Safety Testing Research Articles

Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Regard to Film Forming Additives Vinylene Carbonate and Fluoroethylene Carbonate

Ensuring the safety of lithium-ion batteries is paramount given their widespread applications and the potential risk of fire and explosion. To improve our understanding of thermal runaway behavior, we conducted in-depth research focusing on the electrolyte and two commonly used film forming additives, vinylene carbonate (VC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).Dry cells were filled with a control electrolyte (EC:EMC, 3:7 wt%, 1M LiPF6). In addition, 5 wt% of either VC or FEC was added to the electrolyte. After formation, the cells were subjected to 10 initial cycles and a characterization test, consisting of a capacity check and a pulse test for the determination of the internal resistance. The negative electrode is graphite and the positive electrode is LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622). All cells showed a stable capacity of more than 1 Ah. After the characterization test, the electrodes and separator were extracted from some cells in an argon-filled glove box (H2O and O2 < 0.1 ppm) for further analysis. The thermal behavior of the individual electrodes in combination with the electrolyte was measured using highly sensitive Tian-Calvet calorimeters (Setaram) in the temperature range of 30 to 300°C. Safety testing on the full cells was performed using the Heat-Wait-Seek (HWS) method with fully charged cells (SoC100) inside an ES-ARC (Thermal Hazard Technologies).VC and FEC additives decompose before ethylene carbonate (EC) from the electrolyte during initial charging, as evidenced by peaks in the differential capacity analysis at voltages of 2.4 V and 2.6 V, respectively. Conversely, decomposition without additives begins just before 2.8 V. VC and FEC are used to create a more stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) at the anode. The thermal stability of the separator was tested with a Differential Scanning Calorimeter DSC204 (Netzsch). The melting of the separator started at 119°C, which is typical for polymer separators used in lithium-ion batteries.In the HWS test, the cells are heated in 5°C increments inside the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC), followed by a waiting period to ensure thermal equilibrium. The ARC then looks for self-heating of the battery. When a threshold of 0.02°C/min is reached, the ARC switches to a quasi-adiabatic mode and tracks the temperature of the cell. During thermal abuse, cells without additives showed an earlier onset of exothermic reactions, with thermal runaway observed in all cells tested between 195°C and 205°C.A thorough understanding of thermal runaway is critical to the safety of lithium-ion batteries. An accurate understanding of the electrolyte composition provides a deeper insight into its safety implications. Future research will further investigate the effects of aged cells with the same electrolyte combinations.

Multiscale Safety Evaluation of Sodium-Ion: Safer Than Lithium-Ion?

Sodium-ion technology is a promising alternative to lithium-ion cells due to lower materials cost and similar performance characteristics. The transition to commercialization of room temperature, rechargeable sodium-ion batteries is ramping up, with several products already on the market. However, the safety characteristics of sodium-ion cells are not well known. This talk will address the gap by presenting findings from safety testing conducted on commercially available 18650 sodium-ion cells composed of a NaNiMnFeO cathode and a hard carbon anode.Safety testing included a range of temperature, mechanical, and electrical abuse conditions, including nail penetration, crush test, external short circuit, overcharging, and overtemperature. Furthermore, the heat flows associated with materials-level degradation and subsequent reactions were characterized through techniques including differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal characterization was used to delineate the underlying reaction pathways and support explanations of the, sometimes, dramatic outcomes observed in 18650 safety testing.Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Effect of Thermal Runaway Trigger Methods for Battery Safety Characterization

