Form Of Textbooks Research Articles

Meta Analysis: Analysis of Students' Mathematical Critical Thinking Ability Through the Inquiry Learning Model

Purpose of the study: The importance of critical mathematical thinking skills in mathematics learning in the current era of the industrial revolution and globalization has encouraged research to evaluate the impact of learning models, one of which is the inquiry model, on students' critical mathematical thinking skills. Methodology: This meta-analysis review was conducted using the stages of data collection, literature review using PRISMA, statistical analysis, qualitative study, and conclusions. Data were collected through national and international journals and proceedings indexed by Sinta or Scopus to make the information obtained more credible. This study uses the PRISMA framework with the steps identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion to help transparency, consistency, and completeness of reporting the results of the meta-analysis review. Main Findings: Based on the research results, inquiry learning significantly influences students' critical mathematical thinking skills. This is evidenced by increased motivation, curiosity, and student involvement in learning. However, this finding requires follow-up in the future, for example, the development of innovations in textbook learning in the form of textbooks or other learning media. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study analysis of the process of students' critical mathematical thinking skills towards the inquiry learning model in this study was conducted by citing various cross-disciplinary studies and studies from multiple countries or regions to balance more detailed analysis perspectives globally.

Legal Aspects of Implementing the Execution of Evidence of Excise Criminal Actions Which Have Permanent Legal Effect in The Bogor District Judicial Prosecution

The main objective of this research is to analyse and explain the regulation and mechanism for the implementation of the execution of evidence of excise crimes legally carried out in the Bogor Regency District Attorney's Office and to analyse and explain the authority of the Prosecutor in the implementation of the execution of evidence of excise crimes that have permanent legal force. The method used is the normative legal research method using the statutory approach and the case approach. The types of legal materials used are sourced from secondary data obtained from primary legal materials in the form of legislation, secondary legal materials in the form of textbooks, journals, legal expert opinions, relevant legal cases, and tertiary legal materials in the form of legal dictionaries. The results of the study indicate that the regulation and mechanism for the implementation of the execution of evidence of excise crimes legally carried out in the Bogor Regency District Attorney's Office implement cooperation with customs in the form of a Joint Agreement between the Director General of Customs and Excise of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia and the Deputy Attorney General for Special Crimes of the Republic of Indonesia Attorney's Office. related to the coordination of criminal law enforcement in the field of customs and excise where the implementation of the confiscation of excisable goods is carried out after receiving a court decision that has permanent legal force and the settlement of excisable goods that are confiscated for the state is carried out in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations governing the management of confiscated state goods. The authority of the Prosecutor in implementing the execution of evidence of excise crimes that have permanent legal force has legal constraints from the absence of special rules governing the auction of confiscated goods in the Criminal Code. Every criminal procedure should be regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), but the regulation of the settlement of confiscated goods does not have a legal basis for the prosecutor as the executor in terms of criminal procedure law. Apart from that, it is also necessary to determine the extent to which the Prosecutor can carry out the Execution of Evidence according to existing regulations the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP).

History of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).

The 50th year of the European Federation of Societies in Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) has been celebrated 2022 publishing articles on the history of US. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) allows to visualize blood flow and tissue perfusion. CEUS has proven to be safe without risk of nephrotoxicity. The availability of a contrast agent (tracer) for ultrasound imaging allows for the first time a dynamic assessment of tissue perfusion (blood flow and wash-in/wash-out pattern) which is an essential part for the detection and characterisation of pathological tissue and abnormal organ function. It was an outstanding achievement of academic centers in close cooperation with EFSUMB to investigate and validate the clinical potential of this new technology for the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases and to develop clinical guidelines based on an in-depth assessment of the existing scientific publications. An important part of the implementation of CEUS in clinical practice was the development of contrast-specific imaging modes on the ultrasound scanners (in close cooperation with the machine manufacturers), the optimization of the machine setups for contrast imaging and the education provided to clinical users in form of workshops, webinars, textbooks and scientific congresses.

