Hypothesis Testing Research Articles

Sleep disturbances among combatants with mild traumatic brain injury

to evaluate the level of sleep disorders in combatants with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), to provide a comprehensive characterization of sleep disorders using the assessment of complaints, anamnesis data, neurological status, and ESS and PSQI questionnaires with the involvement of comparison groups of patients.bMethods and subjects. The study involved 117 patients who were divided into three groups: combatant patients with mild TBI (n=30) (study group № 1), combatant patients without TBI (n=30) (study group № 2), and group relative to healthy civilian respondents (n=57) (control group). A cross-sectional research design was used. Patients were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), as well as the frequency of complaints (inability to fall asleep, night awakenings, early awakenings, and nightmares), anamnesis (age, time since injury) and neurological status data. The method of statistical hypothesis testing for multiple comparisons with appropriate post-hoc calculations was used to compare the obtained results. Results. In study group №1, complaints about the inability to fall asleep were observed in 73.3% of cases, complaints about night awakenings — 46.7%, complaints about early awakenings — 23.3%, and complaints about nightmares — 20.0%. The age was 31 (24 — 40) years, and the time since the injury — 14 (8 — 28) days. A difference from the average values in other groups was found according to the χ2 criterion with correction for continuity (p<0.05). In the process of post hoc analysis using the Bonferroni correction, a statistically significant increased frequency of complaints of inability to fall asleep, early awakenings, and nightmares were found in study group №1 compared to other groups (p<0.05). The frequency of major deviations in neurological status among combatant patients was evaluated. The score on the ESS scale in the study group №1 — 8.1±3.6 points; in the study group №2 — 6 (4 — 8) points; in the control group — 4 (3 — 6) points. The difference in medians is statistically significant according to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.001). Post-hoc comparisons using the Steel-Dwass test indicate that the values of this scale differ when comparing study group №1 and the control group (p<0.001) and study group №2 and the control group (p=0.008). PSQI score in study group №1 — 11.2±4.5 points; in the study group №2 — 7.5 (5 — 11) points; in the control group — 5 (4 — 8) points. The difference in medians is statistically significant according to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.001). Post-hoc comparisons using the Steel-Dwass test indicate that the values of this scale differ when comparing study group №1 and study group №2 (p=0.02) and study group №1 and the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions. Comparisons of the frequency of complaints revealed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of complaints of inability to fall asleep, early awakenings, and nightmares in combatants with TBI. A statistically significant increased level of daytime dysfunction was found in this group of patients according to the ESS scale. A statistically significant decrease in sleep quality also was found in this group of patients according to the PSQI scale. The obtained data can be interpreted as a reflection of the increased prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury.

A Journey Through Philosophy and Medicine: From Aristotle to Evidence-Based Decisions

The evolution of medical reasoning is deeply intertwined with philosophical thought, beginning with Aristotle’s foundational work in deductive logic. Aristotle’s principles significantly influenced early medical practice, shaping the works of Galen and Avicenna, who made empirical observations that expanded clinical knowledge. During the Enlightenment, both inductive reasoning, as advocated by Francis Bacon, and deductive methods, as stressed by René Descartes, significantly advanced medical reasoning. These approaches proved insufficient when it came to handling uncertainty and variability in medical outcomes. Nineteenth-century figures like William Osler advanced a probabilistic understanding of medicine. Karl Popper’s 20th-century hypothetico-deductive method, which introduced the concept of falsifiability and transformed scientific inquiry into a rigorous process of hypothesis testing, is a fundamental aspect of evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM emerged as the dominant paradigm, combining empirical research, clinical expertise, and statistical inference to guide medical decisions. Looking forward, Bayesian reasoning offers a further refinement in medical reasoning. By incorporating prior knowledge and continuously updating probabilities with new evidence, Bayesianism addresses the limitations of frequentist methods and offers a more dynamic and adaptable framework for clinical decision making. As medical reasoning evolves, understanding this philosophical lineage is essential to navigating the future of patient care, where evidence must be both rigorously tested and individually tailored.

