Injections Of Testosterone Enanthate Research Articles

Improvement of the folliculogenesis by transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in mice with induced polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundMany studies have reported that inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation properties. In this study, we investigate the beneficial effect of stem cell therapy on folliculogenesis in mice with induced PCOS MethodsMouse model of PCOS was performed through daily injection of testosterone enanthate (1 mg/100 g/body weight subcutaneous (s.c).) for a period of 5 weeks. Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice (21 days old) were divided into three groups: control, PCOS and PCOS + BM-MSCs. BM-MSCs were labeled with Hoechst 33342 (0.5 µg/mL) and then injected into the mice (106/animal, via the tail vein) at 1 and 14 days after PCOS confirmation. Mice were humanely killed at 2 weeks after last transplantation. Ovarian stereological studies were done. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α serum levels were measured. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum were analyzed. Apoptotic index for ovarian follicles was assessed using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL). CD31 expression in ovarian vessels was assessed with the immunohistochemistry. ResultsThere was a significant increase in the total volume of ovary, cortex, number of antral follicles, volume of oocyte and zona pellucida thickness, and there was a significant decrease in the primary and preantral follicles number in the PCOS + BM-MSCs group compared with the PCOS group. There was a significant increase in the serum level of FSH and TAC and a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone, LH, MDA and percentage of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in the PCOS + BM-MSCs group in comparison with the PCOS group. DiscussionBM-MSC transplantation improves folliculogenesis in mice with induced PCOS. BM-MSC therapy can be an operative treatment for PCOS via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

A STUDY SHOWING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IRBESARTAN IN THE TREATMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were developed for the treatment of high blood pressure to antagonize increased angiotensin II-dependent vasoconstriction. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether irbesartan had beneficial effects on the reduction of prostate weight in a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Benign prostatic hyperplasia was induced by subcutaneous injections of testosterone enanthate for four weeks in albino rats, and rats were treated with or without oral doses of irbesartan (10,20 and 40mg/kg) for five consecutive days per week for four successive weeks during BPH induction. After 4 weeks, the protein abundance of nuclear factor kappa-B was assessed immunohistochemically in the prostate tissue taken from the different treatment groups. The irbesartan (40 mg/kg)-treated group showed a significant decrease in prostate weight, prostate index and nuclear factor kappa-B abundance compared to the non-treated BPH group. These results show that irbesartan is effective in decreasing the weight and proliferation of the prostate, and suggest that irbesartan may be an effective treatment for BPH.

Overview of the NASA 70-day Bed Rest Study.

The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 70-day Bed Rest Study. The integrated complement of investigations and the standardized bed rest environment that served as the platform for this study complement are described. Outcomes of the studies will not be presented here but will be reported in separate publications. A set of studies running in an integrated fashion along the entire period (pre-, in-, and post-bed rest) and using the same subjects is referred in this article as "the campaign" or "complement." NASA selected eight individual studies to participate in the 70-d bed rest campaign. These studies were integrated to increase efficiency in the utilization of resources and to share common measures among the investigations. In addition to the individual studies addressing specific aims, a battery of standardized measures was included. Standard measures target a wide range of physiologic systems and represent some of the testing routinely done on astronauts. Bed rest subjects underwent rigorous medical and psychological screening. Standardized conditions included 70 d of bed rest in a 6° head-down tilt position. Subjects' vital signs, body weight, and fluid intake and output were measured daily. A standardized diet was provided to ensure consistent nutritional intake across subjects. Exercising subjects were prescribed individualized aerobic and resistance training 6 d·wk performed in a horizontal body position. Subjects in the testosterone supplementation countermeasure group received testosterone enanthate injections at 2-wk intervals during bed rest. Long-duration head-down tilt bed rest provided a suitable platform for examining physiologic effects of spaceflight and testing countermeasures in a ground-based model. Integrating studies into a complement is an effective way to support multiple investigations while minimizing the number of subjects to answer many research questions.

Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on sexual function and glycemic control among hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We investigated the effect of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on glycemic control and sexual function among hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). From the EARTH study, 86 patients (47 in the TRT and 39 in the non-TRT groups) with a diagnosis of T2DM were extracted. We collected data on waist circumference, body mass index, body fat volume, free testosterone, hemoglobin (Hb), fasting blood sugar, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at baseline and after 12 months. Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) score and International Prostate Symptom Score were obtained. Sexual function was assessed by questions 15 (sexual ability), 16 (morning erections), and 17 (sexual desire) of AMS subscores. The TRT group received intramuscular testosterone enanthate (250 mg) injections every 4 weeks for 12 months. Body fat percentage, Hb, and HbA1c were significantly improved in the TRT group. In addition, sexual ability and frequency, and sexual desire showed a significant improvement in the TRT group after 1 year TRT. On the other hand, any parameters including glycemic control and sexual functions were not significantly improved in non-TRT groups. One-year TRT can improve sexual function and glycemic control among hypogonadal men with T2DM.

L-Carnitine improves endocrine function and folliculogenesis by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice following induction of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is related to low levels of serum l-carnitine, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of l-carnitine on folliculogenesis in mice following induction of PCOS. PCOS was induced by daily injections of testosterone enanthate (1mg per 100g, s.c., for 35 days). NMRI mice (21 days old) were divided into four groups (n=6 per group): Control, Control+l-carnitine, PCOS and PCOS+l-carnitine. Mice were treated with 500mgkg-1, i.p., l-carnitine every second day for 28 days. Ovaries were studied stereologically and serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined using ELISA kits. Serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also analysed. Apoptosis of follicles was evaluated by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL). CD31 was assessed immunohistochemically. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test, differences considered significant at P<0.05.The total volume of the ovary, cortex volume, oocyte volume, zona pellucida thickness and the number of antral follicles increased significantly, whereas the number of primary and preantral follicles decreased significantly, in the PCOS+l-carnitine versus PCOS group. In the PCOS+l-carnitine group, serum concentrations of FSH and FRAP increased significantly, whereas there were significant decreases in serum concentrations of testosterone, LH, MDA, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as in the percentage of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, compared with the PCOS group. l-Carnitine improves folliculogenesis and is therefore suggested as a therapeutic supplement in the treatment of PCOS.

Testosterone undecanoate and testosterone enanthate injections are both effective and safe in transmen over 5years of administration.

To retrospectively evaluate and compare safety and efficacy of short and long-acting testosterone (T) parenteral formulations over 5years in transmen. Fifty transmen between 21 and 42years of age were enrolled. Twenty-five received T undecanoate 1000mg IM (weeks 0 and 6 then every 12-16weeks), and 25 received T enanthate 250mg IM (every 3-4weeks). Hormonal and biochemical parameters, anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure were assessed at baseline and then every 12months. Body composition was evaluated at baseline and then after 1, 3 and 5years of T treatment. Global satisfaction was assessed at baseline and after 1 and 5years. Both T formulations led to amenorrhoea in all subjects within 1year of T administration. Both T treatments led to a similar increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit which always remained within the physiological range. T administration was associated with an increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and a slight reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Coagulative and glucidic profiles and blood pressure did not change significantly in either group. Body weight and BMI showed a slight but not significant increase in both groups, while lean mass rose significantly in both groups. Global satisfaction was increased at years 1 and 5 in both groups. Preliminary results from this pilot study suggest that administration of either TU or TE for 5years in young transmen is both effective and safe. Our study presents the longest follow-up published so far reporting no adverse events and these data are consistent with previous reports with a shorter follow-up.

087 Predictive factors for maintenance of efficacy after cessation of testosterone treatment

For patients with testosterone deficiency (TD), there is no conclusive evidence whether discontinuation of treatment is possible or treatment must continue for the rest of lives. If there is a way to maintain efficacy of TRT after cessation of treatment, the potential risks associated with TRT could be reduced. Therefore, predictive factors for maintenance of efficacy of TRT after stopping treatment were investigated in this study. From 2011 to 2016, among 720 hypogonadal patients, 151 men in whom TRT was effective and who were available for follow-up over 6 months after the discontinuation of TRT were included in this study. The type of TRT was consisted of oral testosterone undecanoate (TU), testosterone gel, injection of testosterone enanthate, and injection of TU. Baseline serum total testosterone (TT) levels, the highest TT levels during TRT, and the recent TT levels at 6 months after discontinuation of TRT were investigated with the patients′ medical records including age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), comorbidities, life styles, period and type of TRT. Maintenance of response was determined by the recent serum TT levels and the answer of patients to global assessment question about the TD symptoms compared with the baseline

