Different Types Of Tests Research Articles

Comparing and Reviewing Modern Primality Tests

Primality tests refer to algorithms that determine whether a number is prime or composite. These tests are essential to modern encryption algorithms, including the widely used RSA public key encryption algorithm. However, with so many different primality tests out there, choosing the correct one for a given application can be challenging. This paper provides an overview of modern primality tests, detailing the differences between different types of tests and when one test may be preferable to another. Furthermore, implementations of popular primality tests are written and compared to one another graphically to better understand their differing performances. Lastly, we look at next steps for the field of primality tests due to the rise of quantum computing, which could serve as a means of creating even better primality tests.

Durability of Recycled Concrete Aggregates Prepared with Mechanochemical and Thermal Treatment.

Recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) have low quality when compared with natural or conventional aggregates as the paste adhering to it is the key aspect that affects its functionality. Since the adhering cementitious paste weakens the adhesion between the aggregate and the binder, it becomes a decisive factor in the mechanical behavior of the asphalt mixture. It turns out that enhancing the surface of the aggregate or eliminating the paste attached to the NA (natural aggregate) is crucial for improving interfacial bonding. Therefore, the treatment and evaluation of the RCAs by laboratory testing method were studied in this research to assess their reuse in the asphalt pavement surface coarse layer. With the various techniques for removing paste from the RCA, a combination of three enhancement processes were developed for the effective removal of the cement paste, which are mechanical, chemical, and 400 °C conditioning thermal treatment. The RCAs were first charged in a Los Angeles machine for the mechanical treatment to remove parts of the attached cement. Then they were soaked in two types of acids, namely hydrochloric and sulfuric, with different concentrations to determine the most effective or optimum molarity for about a 48 h soaking duration. Then a 2 h thermal treatment was conducted on the RCA samples. After all the treatments were done, the RCA aggregates were subjected to different types of tests to examine their properties in order to ensure their full potential in terms of their physical, chemical, mineralogical, and surface microstructure characteristics. Based on the experiment design, the study intends to examine the quality of the treated recycled aggregates generated by the combination approach as well as to investigate the optimal acid concentration and type. The results show that the proposed mechanochemical and thermal treatment reinforced the quality of the RCAs when compared to the non-treated samples. Meanwhile, HCl proved to be the optimum compared to H2SO4 in most examinations of the properties. In the end, better chemical qualities were validated, and the RCA qualities were improved.

Engineering and design of a novel high-current source for testing low-voltage electrical equipment

This article presents the specification and design of a low-voltage high-current source with a capacity of up to 65 kA and 1 kV for testing electrical equipment such as low-voltage power circuit breaker switchgear, metal-enclosed switchgear, transformers, and cables, among others. Tests that can be performed with the proposed source include the short-circuit withstand on the low-voltage side of transformers, verification in temperature rise limits on electrical power connectors and transformers, and other compliance tests on power circuit breaker switchgear and controlgear assemblies. The design results from the comparison of general topologies of high-current sources according to the literature and test requirements established in current IEEE and IEC standards. In addition, the low-voltage high-current source emerged as a need for the Colombian electricity sector and will help comply with the test guidelines for switchgear and other low-voltage equipment, according to the national standard, also contributing to reducing costs of conducting tests abroad. The specification of the source resulted in the definition of three operating ranges for different types of tests, equipment, voltage, and current levels. Moreover, the general scheme of the low-voltage high-current source is provided with a description of the major components, namely, the novel medium- and low-voltage power modules based on the parallel and series arrangements of toroidal transformers to obtain levels of current and voltage of up to 65 kA and 1 kV, and the switching and protection, control, and measurement systems. Finally, a discussion of the results is presented, and the conclusions are highlighted. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline films deposited on graphene-loaded electrodes for •OH production and perfluorooctanoic acid degradation

The present study describes the coating of modified graphite felt (GF) with graphene (GE) and polyaniline (PANI). GF was doped with nitrogen atoms by a series of modification and electrolyticdeposition. Tests of different types of N content and cathodic catalytic oxidation performance confirmed that the graphite N introduction promoted the production of H2O2 in the 2e- process. Pyridine N catalyzed the H2O2 decomposition to produce •OH. The amount of H2O2 produced by GF, GF-GE, and GF-GE@PANI system was 11 mg L-1, 70 mg L-1, and 180 mg L-1, respectively. The doping of graphene increased H2O2 yield, and the electrolyticdeposition of PANI converted H2O2 to •OH rapidly. It was proved that the N atom provided by graphene was graphite N, which was the active catalytic site for the production of H2O2. The perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal at 180 min was 24.1% and 49.8% in the GF and GF-GE systems, respectively. The GF-GE@PANI system achieved 100% PFOA removal within 160 min. It was demonstrated that the enrichment of PANI with pyridine N provided many active sites for improving the conversion of H2O2 to •OH and in-situ degrading organic pollutants, offering an alternative for wastewater treatment.