Informative hypothesis testing in the EffectLiteR framework: A tutorial

In this paper, we illustrate how the typical workflow in analyzing psychological data, including analysis of variance and null hypothesis significance testing, may fail to bridge the gap between research questions and statistical procedures. It fails, because it does not provide us with the quantities of interest, which are often average and conditional effects, and it is insufficient, because it does not take the expectations of the researcher about these quantities into account. Using a running example, we demonstrate that the EffectLiteR framework as well as informative hypothesis testing are more suitable to narrow the gap between research questions and statistical procedures. Furthermore, we provide two empirical data examples, one in the context of linear regression and one in the context of the generalized linear model, to further illustrate the use of informative hypothesis testing in the EffectLiteR framework.

ANALYSIS EFFECT OF EXPORTS, IMPORTS, INFLATION AND FOREIGN DEBT ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to test and analyze how Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves were affected by imports, exports, inflation, and foreign debt. Regarding the relationship between Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves and imports, exports, inflation, and foreign debt for the 2019–2023 timeframe, there is a gap between theory and empirical data, which makes this study noteworthy. In order to regulate it and preserve economic stability, it is crucial to constantly track the movement of foreign exchange reserves. Data for the study were taken from official publications of Bank Indonesia (BI), the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and the Indonesian Economic and Financial Statistics (SEKI). Monthly data was gathered for the study between 2019 and 2023. Using time series data for the 2019–2023 period, including monthly data and up to 60 series data, the sampling was carried out in Indonesia. using conventional hypothesis testing (t, f, and determination tests) and assumption checking (multicollinearity, normality, and heterokedasitas tests) to estimate multiple linear regression. While imports, exports, inflation, and foreign debt are independent factors, foreign exchange reserves are the dependent variable. The results of the study show that the dependent variable is influenced by two independent variables. Foreign exchange reserves are positively impacted by exports, but negatively by inflation. Furthermore, imports and foreign debt have no effect on foreign exchange reserves, making them independent variables that do not affect the dependent variable.

THE EFFECT OF OPERATING CYCLE AND DEFAULT RISK ON PROFIT QUALITY WITH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AS A MODERATION VARIABLE

This study aims to examine the influence of operating cycle and default risk on profit quality with good corporate governance as a moderator. The research method used is an associative quantitative method. The data used in this study is panel data, which is a combination of time series data and cross section data. The population in this study is companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2023. The determination of samples by purposive sampling technique was obtained from 16 companies with 80 observation data. The analysis technique and hypothesis testing were carried out by panel data regression analysis through EViews ver-12. Based on the results of the T test, it is known that the operating cycle has a significant effect on the quality of profits. On the other hand, default risk has no effect on the quality of profits. Meanwhile, good corporate governance cannot moderate the influence of operating cycle variables and default risk variables on profit quality.

The Utilization of Learning Media: Comparison of Pop-Up Book and Flip Book Media in Improving Elementary School Students' Reading Comprehension Skills

This study was conducted in class VI SDN Pasirhalang 2, Sukabumi Regency with the aim of knowing the differences between pop-up book and flip book media on elementary school students' reading comprehension skills. This study is an experimental research with a one-shot case study design. In this design, the researcher only conducted one treatment which was estimated to have an effect. This design was used to examine the process and achievement of student learning outcomes during the learning given to class A using pop-up book media while class B used flip book media. In this study, there were two groups, namely randomly selected. This research design used one class A and one class B. After being given media to one of the sample groups (experiment), it was continued with the provision of the two sample groups (control) used. The data obtained were student learning outcome data collected from two classes, namely 30 class VI SDN Pasirhalang 2 (class B) and 30 class IV SDN Pasirhalang 2 (class A) with a total of 60 students. The average value in the experimental class is 66.5 with a minimum value of 40 and a maximum value of 90. While the average value in the control class is 61.59 with a minimum value of 40 and a maximum value of 87.5. Based on the results of data processing using the hypothesis test (F one way anova test) obtained a significance value (Asymp sig (2-tailed) 0.03 <0.05, it can be stated that Ho is rejected and H₁ is accepted. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference when using pop up book and flip book media.