Ovary stereological features and serum biochemical factors following induction of polycystic ovary syndrome with testosterone enanthate in mice: An experimental study

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder featured by insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. Testosterone enanthate can induce PCOS in mice models. We investigated the ovary stereological features along with the oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in mice following PCOS induction using testosterone enanthate. Twelve female NMRI mice (3 wk old) were divided into 2 groups (n=6/each): Control and PCOS. PCOS was induced through daily injections of testosterone enanthate (1 mg/100g subcutaneous s.c for 5 wk). Finally, ovaries were studied stereologically. The serum levels of the follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured using ELISA kit. Serum levels of Malondialdehyde and the antioxidant capacity were measured relatively using thiobarbituric acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The mean total volume of ovary and the mean volume of cortex (p<0.001), volume of oocyte in the preantral (p=0.011) and antral follicle (p=0.015), thickness of zona pellucida (p=0.016), the number of antral follicles (p=0.012), the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (p<0.001) and the antioxidant capacity (p=0.020) reduced significantly in the PCOS group compared to the control. The number of primary (p=0.017) and preantral (p=0.006) follicles and the serum levels of testosterone (p<0.001), Luteinizing hormone (p=0.002), Malondialdehyde, Interleukin 6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α (p<0.001) showed a significant increase in the PCOS group compared to the control. Testosterone enanthate induced PCOS causes stereological features in the ovary, increases the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in mice.

Effects of resistance training and testosterone enanthate injections in low and high doses on hematological parameters in male Wistar rats

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week testosterone enanthate (TE) injections in high and low doses and resistance training (RT) on hematological parameters in male rats. 42 male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7): control (C): olive oil, RT: resistance training + olive oil, LD (low dose): TE (25 mg kg−1); HD (high dose): TE (50 mg kg−1); RT + LD: RT + TE (25 mg kg−1); and RT + HD: RT + TE (50 mg kg−1). The resistance training consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. At the end of 8 weeks, whole blood samples were obtained from the orbital sinus and hematological factors were determined. The data showed that the amounts of packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (HGB), and red blood cells (RBC) significantly increased in HD and RT + HD groups compared with C group (p < 0.05). Differential cell count showed that neutrophil count significantly increased in HD group compared with C group and eosinophil count significantly decreased in RT + HD group compared with C and LD groups (p < 0.05). The results of the present study showed that in spite of resistance training, use of TE in high doses can cause significantly alterations in some of hematologic factors in male rats.

Effects of testosterone enanthate and resistance training on myocardium in Wistar rats; clinical and anatomical pathology.

This study was performed to determine the effects of 8weeks testosterone enanthate (TE) injection and resistance training (RT) on cardiac muscle in male Wistar rats. A total of 28 male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; control+placebo, RT+placebo, TE and TE+RT. Testosterone enanthate (20mg/kg BW, IM) and placebo (olive oil; 0.2ml, IM) were injected twice a week for 2months. The RT consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. The serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and serum level of creatinine, urea and cardiac troponin I (CTnI) were evaluated. After sacrifice, samples from myocardial muscle were collected for histopathology evaluation. The serum concentration of CTnI and CK-MB activity significantly increased in group RT compared with control (p<.05). In group RT+TE, all biomarkers of muscle damage (CTnI, CK-MB, AST, LDH) were significantly more than those in control (p<.05). Also, mild myocardial hypertrophy was observed in RT and RT+TE groups. The higher level of all heart damage biomarkers in the RT+TE group rather than control may indicate the synergistic effects of medication and exercise.

Effect of Testosterone Enanthate Injection on Some Carcass Traits and Chemical Characteristics of Castrated Karadi Lambs Meat