Development of Textbooks for Elementary School Curriculum Study and Development Course

This study aims to develop an elementary curriculum study and development textbook specifically designed for 5th-semester students in the Elementary School Teacher Education program. The textbook is aligned with the current syllabus and aims to improve students' conceptual understanding in the Elementary School Curriculum Study and Development course. To ensure that the textbook meets the needs of effective learning, this research uses the ADDIE model which includes 5 stages namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The data collection technique uses a validation instrument in a semi-open questionnaire. The validation results showed high qualification scores from two experts: content and material (87.50%), presentation (89,06%), and language (87,50%). Small group trials involving 30 fifth-semester students taking the Elementary School Curriculum Study showed an average acceptance rate of 87,00%, indicating that the textbook was well-made and suitable for use. With this research, the results are obtained in the form of elementary school curriculum study and development textbooks that have been adapted to the development of the current educational paradigm.

Peningkatan Kompetensi Menulis Buku Ajar: Upaya mewujudkan Pembelajaran Orisinal Melalui Pelatihan Online di Universitas Teknologi Sumbawa

Quality learning is strongly supported by the availability of textbooks. Through the work produced by lecturers in the form of textbooks, it will have an impact on the originality of learning. This activity aims to improve the competence of lecturers in writing textbooks through online training. The implementation of the activity by the Academic Directorate of the Innovation Center (PIA) of the University of Technology using the Zoom platform. The delivery method uses lectures and responses. Participants totaled 47 people from representatives from 6 faculties. The results of the activity showed that participants were involved in providing responses to questions and responses, understanding the content of the material, and participants' readiness in writing textbooks. The results of the evaluation were carried out through a pre-test with a score of 60% and a post-test of 93% with an increase of 33% N-Gen. This activity is a good effort to improve the competence of writing textbooks as part of realizing original learning.

Logical-semantic knowledge model for the knowledge base of a lecturer

The subject of this study is the process of synthesizing a graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model with an open architecture for the knowledge base of a university lecturer. The purpose of the proposed model is to develop a lecturer’s knowledge base using a graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model. The objectives of this study include: analysis of existing approaches to the formation of information management systems for organizing the educational process in higher education institutions; definition of the research methodology; analysis of the integrated four-factor architecture of the knowledge model about the existence and activities of the socio-economic ecosystem; formation of a three-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation model based on the results of the analysis; presentation of the practical implementation of the three-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation model for the lecturer’s knowledge base; and summarizing the research results and outlining future directions in the field of knowledge modeling for knowledge bases with open architecture. The methods used include an approach that identifies general patterns and hypotheses underlying the construction of lecturers’ knowledge bases to organize the educational process in higher education institutions. The theoretical foundation proposes using a logical-semantic model of semiotics knowledge because all known logical and logical-semantic knowledge models are representative objects of semiotics. The following results were obtained. The current focus of implementing information technologies in educational activities is on organizing educational processes in a distance format. At the same time, an important aspect of lecturers’ work—providing information supports for their methodological activities—has been overlooked. This work involves preparing initial materials, processing them, and forming the corresponding final materials in the form of textbooks, educational aids, lecture notes, methodological guidelines, and presentations. This paper proposes an architecture for a three-factor graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model, which defines an algorithm to form the corresponding knowledge base. According to the authors, this knowledge base can be best implemented in Microsoft Excel. The advantage of this knowledge base model is its open architecture, as users hold administrator rights over the knowledge base. The user makes decisions about including relevant knowledge elements in the knowledge base. The inclusion of the "Students" factor in the knowledge base and subsequent recording of their participation results in classes ensures the possibility of providing these results to department and faculty management for further analysis. Conclusions. The architecture of the graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model and its corresponding knowledge base ensures the resolution of tasks related to the preparation of methodological support for courses. It can also complement existing LMS (Learning Management Systems) and LCMS (Learning Content Management Systems). The next step in using the formed knowledge bases for relevant educational components (courses) is to create department knowledge based on these knowledge bases. This ensures the formation and preservation of the department's intellectual potential and transferability.