Stay Sane in Studying: Examining the Role of Loneliness to Academic Stress with Self-Compassion as Moderating Variable

The existence of the COVID-19 pandemic has provided changes to daily activities to suppress the spread, one of which is reducing contact with other people throughout the year. This situation causes students to be more prone to experiencing loneliness amid academic demands that also need adjustment. Academic stress has several impacts, including difficulty concentrating, decreased achievement index, anxiety, irritability, and poor sleep quality. Moderation of self-compassion plays a vital role in looking at the effect of loneliness on academic stress. This research was conducted to find how loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic affects academic stress and how self-compassion can moderate it. This study uses a quantitative method with a convenience sampling technique. The respondents were active college students in Indonesia aged 18-25 (M = 19.72; SD = 1.23). Data was collected using the online "Google Form". Hypothesis testing was carried out using multiple regression testing and moderation analysis. The results showed that loneliness positively affected academic stress (20%) and self-compassion negatively affected academic stress (16%). Then, self-compassion as a moderator has a significant value on the interaction of loneliness (β = .36, 95% CI [.17, .55], p = .00) and self-compassion (β = -.30, 95% CI [-.53, -.07], p = .01). This finding occurs due to emotional coping strategies focused on self-compassion when experiencing academic stress.

Investigating the Impacts of Place Atmosphere on Place Attachment and Loyalty: The Mediation Effects of Place Image

This study examines the effects of place atmosphere on place attachment and loyalty, considering the mediating role of place image. This study employs a structured questionnaire methodology, dividing the instrument into five sections: place atmosphere, place attachment, cognitive image, affective image, and loyalty, as the basis for questionnaire design. The measurement of each unit within the questionnaire adopts a Likert five-point scale, with 258 valid questionnaires collected from coffee shop customers. The analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, reliability and validity assessments, goodness-of-fit, and hypothesis testing. The empirical findings revealed the following: (1) Place atmosphere positively influences place attachment. (2) Place attachment positively affects place image. (3) Place image had a positive impact on loyalty. (4) Place image acted as a full mediator in the relationship. Furthermore, the study findings reveal that place attachment does not directly impact loyalty, and place image acts as a complete mediator. This differs from the commonly perceived outcomes; hence, managers should emphasize the establishment’s image creation.

Improving Understanding of Pancasila Values Based on Bruce and Weil Model in Science Learning in Elementary School

This study aims to improve students' understanding of Pancasila values in science learning in elementary schools by applying Bruce and Weil's learning model, especially the Social Interaction Model, which emphasizes the importance of cooperation and discussion. The research was conducted on grade IV students at SDN 19 Kampung Baru Kota Pariaman using the experimental method and Static Group Comparison design. Two groups were involved: an experimental class that applied the Bruce and Weil model, and a control class that used the conventional lecture method. Data were collected through learning outcome tests and analyzed statistically. The results showed that the application of the Bruce and Weil model had a significant effect on improving the understanding of Pancasila values. The average posttest score of the experimental class was 85, while the control class reached 70. Hypothesis testing resulted in a tcount of 22.70, greater than the ttable of 1.68 at the 0.05 significance level, so the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. Bruce and Weil's model proved effective in improving the understanding of Pancasila values through active participation of students in science learning. This model is recommended as an effective alternative to integrate Pancasila values in science learning in elementary schools.