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of testosterone enanthate injection on some carcass traits and chemical characteristics of Karadi castrated lambs meat. Twenty seven male Karadi lambs (3-4 months of age) with an average live weight of (28.7±3.8 kg) were reared in sheep farm, research station, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Sulaimania and allocated randomly by weight to three groups (treatments) by the dosage of testosterone enanthate (6 lambs for each treatment): G1 were not injected (control), G2 were injected by 200 mg and G3 were injected by 400 mg (IM weekly). All groups animals were fed with the same concentrate diet (3% of body weight), barley straw provided ad libitum and water was free, all group lambs were castrated by rubber band two weeks before experiment begins. There were three periods of slaughter: 60 days from the beginning of the experiment, 90 days and 120 days, at the end of each period three lambs from each treatment were randomly chosen and weighted, then humanly slaughtered. Many measurements were taken such as hot and cold carcass weight, carcass length, carcass thorax circumference, rib eye area and fat thickness ,carcass cuts weight, non-carcass adipose tissue weight, edible organs and offal weight, also the chemical composition of Longissimus Dorsi muscle meat. From the results, it could be concluded that there were positive effects of testosterone enanthate injection, which was increasing of living body weight reflecting on hot and cold carcass weight increase with increasing age and period of treating with enanthate, that increase in carcass weight was related with increasing in weight of whole carcass cuts which was clearly noticed on second and third slaughtering period, and also that increase can be correlated with rib eye area which increase during the same periods , that means the gain in weight is a result of body lean gain due to testosterone enanthate injection. In addition, fat tail weight decrease may be explain as body energy turned to producing or synthesis lean instead of fat.

Effect of Testosterone Enanthate Injection on Some Carcass Traits and Chemical Characteristics of Castrated Karadi Lambs Meat

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of testosterone enanthate injection on some carcass traits and chemical characteristics of Karadi castrated lambs meat. Twenty seven male Karadi lambs (3-4 months of age) with an average live weight of (28.7±3.8 kg) were reared in sheep farm, research station, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Sulaimania and allocated randomly by weight to three groups (treatments) by the dosage of testosterone enanthate (6 lambs for each treatment): G1 were not injected (control), G2 were injected by 200 mg and G3 were injected by 400 mg (IM weekly). All groups animals were fed with the same concentrate diet (3% of body weight), barley straw provided ad libitum and water was free, all group lambs were castrated by rubber band two weeks before experiment begins. There were three periods of slaughter: 60 days from the beginning of the experiment, 90 days and 120 days, at the end of each period three lambs from each treatment were randomly chosen and weighted, then humanly slaughtered. Many measurements were taken such as hot and cold carcass weight, carcass length, carcass thorax circumference, rib eye area and fat thickness ,carcass cuts weight, non-carcass adipose tissue weight, edible organs and offal weight, also the chemical composition of Longissimus Dorsi muscle meat. From the results, it could be concluded that there were positive effects of testosterone enanthate injection, which was increasing of living body weight reflecting on hot and cold carcass weight increase with increasing age and period of treating with enanthate, that increase in carcass weight was related with increasing in weight of whole carcass cuts which was clearly noticed on second and third slaughtering period, and also that increase can be correlated with rib eye area which increase during the same periods , that means the gain in weight is a result of body lean gain due to testosterone enanthate injection. In addition, fat tail weight decrease may be explain as body energy turned to producing or synthesis lean instead of fat.

Effects of testosterone replacement therapy on hypogonadal men with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a subanalysis of a prospective randomized controlled study in Japan (EARTH study)

Objective: We investigated the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) among hypogonadal men with osteopenia/osteoporosis.Methods: From our previous EARTH study population, 74 patients with a clinical diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis and hypogonadism were included in this study, as the TRT (n = 35) and control (n = 34) groups. The TRT group was administered 250 mg of testosterone enanthate injection every 4 weeks for 12 months. The BMD, waist circumference, body mass index, body fat percentage, and muscle volume were measured at baseline and at 12 months. Blood biochemical data, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, and adiponectin values were also evaluated.Results: At the 12-month visit, BMD significantly increased in both groups. However, comparisons on changes of parameter values from baseline to the 12-month visit between the TRT and control groups were significantly different in BMD (5.0 ± 5.0 vs. 3.0 ± 3.2; p = .0434) and in adiponectin value (−0.90 ± 3.33 vs. 0.10 ± 2.04; p = .0192). There were no significant changes in other parameters.Conclusions: TRT for 12 months could improve BMD with a decrease in adiponectin levels among hypogonadal men with osteopenia/osteoporosis.

Outcomes of testosterone enanthate on kidney of male Wistar rats subjected to resistance training

Summary Background Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are the most common doping agents in the sports and AAS abusers may show different renal side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks testosterone enanthate (TE) injection and resistance training (RT) on kidney in male Wistar rats. Materials and methods Twenty-eight male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; C: control, RT: resistance training, TE: testosterone enanthate, TE + RT. Resistance training protocol consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder for 8 weeks. TE and placebo (20 mg/kg BW, IM) were injected twice a week. At the end, rats were euthanized and serum biochemical analysis and pathological examinations of kidney tissue were conducted. Results serum creatinine concentration in RT group was significantly (P Conclusion Although, we showed that 8 weeks consumption of TE (20 mg/kg) accompanied with RT does not negatively affect renal function, but further studies are necessary to obtain more detailed information.