Lithium-ion batteries are prone to risks with fire hazard due to the possibility of thermal runaway propagation. During battery product development and subsequent safety tests for design validation and safety certification, the thermal runaway onset is triggered by various test methods such as nail penetration, thermal ramp, or external short circuit. This failure initiation method affects the amount of heat contributions and the composition of gas generations. This study1 compares two such trigger methods, by external heating and by using a thermally activated internal short circuit device (ISCD). The effects of the trigger method on total heat generation are experimentally investigated within 18650 cylindrical cells at single cell level as well as at multiple cell configuration level.During thermal abuse conditions, it is known that internal short circuits occur before thermal runaway, but this joule heating does not contribute much to heat generation2. But during internal short circuits initiating at lower temperatures, joule heating plays a major role in thermal runaway process. Previous modeling studies have enhanced our understanding of the role of multiple physical processes during thermal runaway3-4. In this study we use a combination of models and experiments to characterize battery safety in terms of abuse tolerance, severity of thermal runaway and propagation. The severity of failure was observed to be worse for cells with ISC devices at single cell level whereas quite opposite results were observed at multiple cell configuration level. A preliminary numerical analysis was performed to better understand the battery safety performance with respect to thermal runaway trigger methods and heat transfer conditions. Mallarapu, A., Sunderlin, N., Boovaragavan, V., Tamashiro, M., Peabody, C., Pelloux-gervais, T., Li, X., Sizikov, 2024, Effects of Trigger Method on Fire Propagation during the Thermal Runaway Process in Li-ion Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 171 040514Ren, D., Feng, X., Liu, L., Hsu, H., Lu, L., Wang, L., He, X., Ouyang, M., 2021, Investigating the relationship between internal short circuit and thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries under thermal abuse condition, Energy Storage Materials 34, 563–573Feng, X., He, X., Ouyang, M., Wang, L., Lu, L., Ren, D., Santhanagopalan, S., 2018, An electrochemical-thermal coupled overcharge-to-thermal-runaway model for lithium ion battery, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165 A3748Coman, P. T., Darcy, E. C., Veje, C. T., White, R. E., 2017. “Modelling Li-Ion cell thermal runaway triggered by an internal short circuit device using an efficiency factor and arrhenius formulations.” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164 A587

Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Antiproliferative Effect of New Pyrrole Hydrazones.

Novel pyrrole-based carbohydrazide (1) and hydrazones (1A-D) were synthesized, characterized, and subjected to spectroscopic studies. The hydrazones were obtained by reacting a pyrrole hydrazide with substituted pyrrole aldehydes. The initial carbohydrazide was prepared by selective hydrazinolysis of the obtained N-pyrrolylcarboxylic acid ethyl ester. The biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds was investigated in vitro on a panel of tumor and non-tumor cell lines. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts BALB 3T3 clone A31 were used in the safety test (BALB 3T3 NRU-assay). Antiproliferative activity was determined on keratinocytes (HaCaT) and melanoma (SH-4) cells by MTT dye reduction assay. The safety test of the compounds showed low cytotoxicity and absence of phototoxic potential. Among our novel pyrrole hydrazones, 1C was the most selective (SI = 3.83) in human melanoma cells and exhibited very good antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 44.63 ± 3.51 μM). The cytotoxic effect of 1C correlates with its ability to induce apoptosis and to cause cell cycle arrest in the S phase. In addition, the results show that hydrazones obtained by condensation with β-aldehydes are more bioactive than those obtained by condensation with α-aldehydes.

Application box Behnken design for the optimum cream formula of M. calabura fruit extract: In vitro and In vivo studies as an antiaging product

Muntingia calabura fruit, with its local name (Indonesia), is Kersen, a plant with phenolic compounds that have the potential to be formulated as antiaging with antioxidant mechanisms and inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate extracts of Kersen fruit into a stable cream preparation based on an experimental box Behnken design approach to determine the concentration of phytocream as an emulsifier and isopropyl myristate as an enhancer and further evaluate for in vitro and in vivo performance. Kersen fruit was extracted and then formulated into an o/w cream at a concentration of 5%. The obtained cream was evaluated for stability in a thermodynamics study based on the standard parameters, followed by the effectiveness based on the penetration profiles, the ability as antioxidants using the β-carotene bleaching method, and antiaging effectivity by tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory. The effective formula was then subjected to in vivo safety testing (anti-irritation) using rabbits and volunteers. The results showed no specific change in the cream, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and type of cream parameters. The cream also delivered phenolic compounds through the side circum membrane with the highest cumulative amount calculated as gallic acid at 90 and 120 minutes with flux in the range of 0.594 - 1.688 g/cm2hour. The effectiveness of the preparation as an antiaging candidate with antioxidant activity and inhibition of the tyrosinase and elastase showed that the Kersen fruit cream had antioxidant activity &gt;70% and classified as high category and proved to be more effective at inhibiting the tyrosinase and elastase enzyme. Irritation studies showed negligible category in rabbits and non-irritant in humans. The cream formula with the active raw ingredient kersen fruit extract has good characteristics and effectiveness to develop it as a natural skin care product.