Memory and Enculturation

It may be safely stated at present that the triad of past, tradition and memory has accelerated at an incredible pace. Memory seems to keep the events of the past alive for ever shorter periods of time. Rites, memories and remembrance are now handed down as written sources in the form of textbooks. How does the narrative of the teaching aids that have emerged in the 21st century then evolve and what are/have been their achievements in the construction of national identity? How do hon- és népismeret [Our homeland and its people] textbooks function as tools for building a national community? The subject hon- és népismeret taught in grade schools examines and discusses national culture and the processes of cultural reconstruction in a rather specific cross-section. Beyond exploring the interdependence and interlocking of the context and practice of ‘knowledge creation’/‘knowledge transmission’ in primary educational institutions, this paper aims to explore some salient observations on its generational relationship to memory. The importance of this subject and textbook is/has been undeniable, both as a tool for national and social community-building on the one hand and as a tangible archive of the process of heritage transmission/patrimonization on the other hand.

STRATEGI DAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN YANG KREATIF DAN INOVATIF PADA MATA PELAJARAN AKIDAH AKHLAK DI MADRASAH

This research aims to analyze creative and innovative strategies and media in teaching Aqidah Akhlak in Madrasas. This research uses a type of library research. Research Results: Aqidah Akhlak learning strategies can be in the form of: 1) Direct Learning Strategies (direct instruction), 2) Indirect Learning Strategies (indirect instruction), 3) Interactive Learning Strategies (interactive instruction), 4) Learning Strategies through Experience (experiential learning ), 5) Independent Learning Strategy. Meanwhile, creative and innovative media takes the form of: 1) Print media, which can be in the form of textbooks, worksheets, or modules that can be used by teachers and students. 2) Audio media is implemented, for example at the MI level in phase B (Class 3) which can use audio in the form of sound speakers related to Asmaul Husna material, so that students can listen carefully and memorize it easily. 3) Visual Media can be applied in Phase D (Class VII) of MTS, such as the material "Manners of Social Media from an Islamic View". Teachers can use image media regarding various types of social media for each student by explaining each student's advantages, disadvantages, impacts of use, and etiquette in using them. 4) Audio visual media can be used at the Class

DIGITALIZACIA VYUCOVANIA, DIGITALNE UCEBNICE A DIGITALNE UCEBNE MATERIALY V PRAXI

The subject of the contribution is the identification of the possibilities and limits of incorporating work with digital forms of textbooks in the undergraduate training of future primary education teachers. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of incorporating additional digital teaching materials into the teaching of future primary education teachers in the master's degree on the level of digital competencies of the research sample. Through the analysis of the output data, we confirmed that the manipulation and mastering of work with digital textbooks and digital teaching materials for primary education within the undergraduate training of teacher students has the ability to positively influence the level of their information and data literacy.

Mastering by Students of the Secondary Vocational Education System of the Main Section “Information Modeling” of the Discipline Program “Informatics” on the Basis of the Mental Approach

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the use of the mental approach in the system of secondary vocational education when students master the main section “Information Modeling” of the discipline “Informatics”.Research methodology. The idea of the study is related to the implementation of the mental approach in the system of secondary vocational education when students master one of the main sections of the sample work program of the general educational discipline “Informatics”, compiled by the authors of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education “Institute for the Development of Professional Education”. The use of the mental approach in studying the section devoted to information modeling is implemented on the basis of its two stages: at the first stage, connections are formed between the areas of the sensory zone and their model representations, at the second stage of training, the acquired intuitive experience is systematized using the concepts and terms of the subject area “Informatics”, as well as the section “Information Modeling”. To implement the mental approach, mental electronic textbooks are used, which make it possible to present and interpret the educational material of the section in the form of three levels: figurative-visual, model and theoretical-conceptual form. To implement the form of electronic textbooks, the development of N. Pak and N. Amangazy ugly was taken as a basis, demonstrating the transformation of educational resources in favor of transformer textbooks, adapted to the needs of the secondary vocational education system.Results. Based on the application of the mental approach in the system of secondary vocational education, the content and structure of the transformer textbook for the section “Information Modeling” of the discipline “Informatics” were developed, mental schemes of the module were compiled, an approximate content of question blocks for mastering the program module was proposed.Conclusions. The application of the mental approach to the system of secondary vocational education in the mastering by students of the main section of the discipline “Informatics” “Information Modeling” contributes to increased interactivity in lectures and practical classes, the organization of control and self-control of students’ knowledge.

