notes. The collection, identification, and translation of papyrus fragments therefore opens a gateway into the past. To aid the efforts to access the history recorded in papyri, we investigated the suitability of NIR spectroscopy to perform two tasks: One is to support the authentication of ancient papyri, by differentiation of papyri that were manufactured more recently and subjected to accelerated ageing to resemble the originals. The other is the extensive task to piece together papyrus fragments into readable texts again. In museums around the world, more than 100,000 ancient papyrus fragments still wait for their proper assembly, deciphering and publication. The papyrus writing-ground was analysed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and the spectra were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and self-organizing maps (SOM). Cluster analysis and PLS-DA proved to be useful tools for distinguishing modern papyri from ancient papyri which were provided by collections in Vienna and Leipzig. Neither natural nor accelerated ageing affected the classification. A PLS-DA classification model, constructed from NIR spectra of 89 model scores, detected recent Papyri samples with 100 % sensitivity and specificity, even after accelerated ageing. The identification of groups of fragments of ancient papyri based on NIR spectra and chemometry is not straightforward. HCA, which focuses on the differences between samples, only grouped the fragments of 4 out of 20 papyri correctly. SOM, which rather focuses on the similarities, grouped 6 sets of fragments correctly. An automated grouping of fragments remains difficult, since the fragments themselves are heterogeneous while similarities between unrelated ancient papyri can be large.

A Study of Key Factors Influencing the Usability of Smartphone Graphical User Interfaces for Older Adults

This study investigates the key factors influencing the usability of smartphone graphical user interfaces (GUIs) among elderly users in Shanxi Province, China. A total of 1,111 healthy individuals aged 60-75 years participated in the study. Quantitative analysis methods, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and mediation and moderation analysis, were employed to examine the interactions between user characteristics (age, education, experience, health status) and GUI design factors (interface layout, text and icon design, feedback mechanisms, information presentation) about usability metrics (cognitive load, interaction barriers, user experience). The analysis revealed that both user characteristics and GUI design factors significantly impact usability outcomes. Specifically, GUI design factors were found to mediate the relationship between user characteristics and usability, while user characteristics moderated the effects of GUI design on usability. These findings underscore the necessity of tailored interface design to enhance user experience and promote digital inclusion among elderly populations. Practical recommendations include the use of larger and more readable text, simplified iconography, and clear, immediate feedback to users. Such adjustments can significantly improve usability and foster greater digital inclusion. This research contributes valuable insights to both theoretical understanding and practical applications in the design of age-appropriate mobile interfaces.