Contact-electro-luminescence triggered by triboelectric charge

Contact-electro-luminescence triggered by triboelectric charge

Macrocycle-based self-assembled amphiphiles for co-delivery of therapeutic combinations to tumor

For tumor treatment, the efficiency of single chemotherapeutic agent is generally limited and the traditional combination chemotherapies frequently result in the aggravation of side effects. Herein, an amphiphilic pillararene-based self-assembled nanoparticle (APSN) composed of hydrazide-pillar[5]arene (HP5A-6C) that achieve effective co-delivery of therapeutic combinations was reported. Through integrating multitudinous macrocyclic cavities into a single nanoparticle, the APSN could co-load two antitumor drugs, cisplatin (CP) and nitrogen mustard (NM) via host-guest interactions. A serious of safety tests preliminary demonstrated that blank carrier APSN had good biocompatibility. Cytotoxicity assay verified that co-delivery system CP+NM@APSN could exert a synergistic antitumor effect at the cellular level. In vivo studies demonstrated that CP+NM@APSN could not only improve chemotherapeutic outcomes in tumor-bearing model mouse but also alleviate two medications-related side effects. These favorable findings were attributed to the formation of ternary supramolecular assembly that benefited from an enhanced permeability and retention effect. © 2024 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.

A label-free electrochemical sensor based on π-structured bipedal DNA walker-triggered hybridization chain reaction and AuPt NPs/Zr-MOF for OTA detection

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a serious food contaminant, not easily degradable, and capable of causing irreversible damage to the human body. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a sensitive and efficient OTA detection method. The electrochemical aptasensor has a broad development prospect in OTA detection with its advantages of fast response speed and low cost. Herein, a cascade signal amplification strategy based on AuPt NPs/Zr-MOF and π-structure bipedal DNA walker-triggered hybridization chain reaction (HCR) was designed for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). AuPt NPs/Zr-MOF was employed as the electrode modification material, providing a large number of active sites and high conductivity, achieving 1.47 times signal amplification. Interestingly, bipedal DNA walker binds to hairpin 1 (H1) to form the π-structure. Under the activation of Pb2+, one bipedal DNA walker can simultaneously bind and cleave two H1. It exhibits a wide walking range and high recognition efficiency. After H1 is cleaved, the trigger sequence was exposed to trigger HCR and a large amount of methylene blue was loaded on the electrode. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the determined OTA is 1×10-3-500ng/mL, and the limit of detection is as low as 0.525pg/mL. The experimental results demonstrate that the constructed electrochemical aptasensor is a sensitive and efficient platform for OTA monitoring. The applicability in food samples was also confirmed, and the strategy was efficiently selective and reproducible for different analytes. This provides ideas for subsequent food safety testing.

High‐Safety Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Additive of Fire‐Extinguishing Microcapsules

ABSTRACTLithium metal battery (LMB) is regarded as one of the most promising high‐energy energy storage systems. However, the high reactivity of lithium metal and the formation of lithium dendrites during battery operation have caused safety concerns. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of fire‐extinguishing microcapsules to enhance LMB safety. The encapsulation strategy addressed perfluoro(2‐methyl‐3‐pentanone)'s volatility and storage challenges, yielding microcapsules with stable and uniform size distributions. The rapid release and effective fire‐extinguishing performance of the microcapsules upon exposure to high temperatures has been demonstrated. Integration of these microcapsules into LMBs showed no significant impact on electrochemical performance, maintaining high lithium‐ion conductivity, and stable cycling capacity. Notably, practical safety tests on pouch cells indicated that the presence of microcapsules effectively prevented ignition and improved thermal stability under mechanical damage and flame intrusion, underscoring their potential for significantly improved battery safety. These findings provide a robust strategy for mitigating fire hazards of high‐energy‐density battery systems without compromising their electrochemical performances.