Preliminary study on the first book of the forensic medicine translated from Japanese Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan(Practical forensic medicine translated into Chinese)

In 1908, Wang You and Yang Hongtong, who studied in Japan, translated Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan(Practical forensic medicine translated into Chinese), which was the first book of the modern forensic medicine translated from Japanese and the first independent translation of the book of the modern forensic medicine by Chinese, playing an important role in the history of the development of modern forensic medicine and the history of scientific and technological exchanges in China. Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan introduced to China the advanced basic knowledge, techniques and instruments of modern forensic medicine in foreign countries in the form of textbooks, and supplemented the deficiencies of traditional Chinese forensic toxicology, forensic material evidence and other knowledge. It is found that the background of forensic science of Wang You and Yang Hongtong makes Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan show the characteristics of the combination of Chinese and Western and graphic combination. Han Yi Shi Yong Fa Yi Xue Da Quan has been actively spread in modern times. In the late Qing Dynasty, it was taken as the textbook of the examination and learning Institute of the capital by the Ministry of Law, and continued to be republished after the Republic of China, which had an important impact on the creation and development of modern forensic medicine.

OSTEOINDUCTIVE CAPACITY OF PLATELET-RICH FIBRIN VS BIODENTINE FOR MANDIBLE FRACTURE

Highlights Biodentine has undergone thorough research as a bone grafting substance due to its ability to promote bone regeneration and effectively treat root or tooth fractures. PRF and Biodentine can stimulate osteogenesis, affecting bone repair, particularly in mandibular fractures. Abstract Background: Mandibular fracture is one of the most common fractures. The most common treatment for mandibular fractures is fixation. Therefore, xenogeneic agents such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and Biodentine accelerate the reparative process. Biodentine is an interesting active ingredient that can induce bone regeneration. PRF and Biodentine can promote bone healing, but no literature discusses the differences between PRF and Biodentine osteoinduction mechanisms in treating mandibular fractures. Objective: This article aimed to compare the effect of osteoinductive PRF with Biodentine for mandibular fractures. Material and Method: The research was conducted as a scoping review by performing a thorough search of the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases. The study was obtained based on literature studies in the form of journals and textbooks in the last ten years (2013-2023). Result: The osteoinductive effect and mechanism of Biodentine in enhancing bone repair are likely correlated with releasing biologically active ions from calcium silicate cement and stimulating gene expression Runx-2. PRF has an osteoinductive role, causing the mechanism of releasing growth factors such as PDGF, VEGF, TGF-β, and IGF that promote the osteogenic process. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the osteoinduction effect of PRF and Biodentine because these materials have different mechanisms of action for bone repair.

Pendampingan Pembuatan dan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas untuk Kenaikan Pangkat Guru

Community Service Activities (PPM) aim to help teachers develop ideas in the form of written scientific papers which are then published in the form of textbooks or scientific articles. This Requirements activity can also be used as a supporting point in teacher promotion. The method of implementing activities begins with a) data collection, b) preparation of plans, c) implementation of activities, d) evaluation of activities, and e) publication. The method of implementing activities is by assisting in transmission. The results of PPM activities include: (1) participants get an introduction to PTK with various learning methods, (2) participants receive assistance in making PTK, and (3) participants receive assistance in drafting journal articles/proceedings using the journal template they are going to. This service activity received a positive response as shown by looking at the results of the questionnaire as much as 87% of the activity can motivate and increase knowledge before receiving assistance by 72% regarding PTK as well as preparing draft publications through textbooks and scientific articles.