Outcome of urethroplasty after parenteral testosterone in children with distal hypospadias

Pre-operative testosterone use in hypospadias surgery is known to increase penile dimensions and vascularity, which should facilitate tension-less formation of the urethral tube and tissue healing. However, androgens can have a negative effect on wound healing. There are very few randomized studies on postoperative results after androgen use, and this study attempted to understand the utility of pre-operative testosterone in distal hypospadias. To study the effect of parenteral testosterone in children undergoing single stage urethroplasty for distal hypospadias, especially the occurrence of urethrocutaneous fistula and wound dehiscence. Patients were prospectively enrolled and randomized into two groups: Group 1 (control group) and Group 2 (receiving three injections of pre-operative intramuscular testosterone enanthate (2mg/kg) at 1 monthly intervals; they were further subdivided into those operated 1 month (Group 2A) or 3 months (Group 2B) later. Patients with micropenis, previous testosterone use or any surgical intervention were excluded. Preputial skin was studied with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and CD31 immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed up for at least 18 months. Ninety four patients underwent urethroplasty over a 3.5-year period. Penile dimensions increased significantly after testosterone use (Summary table). On H&E staining, proliferating blood vessels and increased lymphocytic infiltrates were significantly increased in Group 2B. Group 2 patients tended to have more postoperative edema and inflammation. Although urethrocutaneous fistula rates were similar in Group 1 (n=7) and Group 2 (n=5) (P=0.438), wound dehiscence occurred only in Group 2 (P=0.01). The total number of patients in this study was small and this was a drawback. Although, several factors played a role in wound healing, the overall higher complication rate, especially wound dehiscence in Group 2, pointed to a higher incidence of inflammatory reaction and healing complication rates with testosterone use. Testosterone should be used judiciously in distal hypospadias. While tissue availability significantly increased, there was an increase in inflammatory reaction and edema, which increased the risk of wound dehiscence in cases of precocious surgery.

Androgen replacement therapy for cancer-related symptoms in male advanced cancer patients: study protocol for a randomised prospective trial (ARTFORM study).

Recent studies reveal that hypogonadism with low serum androgen levels is associated with advanced cancer and induction of most cancer-related symptoms. We designed an ARTFORM study to evaluate the efficacy of androgen replacement therapy in male advanced cancer patients. The ARTFORM study is an investigator-initiated, randomised controlled trial comparing intramuscle injection of testosterone enanthate with non-administration in male advanced cancer patients with non-curative locally advanced or metastatic lesions. Serum total and free testosterone levels are measured and patients with low testosterone level are randomised. The primary endpoint is the difference in validated health-related quality of life questionnaires at week 12. Trial registration of the ARTFORM study is assigned to University hospital Medical Information Network, Center identifier UMIN 000010939. J. Med. Invest. 64: 202-204, August, 2017.

The Effects of Annatto Tocotrienol on Bone Biomechanical Strength and Bone Calcium Content in an Animal Model of Osteoporosis Due to Testosterone Deficiency.

Osteoporosis reduces the skeletal strength and increases the risk for fracture. It is an underdiagnosed disease in men. Annatto tocotrienol has been shown to improve bone structural indices and increase expression of bone formation genes in orchidectomized rats. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of annatto tocotrienol on biomechanical strength and calcium content of the bone in orchidectomized rats. Thirty three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups. The baseline control (BC) group was sacrificed at the onset of the study. The sham-operated group (SHAM) received olive oil (the vehicle of tocotrienol) orally daily and peanut oil (the vehicle of testosterone) intramuscularly weekly. The remaining rats were orchidectomized and treated with three different regimens, i.e., (1) daily oral olive oil plus weekly intramuscular peanut oil injection; (2) daily oral annatto tocotrienol at 60 mg/kg plus weekly intramuscular peanut oil injection; (3) daily oral olive oil plus weekly intramuscular testosterone enanthate injection at 7 mg/kg. Blood, femur and tibia of the rats were harvested at the end of the two-month treatment period for the evaluation of serum total calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, bone biomechanical strength test and bone calcium content. Annatto-tocotrienol treatment improved serum calcium level and tibial calcium content (p < 0.05) but it did not affect femoral biomechanical strength (p > 0.05). In conclusion, annatto-tocotrienol at 60 mg/kg augments bone calcium level by preventing calcium mobilization into the circulation. A longer treatment period is needed for annatto tocotrienol to exert its effects on bone strength.