Lower hepatotoxicity risk in Xelaglifam, a novel GPR40 agonist, compared to Fasiglifam for type 2 diabetes therapy

Fasiglifam, a candidate targeting GPR40, showed efficacy in clinical trials for type 2 diabetes but exerted liver toxicity. This study investigated the drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk of Xelaglifam, a new GPR40 agonist, based on the potential toxicity mechanism of Fasiglifam; transporter inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive metabolite formation, and covalent binding to proteins. In the hepatobiliary transporter assay, Xelaglifam showed a broader safety margin (>10-fold) against bile acid transporters, suggesting its less likelihood to cause bile acids accumulation, unlike Fasiglifam (<10-fold safety margin). Moreover, Xelaglifam showed no effect on glycocholic acid accumulation at higher concentrations than the estimated Cmax in the 3D human liver model, whereas Fasiglifam affected the accumulation. In the HepaRG spheroids 3D model, the AC50 values of Xelaglifam for mitochondrial function-related parameters were higher than Fasiglifam. Unlike Fasiglifam, none of the cell parameters for Xelaglifam were below the estimated 5x Cmax. Additionally, the glucuronide metabolite of Xelaglifam was negligible (<1 % of the parent) in the Safety Testing, indicating a limited contribution to DILI. Fasiglifam activated genes related to liver disease, whereas Xelaglifam had no effect; instead, it increased FXR activity, a bile acid regulator. Notably, toxicity studies in rats and monkeys showed no adverse liver effects at higher exposure levels than the effective human blood concentration. Overall, these results support a low risk of DILI for Xelaglifam treatment and the justification for its long-term use for treating type 2 diabetes.

Euro NCAP Safety Tests: Trials Road Cars go through before they Receive a Star Rating

Road safety is an issue of major importance in European Union policies, with the main objectives of reducing/eliminating road accidents, reducing/eliminating road casualties and fatalities, and increasing the level of safety and comfort for all road users. The scientific paper presents a concrete research carried out by the authors in order to implement some technical concepts, so that those interested in this field can become acquainted with a certain way of presenting the problems of the safety tests carried out by the European organization for road safety assessment Euro NCAP, established in 1996, based in Louvain, Belgium, the first results of the tests carried out on road vehicles were published in February 1997. In this way, readers can learn about how European organizations interpret the number of stars in road vehicle safety tests, the scales of results for awarding safety stars, the evidence of Euro Ncap tests and levels of protection for adult and child road users, the protection of vulnerable road users (motorcyclists, cyclists, pedestrians) and the conditions for testing the effectiveness of safety systems fitted by manufacturers on road vehicles. It is then presented, the Euro NCAP assisted driving of road vehicles, quadricycle ratings of road vehicles, Euro NCAP tests for trucks and a case study on Euro NCAP tests for the Romanian off-road car, Dacia Duster 3rd generation. The conclusions of the scientific research are presented at the end of the paper.

Simulation of single-layer internal short circuit in anode-free batteries

Simulation of single-layer internal short circuit in anode-free batteries

Biocontrol potential of Botrytis fabiopsis against the weeds of agricultural fields in the Qing-Tibetan Plateau.