Making Use of the Test Entries effective

This article discusses different types of testing in teaching foreign languages and their functions. It determines which type of test is appropriate for detecting a student’s specific abilities and skills depending on the scenario. The article reveals the principle of Modern tests that are multilevel and do not depend on teaching methods or a teacher. With the help of them, all four types of student activities are tested – reading, listening, speaking and writing. When working with tests, it is necessary to take into account what is being tested and what types of work this is achieved.

Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: pathology and long-term implications for brain health.

Decreased smell function is related to brain health, future mortality, and quality of life. Most people inflicted with the SARS-CoV-2 virus evidence some measurable smell dysfunction during its acute phase, although many are unaware of the loss. Long-term deficits occur in up to 30% of COVID-19 cases, although total anosmia is relatively rare. This review explores what is presently known about the nature and pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including reversible inflammation within the olfactory cleft, downregulation of olfactory receptor proteins, and long-lasting peripheral and central damage to olfactory structures. It also addresses the question as to whether long-term smell loss might increase the likelihood of future development of cognitive and neurological deficits.

Problems of verification of operating parameters of DC/AC inverters and their integration into the distribution system in the Czech Republic

Operating characteristics of the inverters have great potential to affect the operation of the electric power system in terms of stability, efficiency, quality as well as reliability of electric power supply. Grid support in form of autonomous regulation functions is increasingly required in many countries, even from small sources. The requirements arising from national legislation vary, which raises concerns among distribution system operators about the correct implementation and the required setting of autonomous regulatory functions by inverter manufacturers. Based on the authors' experience with grid-tie and hybrid inverters testing, this paper provides answers to questions that are often associated with the reliability of implementation and the setting of autonomous control functions related to voltage and frequency. The paper describes the test facility assembled within the RESLAB laboratory and the methodology used for inverters testing. It discusses the results acquired by testing of different types from different manufacturers in cooperation with distribution system operators in the Czech Republic as well as the most common deviations from the requirements of current legislation. In addition, the paper contains recommendations for inverter manufacturers and distribution system operators, which are formulated based on presented findings.

Repeated Drop-Weight Impact Testing of Fibrous Concrete: State-Of-The-Art Literature Review, Analysis of Results Variation and Test Improvement Suggestions.

The ACI 544-2R introduced a qualitative test to compare the impact resistance of fibrous concretes under repeated falling-mass impact loads, which is considered to be a low-cost, quick solution for material-scale impact tests owing to the simplified apparatus, test setup and procedure, where none of the usual sophisticated sensors and data acquisition systems are required. However, previous studies showed that the test results are highly scattered with noticeably unacceptable variations, which encouraged researchers to try to use statistical tools to analyze the scattering of results and suggest modifications to reduce this unfavorable disadvantage. The current article introduces a state-of-the-art literature review on the previous and recent research on repeated impact testing of different types of fibrous concrete using the ACI 544-2R test, while focusing on the scattering of results and highlighting the adopted statistical distributions to analyze this scattering. The influence of different mixture parameters on the variation of the cracking and failure impact results is also investigated based on data from the literature. Finally, the article highlights and discusses the literature suggestions to modify the test specimen, apparatus and procedure to reduce the scattering of results in the ACI 544-2R repeated impact test. The conducted analyses showed that material parameters such as binder, aggregate and water contents in addition to the maximum size of aggregate have no effect on the variation of test results, while increasing the fiber content was found to have some positive influence on decreasing this variation. The survey conducted in this study also showed that the test can be modified to lower the unfavorable variations of impact and failure results.