Pengaruh Job Crafting Terhadap Work Engagement Pegawai Lapas Kelas III Rangkasbitung

A correctional institution is a correctional technical implementation unit that has the duty and function to provide guidance to prisoners. That way, the correctional officers are required to have work engagement or work involvement in carrying out their duties, and one of the factors that can increase work engagement is job crafting. This study aims to determine the effect of job crafting on the work engagement of Class III Rangkasbitung Correctional Officers. This research method uses quantitative methods with a population sample of 63 officers, where the entire population is sampled. There are a total of 38 statement items that will be researched and distributed to all officers. Based on the results of the study, the regression results between the two variables were Y = 39.584 + 0.281X, and the results of hypothesis testing analysis through the determination test showed that the job crafting variable had an influence of 10.8% on the work engagement of Class III Rangkasbitung Prison Officers. Then, from the results of the t value of (5,045) > from the t table (2,000), which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, the conclusion of this study is that there is a positive relationship between job crafting and work engagement among class III prison officers in Rangkasbitung.

Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Modeling in Immuno-Oncology: Hypothesis Testing, Dose Optimization, and Efficacy Prediction.

Despite an increasing number of clinical trials, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide in the past decade. Among all complex diseases, clinical trials in oncology have among the lowest success rates, in part due to the high intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. There are more than a thousand cancer drugs and treatment combinations being investigated in ongoing clinical trials for various cancer subtypes, germline mutations, metastasis, etc. Particularly, treatments relying on the (re)activation of the immune system have become increasingly present in the clinical trial pipeline. However, the complexities of the immune response and cancer-immune interactions pose a challenge to the development of these therapies. Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP), as a computational approach to predict tumor response to treatments of interest, can be used to conduct in silico clinical trials with virtual patients (and emergent use of digital twins) in place of real patients, thus lowering the time and cost of clinical trials. In line with improved mechanistic understanding of the human immune system and promising results from recent cancer immunotherapy, QSP models can play critical roles in model-informed drug development in immuno-oncology. In this chapter, we discuss how QSP models were designed to serve different study objectives, including hypothesis testing, dose optimization, and efficacy prediction, via case studies in immuno-oncology.

The Effect of Good Governance and Financial Sustainability on the Financial Performance of Public Service Agencies (BLU): A Study of the Role of Leadership as A Moderating Variable

This study aims to analyze the effect of good governance and financial sustainability on the performance of the financial aspects of public service agencies (BLU) with the role of leadership as a moderating variable. The population of the study was all employees at the University of Mataram. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling method with a sample size of 99 respondents. Respondents consisted of employees who carry out accounting and financial functions at the University of Mataram. The data analysis method used in hypothesis testing is the interaction test. The results of the study stated that partially, good governance and financial sustainability had a positive and significant effect on BLU performance. However, the role of leadership and financial sustainability did not moderate the effect of good governance on BLU performance. The implication of this study is that the variables in this study can be used as a consideration for stakeholders in improving BLU performance. In addition, the implications of this study can also be used as a consideration that the financial performance of an organization that has become a public service agency can be improved through various aspects such as good governance and financial sustainability.

The Effect of Thin Capitalization, Tunneling Incentive, Exchange Rate, Foreign Ownership, and Effective Tax Rate on Transfer Pricing

This research aims to test and find empirical evidence of the influence of Thin Capitalization, Tunneling Incentive, Exchange Rate, Foreign Ownership, and Effective Tax Rate on transfer pricing. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of annual reports of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this study were manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2023, and the sampling technique used was the purposive sampling method and obtained a total of 128 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2023. The analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis, previously a panel data estimation test, Chow test, Hausman test and Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test will be carried out to determine the model approach that will be used between common effects, fixed effects and random effects. Next, a hypothesis test is carried out to answer the hypothesis that has been formulated using the Partial Test and Coefficient of Determination (R2).