In screening biocontrol strains with broad-spectrum and high-efficiency herbicidal activities, a strain with strong pathogenicity, HY-021, was isolated from the leaves of Rumex acetosa, which was identified as Botrytis fabiopsis based on morphology and molecular biology. The herbicidal activities of the fermentation filtrate of strain HY-021 against nine weeds, including Chenopodium album L., Elsholtzia densa Benth., Malva verticillata L. var. Crispa, Polygonum lapathifolium L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Avena fatua L., Thlaspi arvense L., Polygonum aviculare L., and Galium spurium L., were determined in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the pathogenicity of strain HY-021 to the different weeds in vitro was as follows: E. densa > A. retroflexus > P. aviculare > P. lapathifolium > M. verticillata > T. arvense > G. spurium > A. fatua > C. album. Seven days after inoculation with the HY-021 strain, the incidences in nine weeds were in the range of 32.9-87.23%, and the disease index values of the nine weeds were 41.73-94.57%. The pathogenic effects from high to low were A. retroflexus > E. densa > A. fatua > G. spurium > C. album > M. verticillata > T. arvense > P. aviculare > P. lapathifolium. The crop safety test showed that the biocontrol strain HY-021 was safe to V. faba, P. sativum, H. vulgare, and T. aestivum, but had a slight effect on B. napus. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the mycelium of strain HY-021 invaded the tissue through the stomata of C. album leaves, parasitized and reproduced in the tissue, and gradually destroyed the tissue. The results of this study provide a basis for the development and utilization of new and efficient microbial source herbicides.

Quaternary ammonium salt-derived carbon dots for antibacterial efficacy and tetracycline sensing

Quaternary ammonium salt-derived carbon dots for antibacterial efficacy and tetracycline sensing

Determination of immunogenicity of an inactivated ND-vaccine developed experimentally with Newcastle disease virus (Genotype VII.2) local isolates of Bangladesh.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII severely affects poultry, causing respiratory and neurological symptoms with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The research aimed to develop an inactivated ND vaccine using local isolates (Genotype VII.2) and assess its immunogenicity compared to other commercial live ND vaccines. An inactivated vaccine using a candidate NDV (GenBank: OR924274.1) was developed according to WOAH guidelines following inactivation, sterility, purity, and safety tests. The birds were vaccinated through subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) routes using three doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ml/bird). Immunogenicity and protective potentiality of the experimentally developed inactivated ND vaccine and live commercial ND vaccine (intra-ocularly/IO) were compared by challenge studies using three vaccination schedules: killed-followed-killed, live-followed-killed, and live-followed-live. The birds vaccinated with 1.0 ml/bird SC showed higher antibody titers compared to those of IM-vaccinated groups. Birds vaccinated with the live-followed-killed commercial ND vaccines had slightly higher antibody titers compared to those vaccinated with killed-followed-killed and live-followed-live vaccines. Birds vaccinated with the killed-followed-killed ND vaccine showed a higher protection rate (100%) compared to live-followed-killed (83±5.77%) and live-followed-live (57±5.77%) vaccines. Birds vaccinated with killed-followed-killed group showed a slower decline rate of antibody titers than other groups. This regimen provided significantly better immunity, highlighting its potential in controlling ND outbreaks in Bangladesh's poultry. The study found that the inactivated ND vaccine, developed with the locally circulating isolate of genotype-VII.2 of NDV, might play an important role in effective control and management of ND in the commercial poultry population in Bangladesh.

Importance of tailored non-clinical safety testing of novel antimalarial drugs: Industry best-practice

Malaria is an acute, debilitating parasitic illness. There were 249 million cases of malaria in 2022, resulting in 608,000 deaths globally, 76% of which were children ≤5 years. The unique nature of this disease (recurrences leading to re-treatments and numerous organ systems affected), specific clinical treatment regimens, poor compliance, and diversity of affected populations (predominantly pediatrics, women of childbearing potential, pregnant and lactating women), often makes standard testing approaches inadequate, and tailor-made safety assessments are more appropriate. We provide best practice recommendations based on company experience for the non-clinical safety assessment of antimalarial drugs, with a focus on small molecules since they represent the majority of drug candidates for this illness. We focus on specific testing considerations for repeat dose toxicity studies, including combination toxicity assessments, since new drug treatment regimens typically foresee short treatment durations to improve compliance (i.e., 1 day) with combinations of compounds to improve efficacy and limit potential resistance. Due to the target population, the timing of reproductive, developmental, and juvenile toxicity studies may be earlier than general testing roadmaps for other small molecule drugs. In conclusion, key recommendations presented should enable a more effective and efficient development path whilst protecting clinical trial participants and patients.