Virtual Crash Test Analysis of Modern Car through ANSYS Software

Today's world is more curious about the automobile safety performance. Everyone, who wishes to purchase their own vehicle, is concentrating on the safety features of the vehicle so that his journey must be safe. Most of the automobile companies in India now a day are focusing on the strength improvement of vehicle. In order to achieve the maximum safety the vehicle must undergoes the different types of test, which is to be performed during the design and development phase. Individual companies follow their own testing methods, but out of them some tests are common and must be taken before launching the vehicle in the market. Crash Test is the one of the important test which is to be conducted during the development of car. It is the method of hitting the car on an obstacle with a particular speed in order to observe and record the damage on vehicle, passenger and percentage of failure of component. This test is to be carried out with strong observations and standard speed. There are two methods of conducting crash test. One is physical crash test and other is virtual crash test. Physical crash test is time consuming, having wastage of money, material and efforts. But the plus point is it has accurate results. While virtual crash test eliminates all the above lacunas of physical crash test but the results are approximate. In this paper the modern vehicle like car crash test is to perform by using Virtual CAD Model and CAE tool like ANSYS 2020 R1 workbench. The vehicle is to be allowed to hit an obstacle with a particular speed and percentage of damage along with maximum deformation and stress concentrations is to be studied well. Three different materials are to be tested in order to achieve the better results. Based on obtained results, results are drawn.

Psychological predictors of cancer patients' and their relatives’ attitudes towards the return of genomic sequencing results

This study assessed the psychological predictors of attitudes toward the return of germline genomic sequencing results in cancer patients and their biological relatives with a likely genetic basis for their cancer diagnosis, who completed a questionnaire prior to undergoing genomic sequencing. Of 602 probands and relatives, 94% of probands and 89% of relatives thought people would like to be informed about single-gene conditions for which there is prevention or treatment. Amongst relatives, this view was associated with higher perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy. Probands (66%) and relatives (59%) thought people would be interested in learning about single-gene conditions for which there is no prevention or treatment. Amongst probands, this view was associated with lower tolerance of uncertainty and amongst relatives with higher self-efficacy. Probands (92%) and relatives (90%) thought people would like to be informed about polygenic conditions that can have a major impact on health. Amongst probands this view was associated with lower perceived susceptibility of cancer recurrence, and amongst relatives, with higher perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy. Probands (86%) and relatives (86%) thought that people would like to be informed about polygenic conditions that can have a lower impact on health, and this view was associated with a lower perceived susceptibility of recurrence amongst probands. In conclusion, these findings show that individuals’ attitudes about the return of results depend on the perceived utility of different types of tests. Therefore, individuals need to gain a clear understanding of test utility, and appropriate consent processes are required to achieve informed choices.

An Estimation Approach to Optimize Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network: A Health-Care Application

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is gaining popularity day by day in a large area of applications. However, the operation of WSN is facing a multitude of challenges, mainly in terms of energy consumption since WSN nodes operate with battery power and changing the batteries is a complicated task, as networks may include hundreds to thousands of nodes. In this context, it is very crucial to know the remaining energy value in the battery of the sensor node to take required actions before losing sensor’s function. Sending these measurements is very expensive in terms of energy and reduces the battery lifetime of the sensor and thus of the entire network. In this paper, we are interested in defining a probabilistic approach which aims to estimate these monitoring energy values and optimize energy consumption in WSN. Our approach is based on hidden Markov chains and includes two phases namely a learning phase and a prediction phase. Our approach is implemented as a web service. We illustrate our approach with a sensor-based health-care monitoring case study for COVID-19 patients. To evaluate our approach, we carry out experimentations based on the AvroraZ a simulator with a test for different types of applications and for different energy models: μAMPS-specific model, Mica2-specific model, and Mica2-specific model with actual measurements. These experimentations demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our approach. Our results show that periodic WSN applications i.e. applications which send monitoring data periodically, tested with the μAMPS-specific model perform an accuracy of 98.65%. In addition, our approach can perform a gain up to 75% of the battery charge of the sensor with an estimation of three-quarters of the remaining energy values. a https://www.redcad.org/members/benhalima/azem/ .

Determination of the influence of the composition of lubrication coolants on the properties and surface structure

The problem of reducing the wear of the cutting tool in the process of metal cutting are presented. The features of the use of lubricating and cooling fl uids as one of the most common method of increasing the effi ciency of machining are considered. The results of a study of the tribological characteristics of the lubricant cooling liquids (coolant) when tested according to the scheme "roller-shoe" are presented. Not only comparative tests of different types of coolant were carried out, but also to obtain experimental dependencies of the coeffi cient of friction on the strength of mutual pressing of samples for different concentrations were obtained. Recommendations on the choice of coolant to improve the efficiency of the metal machining process are given.