Pengaruh Konseling Behavioral Teknik Assertive Training untuk Mereduksi Adiksi Internet Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama

Internet addiction is a condition where individuals cannot control themselves in using the internet which causes negative tendencies that have a negative impact on physical health, psychology, and social relationships. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of behavioral counseling services assertive training techniques to reduce the internet addiction of junior high school students. The research method used in this study is a quantitative approach with a Quasi experimental method with a one group pre-test and post-test design. The results of this study indicate that: the results of hypothesis testing obtained a value (2 Tailed) of 0.068 which indicates that Ha is accepted because the sig value> 0.05. And Ho is rejected because the sig value is 0.068> from 0.05 so this shows that there are changes in the pre-test results before implementing behavioral counseling assertive training techniques and post-test after implementing behavioral counseling assertive training techniques

Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Writing Scientific Works

This study aims to describe the perceptions of students of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Jambi towards the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in compiling scientific papers as the final assignment of the undergraduate education program. Using a quantitative approach, this study found that the mastery of the AI ​​program was dominated by natural science students (66.40%), while social science students were only 33.60%. In terms of writing skills, natural science students had an average mastery of 64%, compared to 36% for social science students. Student perceptions of the use of AI in writing scientific papers showed positive results, with 86% of students strongly agreeing, 9% agreeing, and the rest being hesitant or disagreeing. In addition, the percentage of students who felt helped in terms of grammar reached an average of 92.66%, and in terms of the technique of compiling and developing scientific papers, the average was 91.58%. The results of hypothesis testing using ANOVA analysis showed a very small significance value (0.000), which means there is a significant relationship between the use of AI and the ability to write scientific papers. This study concludes that the mastery of various AI programs is dominated by natural science students compared to students from social science backgrounds.

Models of symbol emergence in communication: a conceptual review and a guide for avoiding local minima

Computational simulations are a popular method for testing hypotheses about the emergence of symbolic communication. This kind of research is performed in a variety of traditions including language evolution, developmental psychology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and robotics. The motivations for the models are different, but the operationalisations and methods used are often similar. We identify the assumptions and explanatory targets of the most representative models and summarise the known results. We claim that some of the assumptions—such as portraying meaning in terms of mapping, focusing on the descriptive function of communication, and modelling signals with amodal tokens—may hinder the success of modelling. Relaxing these assumptions and foregrounding the interactions of embodied and situated agents allows one to systematise the multiplicity of pressures under which symbolic systems evolve. In line with this perspective, we sketch the road towards modelling the emergence of meaningful symbolic communication, where symbols are simultaneously grounded in action and perception and form an abstract system.

Analysis of Locus of Control and Self Efficacy on Satisfaction Employee Work and its Impact on Performance Achievement Levels

The Kampar Regency Ministry of Religion Office has the main task of carrying out functions in formulating and establishing vision, mission and technical policies in the field of religious life services and guidance to the community in Kampar Regency as well as providing services, guidance and guidance in the field of Hajj and Umrah. Therefore, employees with optimal performance are very necessary. Many factors influence employee performance, including job satisfaction, locus of control and self-efficacy. This research was conducted at the Ministry of Religion of Kampar Regency which is located on Jalan DI Panjaitan, Bangkinang District. The aim of this research is to find out and analyze the influence of locus of control on employee job satisfaction, the influence of self-efficacy on employee job satisfaction, direct influence of locus of control on employee performance, the direct influence of self-efficacy on employee performance, the influence of job satisfaction on employee performance, the indirect influence of locus of control on employee performance through job satisfaction and , the direct influence of self-efficacy on employee performance through job satisfaction; This research uses primary data and secondary data obtained by distributing questionnaires, observations, interviews and research files. The population in this study were all employees at the Ministry of Religion office in Kampar Regency, totaling 48 people and all of them were used as samples. Data analysis was carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis tool and hypothesis testing was carried out at an alpha of 5%. The results of this study concluded that locus of control was proven to have no significant effect on job satisfaction, self-efficacy has been proven to have a significant effect on employee job satisfaction, locus of control has been proven to have a direct and significant effect on employee performance, self-efficacy is proven to have a direct and significant effect on employee performance, job satisfaction has a significant effect on employee performance, locus of control is indirectly proven to have no significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction and self efficacy is indirectly proven to have a significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction at the Kampar Regency Ministry of Religion Office.