Strategic Dual Approach for the Management of a Symptomatic Giant Partially Thrombosed Aneurysm at the Basilar Tip - Integrating Intrasaccular Flow Diversion and Endovascular Flow Reversal.

Managing giant partially thrombosed intracranial aneurysms presents significant challenges due to their unfavorable natural history and the lack of standardized treatment approaches. Conventional treatments, whether open surgical or endovascular, often struggle to manage these aneurysms effectively, resulting in high recurrence rates or significant morbidity. The patient was a 62-year-old male with a symptomatic giant partially thrombosed aneurysm at the tip of the basilar artery, presenting with left-sided hemiparesis and dysarthria. Diagnostic imaging revealed a giant aneurysm with a wide-necked, canalized portion. A two-stage endovascular treatment was conducted, involving a balloon occlusion test (BOT) and intraoperative monitoring (IOM) for maximum patient safety. The treatment utilized stent-assisted Woven EndoBridge (WEB) embolization and serial bilateral vertebral artery trapping. The procedure successfully isolated the aneurysm and postoperative imaging confirmed the absence of recanalization, preserving the intact posterior circulation. The patient showed stable recovery and no neurological deficits during the 12-month follow-up period. This technical note demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of strategically integrating intrasaccular flow diversion using a WEB device and flow reversal through bilateral vertebral artery trapping for treating giant partially thrombosed aneurysms.

Safety, pharmacokinetics, and dosimetry of 177Lu-AB-3PRGD2 in patients with advanced integrin αvβ3-positive tumors: A first-in-human study

Safety, pharmacokinetics, and dosimetry of 177Lu-AB-3PRGD2 in patients with advanced integrin αvβ3-positive tumors: A first-in-human study

A Comprehensive Review of Spectroscopic Techniques for Lithium-Ion Battery Analysis

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critical for a wide range of applications, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. Enhancing the performance, safety, and lifespan of LIBs requires the application of various analytical techniques across the LIBs creation and utilization stages of research and development, manufacturing, performance testing, quality control, safety testing, and recycling/remediation. Among analytical techniques used, spectroscopic methods play a pivotal role in the characterization and evaluation of LIB materials. Commonly used spectroscopic techniques in LIB analysis include inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), micro-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (MDOES), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These analytical tools are essential for elucidating the structural, compositional, and electrochemical properties of materials used in LIBs, thereby contributing significantly to the advancement of battery performance, safety, and longevity. This review provides an overview of LIB technology, and the spectroscopic techniques employed in LIB analysis.

The Current State of Biotransformation Science – Industry Survey of In Vitro and In Vivo Practices, Clinical Translation, and Future Trends

Embedded within the field of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), biotransformation is a discipline that studies the origins, disposition, and structural identity of metabolites to provide a comprehensive safety assessment, including the assessment of exposure coverage in toxicological species. Spanning discovery and development, metabolite identification (metID) scientists employ various strategies and tools to address stage-specific questions aimed at guiding the maturation of early chemical matter into drug candidates. During this process, the identity of major (and minor) circulating human metabolites is ascertained to comply with the regulatory requirements such as the Metabolites in Safety Testing (MIST) guidance. Through the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ), the “Translatability of MetID In Vitro Systems Working Group” was created within the Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group. The remit of this group was to objectively determine how accurate commonly employed in vitro systems have been with respect to prediction of circulating human metabolites, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A survey composed of 34 questions was conducted across 26 pharmaceutical companies to obtain a foundational understanding of current metID practices, preclinically and clinically, as well as to provide perspective on how successful these practices have been at predicting circulating human metabolites. The results of this survey are presented as an initial snapshot of current industry-based metID practices, including our perspective on how a harmonized framework for the conduct of in vitro metID studies could be established. Future perspectives from current practices to emerging advances with greater translational capability are also provided.