Prediction of Concrete Dam Deformation through the Combination of Machine Learning Models

Dam safety monitoring is of vital importance, due to the high number of fatalities and large economic damage that a failure might imply. This, along with the evolution of artificial intelligence, has led to machine learning techniques being increasingly applied in this field. Many researchers have successfully trained models to predict dam behavior, but errors vary depending on the method used, meaning that the optimal model is not always the same over time. The main goal of this paper is to improve model precision by combining different models. Our research focuses on the comparison of two successful integration strategies in other areas: Stacking and Blending. The methodology was applied to the prediction of radial movements of an arch-gravity dam and was divided into two parts. First, we compared the usual method of estimating model errors and their hyperparameters, i.e., Random Cross Validation and Blocked Cross Validation. This aspect is relevant not only for the importance of robust estimates, but also because it is the source of the data sets used to train meta-learners. The second and main research topic of this paper was the comparison of combination strategies, for which two different types of tests were performed. The results obtained suggest that Blocked CV outperforms the random approach in robustness and that Stacking provides better predictions than Blending. The generalized linear meta-learners trained by the Stacking strategy achieved higher accuracy than the individual models in most cases.

20. századi egyetemes történeti szöveggyűjtemény Interaktív tananyagok a középiskolai és egyetemi történelemoktatásban

Debreczeni, Márk – Hegedűs, Zoltán: 20th century universal historical text collection – Interactive educational materials for secondary school and university in history education Nowadays, Hungarian teachers and teacher trainees do not really use interactive teaching materials during their history lessons. However, in most school have the opportunity to use smartboards and other technical devices. They delay to make their lessons more interesting and more interactive. We need to change our teaching habits undoubtedly. In this study, we introduce our interactive online teaching material, which made for secondary school students and teachers. Teachers have toadapt new methods, teaching and learning techniques to keep step with the students of the 21st century. Nevertheless, it will be hopefully useful in the teacher-training program at the universities as well. This research introduces the differences and needs of diverse generations and the features of the interactive history textbook. In the MOODLE system, online and digitalized text sources, videos, records, different types of tests are equally used, which are suitable to measure students’ knowledge and skills. It is like an E-book, but other functions make the program more interactive. The whole material focus on the 20th century and divided into six periods. Each era have coherent textbooks and separated tests for practice. Moreover, the program offers multifarious and exciting ways of history learning and teaching.

EW-KNN: evaluating information technology courses in high school with a non-parametric cognitive diagnosis method

ABSTRACT With the continuous development of education, personalized learning has attracted great attention. How to evaluate students’ learning effects has become increasingly important. In information technology courses, the traditional academic evaluation focuses on the student’s learning outcomes, such as “scores” or “right/wrong,” which seldom reflects the development of students’ cognitive level and lacks effective diagnostic information. This article proposes a non-parametric multi-level scoring cognitive diagnosis method based on the KNN and the characteristics of information technology courses named the EW-KNN (E-weight K-Nearest Neighbor). Compared with the KNN, the EW-KNN improved two key points. One is that it takes the number of IRP (Ideal Response Pattern) as the K value to adapt to different types of tests. The other is that the nearest neighbor distance is introduced to solve the problem of misjudgment of the categories. The Monte Carlo simulation method is used to test its performance. The results indicate that the EW-KNN has a higher accuracy rate and is suitable for information technology courses. Furthermore, the method is applied in information technology course to make a cognitive diagnosis of 120 students of high school in Shanghai. Results demonstrate that the EW-KNN can accurately diagnose each student’s cognition levels and knowledge structure accurately.

Formability and surface quality of non-conventional material sheets for the manufacture of highly customized components

In this work, incremental forming of pure niobium planar isotropic sheets was studied; in particular, two different types of test were conducted by varying the tool/sheet contact conditions, in order to understand the complex phenomena interesting this hard-to-form non-conventional material and to focus the attention on its formability and the finishing of the worked surfaces. From the tests, the formability limits were determined, the forming forces were acquired and analysed, the quality of the worked surfaces was evaluated with measures of roughness and high-magnification visual inspection, as well as the failures of the sheets were observed and interpreted. The results highlight that a proper choice of the contact conditions can avoid the occurrence of galling while preserving an optimal carrying out of the process. In any case, very good surface finishing and workability of niobium sheets, despite their brittle nature, is found when incrementally formed. As a consequence, incremental sheet forming of this non-conventional material can be considered a faisible way of manufacturing highly customized components.