Enhancing Maritime Security In Indonesia: A Case Study Of Indonesian Coastguard Approach To People Smuggling In Strategic Ocean

In the face of globalization and increasing maritime trade, the Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian Coast GuardRI) plays an important role in safeguarding the country's waters, particularly the Makassar Strait, against the threat of people smuggling . This study evaluated Indonesian Coast Guard RI's strategy to combat people smuggling , focusing on personnel capacity building, interagency collaboration, and strict regulatory enforcement. This research uses normative legal research methods, using legislative, conceptual, and historical approaches. It belongs to the category of descriptive research, using secondary data consisting mainly of primary legal material (legislation) and secondary legal material in the form of textbooks and scientific journals on people smuggling. The analysis shows (1) indonesian maritime security agency by joint operations and interagency synergy, personnel capacity enhancement, security and safety patrol mandate (2) maritime routes poses through analysis of specific incidents, evaluation of countermeasures, utilization of technology and intelligenc, (3) evaluation of method and strategy effectiveness through training impact on personnel, interagency collaboration, implementation and regulatory compliance, (4) exploration of new technology potential through advanced surveillance system utilization, integration of artificial intelligence, data-driven approaches, (4) analysis of motivations and tactics through analysis of perpetrator motivations, analysis of smuggling and people smuggling tactics. Conclusion of this research is that Indonesian Coast Guard holistic approach, coupled with collaboration with relevant agencies, has positively impacted the reduction of people smuggling incidence. Nevertheless, challenges remain, requiring further research to optimize strategies to more effectively ensure Indonesia's maritime security against the threat of people smuggling .

Echoes of Wisdom: Unveiling Ecological Education in Oral Literature for an Enriched School Literacy Movement

One of the issues that is capturing the world's attention today is environmental issues. Ancient societies had a concern for the environment. Environmental education efforts can be implemented in the School Literacy Movement. To that end, this research will answer the following research questions: 2). How is the natural element in the oral literature of society? 3) How are the efforts to revitalize oral literature and the literacy movement in schools? This study used PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review) for the search strategy and the systematic review approach on the selected articles. Relevant literature searches were conducted throughout the Garuda portal. Research results have shown that oral literature plays an important role in society. The important position is because oral literature comes with a variety of functions, namely: (1) As a religious means of a string of prayers and hope to God; (2) As a means of recreation after a long day's work; (3) As a means of education to convey messages of goodness from parents to their children; (4) As a remedy, they mixed spells with plants and other objects; (5) As a means of stimulating the economy in the fields of agriculture, plantations, and the sea; (6). A medium of criticism and advice in the social field of society. Attempts at revitalization have been made in several ways. Among them, collecting old literature in the form of encyclopedia books, anthologies, and textbooks. In addition, it is necessary to make efforts to make oral literature more enjoyable for the younger generation.

A Review on the Concept of Pottali

Introduction: Pottali word were found in classics in different contexts mainly meaning the word for bundling the various herbal drugs in a piece of cloth and to apply for sedation in various diseases. Pottali is a highly potent, concise form of medicament, which depicts maximum potency in low dosage form. The peculiarity of Pottali lies in its typical shape, form and preparatory methods. Thus, reviewing the concept of Pottali is the main objective of this article. Material and Methods: Available literature related to Pottali were searched from available printed form of various text books, journals, web-based search engines source were referred for updated research data. Results: The present article gives a review on concept of different preparatory procedures, types mentioned in various classical textbooks, dosage, and mode of administration and significance of Pottali Kalpana. Pottali Kalpana was invented with a vision for convenience in transportation, administration, dose fixation, preservation and enhancement of properties. Conclusion: More researches and documentation are required to be done for analytical and clinical evaluation of Pottali Kalpana.

The Character Value of Love for the Motherland in Madrasah Digital Books: Analysis of Islamic Religious Subject Cluster Books Class XI Madrasah Aliyah