Multi-Institutional Survey of Medical Treatment for Late-Onset Hypogonadism in Japan.

The adequate criteria for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) diagnosis, including serum testosterone levels, type (total or free testosterone) and duration of androgen replacement therapy, and evaluations of treatment effectiveness remain controversial. To evaluate the current status of medical treatment for LOH in Japan, the first nationwide survey were performed. A total of 35 questionnaires answered by urologists in high-volume facilities were analyzed. The median numbers of patients with hypogonadism-related symptoms per month were 10. Aging Male Symptom Score, International Index of Erectile Function, and International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaires were widely used for questionnaires. The diagnostic criteria for LOH varied. Among the patients who presented with hypogonadism-related symptoms, the mean proportion of patients undergoing treatment for LOH was 62.3%. In Japan, LOH was treated not only with testosterone enanthate injections or testosterone ointment but also with Kampo medicine. In many facilities, LOH treatment effectiveness was assessed after a 3-month period. Efficacy was assessed in different ways. Treatment effectiveness rate ranged from 30% to 80%. The duration of LOH treatment was not fixed and was established individually by both the patient and treating physician. This study showed that the real clinical practices for LOH are very diverse, and a general consensus is needed.

Effect of Female Camel Urine on Different Testosterone Levels in Adult Male Rats

Our objectives were to investigate the effect of female camel urine on abnormal hormonal levels in male rats and to evaluate total protein, globulin, albumin and body weight gain according to administration of female camel urine. Twenty four adult Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups, normal testosterone control, treated control and high and low serum testosterone groups which produced by injection of testosterone Enanthate and Lead Acetate respectively twice a week for 21 days. All groups except the control group (normal) were orally dosed female camel urine (2ml / 100 gram body weight) for another 21 days. Female camel urine regulated the high and low testosterone level to their normal serum level. Testosterone level was significantly increased (P<0.01) in group three after seven days of female camel urine administration. The same time no change was observed on normal testosterone level group. In the 3th week all treated groups showed significant (P<0.01) increase in the testosterone level compared to the previous week. Total protein, globulin and albumin were significantly (P< 0.05) elevated before and after female camel urine treatment.

Effect of Megestrol Acetate and Testosterone on Body Composition and Hormonal Responses in COPD Cachexia.

Background: Underweight chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with involuntary weight loss have a poor prognosis; no effective therapy is currently available. We conducted the first clinical trial seeking to determine whether combination therapy with an appetite stimulant and an anabolic steroid would have beneficial effects on body composition for patients with COPD cachexia. Methods: We conducted a 12-week pilot study in which 4 men and 5 women (age 64±10 y, forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] 31±9 %pred., body mass index [BMI] 18±3 kg/m2) with low-normal testosterone levels (average 532±45ng/dl in men and 12.4±5.3ng/dl in women) and weight loss ≥10 lbs over the previous year were treated with oral megestrol acetate 800mg/day plus weekly testosterone enanthate injections, initially 125 mg in men and 40 mg in women, with doses subsequently adjusted targeting circulating nadir testosterone levels of 850 and 300 ng/dl, respectively. Results: On treatment, nadir testosterone level increases averaged 160±250 ng/dl (NS) in men and 322±49 (p<0.001) ng/dl in women. Body weight increased in all individuals, with average end-intervention weight gain of 3.1±2.2 kg (p<0.005). Two women and 2 men had COPD exacerbations and did not complete the 12-week study. In the 5 individuals who completed, dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans revealed an average 2.0±1.5 kg lean mass and 2.3±1.7 kg fat mass increase (each p<0.05). No adverse effects of treatment were detected. Conclusions: Combination therapy reversed the trajectory of involuntary weight loss and increased lean mass in cachectic COPD patients. Though the interventions were apparently well tolerated, participant drop-out rate was high. Larger randomized placebo-controlled long-term studies with functional outcomes are needed.