Experimental analysis of time dependent phenomena and temperature effects on macro-synthetic fibre reinforced concretes in different loading conditions

Fibre reinforced concretes (FRCs) are composite materials now largely adopted in structural applications given their mechanical properties in terms of the residual tensile strength, almost absent for plain concrete. The short-term mechanical behaviour of these material has been deeply studied, while their time-dependent deformations have received less attention from the scientific community. The present paper presents the experimental characterization of the creep deformations of a concrete reinforced with polypropylene fibers by means of different types of tests, together with an analysis of the temperature effect. Innovative test set-ups are used to this aim. The paper presents the results of shrinkage, compression creep, uniaxial tension and flexural creep tests and discusses the contribution of the different components of the FRC to the composite creep behavior.

Fault-Tolerant Multilevel Converter to Feed a Switched Reluctance Machine

The switched reluctance machine (SRM) is one of the most interesting machines, being adopted for many applications. However, this machine requires a power electronic converter that usually is the most fragile element of the system. Thus, in order to ensure high reliability for this system, it is fundamental to design a power electronic converter with fault-tolerant capability. In this context, a new solution is proposed to give this capability to the system. This converter was designed with the purpose to ensure fault-tolerant capability to two types of switch faults, namely open- and short-circuit. Moreover, apart from this feature, the proposed topology is characterized by a multilevel operation that allows improvement of the performance of the SRM, taking into consideration a wide speed range. Although the proposed solution is presented for an 8/6 SRM, it can be used for other configurations. The operation of the proposed topology will be described for the two modes, fault-tolerant and normal operation. Another aspect that is addressed in this paper is the proposal of fault detection and diagnosis method for this fault-tolerant inverter. It was specifically developed for a multilevel SRM drive. The theoretical assumptions will be verified through two different types of tests, firstly by simulation and secondly by experiments with a laboratory prototype.

Determination of strength characteristics of high-strength sheet steels by hardness and instrumented indentation

The paper considers the method of instrumented indentation to evaluate the strength of high-strength steel sheets as one of the fastest and more accurate methods of nondestructive testing. Many different types of tests are used to determine the strength characteristics of metals. Tensile and hardness tests are the most common. Tensile tests are labor and energy-intensive, whereas hardness tests are less accurate compared to the instrumented indentation. The advantage of the instrumented indentation method as compared to the standard hardness measurement method lies in the following: the possibility to directly register the entire process of continuous local deformation of the material using the indenter, high speed and simplicity due to the process automation, as well as no visual measurement of the indentation imprint diameter. In addition, the correlation relationships for determining the strength characteristics of the indentation diagram parameters are valid for a wide class of materials. The authors use different methods, namely, uniaxial tension tests, Brinell hardness tests and instrumented indentation method, comparative analysis of the strength characteristics of 28GKhNMR and 20GR sheet steels with the thickness of 10 mm, and 30Kh2CN2MFA and 28GR steels with the thickness of 6 mm for special structures production to confirm the efficiency of the instrumented indentation test method. To assess the accuracy of the determination of strength characteristics by the method of instrumented indentation, the authors employed the procedure to determine the strength of high-strength steels via the Brinell hardness. As a result, deviations of certain strength characteristics Rp0.2 and Rm of the studied steels, as compared with the corresponding strength characteristics in uniaxial tension, do not exceed 10.4%. At the same time, deviations of strength characteristics obtained by the instrumented indentation method from the tensile strength characteristics do not exceed 5.2%.

Effect of nylon fabric reinforcement on the mechanical performance of adhesive joints made between glass and GFRP

The use of reinforcements in adhesive joints makes the stress distribution more uniform, improving their mechanical performance and adhesion. The present paper aims to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the insertion of nylon 6 fabric in the adhesive layer, to study their applicability and functionality in building components. The increase in stiffness achieved by applying nylon 6 fabric in the adhesive layer between glass and GFRP pultruded profiles and steel laminates applied to GFRP beams is investigated. Three different epoxy adhesives and one epoxy resin are used and compared. Three different types of tests are carried out in order to study the different properties of the reinforcement system: tensile tests on GFRP/GFRP single-lap adhesive joints, with and without nylon fabric reinforcement; tensile tests on double-lap adhesive joints between float glass and pultruded GFRP profiles reinforced with nylon fabric according to four configurations (in the middle plane of the adhesive layer, on the glass surfaces, on the GFRP surfaces, on both GFRP and glass configurations) to verify the influence of its position; three-point bending tests on long GFRP tubular profiles reinforced with steel plates and nylon fabric in different configurations, to study resistance to bending loads. The results from the experimental campaign show the effectiveness of the reinforcement system using nylon fabric 6. In general, both a reduction in ultimate strength and an increase in joint stiffness compared to unreinforced configurations are observed.