Madrasah Digital Books as teaching materials in the form of electronic textbooks in Madrasah, play a role in shaping the character of students. So the teaching materials need to be studied and examined in terms of content, especially related to the character values of love for the homeland that students urgently have in it. Is there any content of character values of love for the homeland in the Digital Book of Madrasah Clusters of Islamic Religious Subjects Class XI Madrasah Aliyah? The purpose of this study is to describe the content of character values of love for the homeland in the Digital Book of Madrasah Cluster of Islamic Religious Subjects Class XI Madrasah Aliyah. This research uses the method of literature study and content analysis. This method is used to obtain the right target book by searching the textbook completely and accurately. Meanwhile, content analysis is carried out by conducting a study on the content of character values of love for the homeland in the Digital Book of Madrasah Cluster of Islamic Religious Subjects class XI Madrasah Aliyah which includes aspects of: (1) defending the country; (2) tolerance; (3) obey norms and regulations. The findings of this study show that the content of character values of love for the homeland in textbooks has been stated in each subject within the scope of its family (Qur'an-Hadith, Akidak Akhlak, Jurisprudence, and Islamic Cultural History) completely and proportionally.

Effectiveness of Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI) Based Science E-Modules to Increase Students' Scientific Literacy

An important component in the learning process is the existence of teaching materials for students. Teachers need a variety of teaching materials, both in the form of textbooks and modules that can help carry out the learning process well. This research aims to test the effectiveness of a Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI) based science e-module to increase students' scientific literacy. This type of research is quasi-experimental research with a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The research was conducted in three class VII MTs Nurul Iman Dasan Makam, Sukamulia District, East Lombok Regency. The effectiveness of the e-module is obtained by providing test questions at the beginning (pretest) and at the end (posttest) of learning to measure the increase in students' scientific literacy. The results of the analysis of the effectiveness of increasing scientific literacy are in the medium category with an average N-gain score of 0.47. The research results show that the implementation of the SSI-based science e-module is quite effective in increasing students' scientific literacy so that it can be used as a teaching material for science learning

Teaching Learning Sequence About Green Chemistry and Eco-Batteries: A Results from Qualitative Content Analysis

Batteries can generate electricity as direct current through and electrochemical process called and oxidation-reduction. Batteries can be converted into eco-batteries so that they are able to provide supplies for the community to create energy from renewable sources. This is in accordance to the aspect of green chemistry that can be integrated into learning. This study aims to obtain produce concept maps and Teaching Learning Sequences (TLS) from scientist’s conceptions in the context of eco-batteries. The method used in this research is qualitative content analysis using literature analysis. The literature used in the qualitative content analysis is in the form of textbooks, review articles and research articles. The instrument used in this study includes a content analysis format, which is described descriptively to build students understanding of the principles of green chemistry in the context of eco-batteries. The results showed that the concept map and TLS agreed on the relationship between green chemistry, content and context were found that eco- batteries are an alternative to overcome pollutants from fossil fuels by utilizing the principles of green chemistry. TLS describes the learning flow with several sequencing, 1) fossil fuels, 2) definitions and components in batteries, 3) redox reaction materials 4) examples of Eco-batteries oriented to green chemistry. Eco-batteries in learning can integrate redox concepts that involve aspects of green chemistry, using renewable raw materials and safe chemical products. The results of concept maps and TLS in this study can be used as a basis for designing of teaching material and lesson design. Keywords: Teaching Learning Sequence, Green Chemistry, Eco-Batteries

Modeling as a research method: a library science discourse

Significant changes in the library industry resulting from its transformations require new models of activity and are characterized by a lack of systematic scientific research on the use of the modeling method in library science theory and practice. This determines the relevance of identifying the state, directions of use and generalizations of the method in library science discourse. Using the semantic analysis of the documentary flow of publications in professional library science journals by keywords, the article analyzes the documentary flow of publications that reflect the results of scientific Ukrainian research and illustrate the representation of modeling in librarianship by conditionally selected generalized thematic clusters. It is concluded that the outlined areas of modeling processes and phenomena in the library science discourse indicate that significant changes in the library industry as a result of its transformations are the subject of attention of Ukrainian researchers, and the results obtained can serve as a significant scientific and methodological basis for further research. In the absence of systematic research and educational and methodological support in the form of textbooks and manuals on modeling in library theory and practice, the existing scientific heritage can be generalized and translated into the educational process of training applicants for master's and doctoral degrees as a proven tool and result of scientific knowledge, for the acquisition of competencies defined by the Standard of Education in the specialty "Information, Library and Archival Affairs".