Reliability and validity of the community balance and mobility scale in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M) in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). A total of 65 PwMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤ 5.5) were included in the study. Test-retest, internal consistency (item-total score correlation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient) intra-rater, and inter-rater reliability were investigated for the reliability of the CB&M. For intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, CB&M measurements of 34 PwMS were videotaped. The validity of the CB&M was assessed through criterion (predictive and concurrent validity) and construct validity. Construct validity was evaluated using hypothesis testing which included examining correlations with EDSS, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI). Test-retest reliability demonstrated a good to excellent correlation (ICC = 0.995, p < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha was 0.971 (p < 0.001). Intra-rater (ICC = 0.993, p < 0.001) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.986, p < 0.001) of the CB&M were also good to excellent. Cohen's kappa range values ​​of the scale vary between 0.958 - 0.665, and the percentage agreement varies between 97% and 75%. For the convergent validity of CB&M, strong correlations were observed with EDSS (r=-0.831, p < 0.001), TUG (r=-0.854, p < 0.001), and DGI (r = 0.865, p < 0.001). Additionally, the CB&M demonstrated an excellent correlation with the BBS (r = 0.907, p < 0.001). The scale exhibited no floor-ceiling effect. CB&M is a reliable and valid tool for assessing balance and mobility in PwMS and offers significant advantages for evaluating balance in PwMS, as it provides comprehensive information about the balance and mobility requirements essential for community living.

Analysis of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture and Influence on Job Satisfaction and its Implications on Employee Performance

Seeing the bright prospects for food crop agriculture and horticulture, it is necessary for the government to participate by planning, implementing and coaching development in the agricultural sector with the aim of increasing agricultural production in order to increase the income and welfare of farmers or the community. This research was conducted at the Department of Agriculture, Food Crops and Horticulture, Kampar Regency. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze the influence of transformational leadership on employee satisfaction, the influence of organizational culture on employee satisfaction, the direct influence of transformational leadership on employee performance, direct influence of organizational culture on employee performance, the influence of job satisfaction on employee performance, the indirect influence of transformational leadership on employee performance through employee job satisfaction and the indirect influence of organizational culture on employee performance through employee job satisfaction. This research data consists of primary data and secondary data obtained using questionnaires, interviews, observations and research files. The population of this study was all employees at the Kampar Regency Agricultural Food Crops and Horticulture Service, which is known to number 177 people, and all of them were used as a sample. However, only 136 questionnaires were analyzed because there were several questionnaires that were incomplete. Hypothesis testing uses the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) model, with an alpha used of 5%. The results of the research conclude that: transformational leadership has been proven to have a significant effect on employee job satisfaction, organizational culture is proven to have a significant effect on employee job satisfaction, transformational leadership has been directly proven to have a significant effect on employee performance, organizational culture is proven to have a significant direct effect on employee performance, job satisfaction has been proven to have a significant effect on employee performance, indirect transformational leadership has not been proven to have a significant effect on employee performance through employee job satisfaction and organizational culture has been indirectly proven to have a significant effect on employee performance through employee job satisfaction.

The Influence of Using Mobile Learning "Wordwall" on the Critical Thinking Ability of Social Sciences Education Students at UIN Malang in the World History Course

Implementing an active and interactive learning model is crucial in the classroom to foster creativity and innovation, as seen in Mobile Learning Wordwall-based instruction. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of Mobile Learning Wordwall on students' critical thinking abilities. The method used was quasi-experimental, involving an experimental group and a control group, with a randomized pre-test post-test design. The study population comprised 5th-semester students from the Social Sciences Education program at UIN Malang. The sample included students from class B (control group) and class D (experimental group). The data analysis involved the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, the Levene homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing using a paired sample t-test. The results indicated a significant difference, with a p-value of 0.033 (&lt;0.05), showing a meaningful difference between the pre-test and post-test results. This suggests that there was a notable influence on students' critical thinking abilities after implementing the Mobile Learning Wordwall method, compared to before the treatment.