Test Procedure Research Articles

On-board equipment testing procedure for the effects of electrostatic discharges

On-board equipment testing procedure for the effects of electrostatic discharges

Advances in Human Leukocyte Antigen Testing Technologies and Management Strategies for Platelet Transfusion Refractoriness.

The blood bank is often consulted for transfusion support of patients with suspected platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). The workup is complex because testing includes specialized assays that are uncommonly ordered with limited availability. Add to this the variety of possible products-crossmatched platelets, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched platelets, HLA antigen-negative platelets-and the approach to PTR can be overwhelming. Moreover, most literature on the subject is published in transfusion medicine journals aimed at transfusion medicine physicians and blood bank specialists in academic settings. Resources tailored to community hospital blood banks are lacking. To provide pathologists who may not have subspecialized training in transfusion medicine and who direct blood banks algorithmic workflows based on clinical scenario and test availability to provide appropriate transfusion support for patients with PTR. This review is a comprehensive overview of terminology, HLA testing procedures, interpretations, and practical recommendations for managing PTR in various scenarios based on expert opinion as well as relevant medical literature published from 2007 to 2022. Consultation on PTR is complicated and encompasses many clinical and laboratory aspects. The lack of guidelines derived from high-quality prospective studies poses challenges in the workup and management of PTR. Hindering the process further are limited test availability, unfamiliarity with the technical assays, and the various specialized platelet products. The clinical evaluation algorithm presented herein along with the workflow pathways offer pathologists user-friendly and best-practice guidelines with different options based on the clinical scenario and the tests available.

Bootstrap test procedure for variance components in nonlinear mixed effects models in the presence of nuisance parameters and a singular Fisher information matrix

Summary We examine the problem of variance component testing in general mixed effects models using the likelihood ratio test. We account for the presence of nuisance parameters, ie, the fact that some untested variances might also be equal to zero. Two main issues arise in this context, leading to a nonregular setting. First, under the null hypothesis, the true parameter value lies on the boundary of the parameter space. Moreover, due to the presence of nuisance parameters, the exact locations of these boundary points are not known, which prevents the use of classical asymptotic theory of maximum likelihood estimation. Then, in the specific context of nonlinear mixed effects models, the Fisher information matrix is singular at the true parameter value. We address these two points by proposing a shrunk parametric bootstrap procedure, which is straightforward to apply even for nonlinear models. We show that the procedure is consistent, solving both the boundary and the singularity issues, and we provide a verifiable criterion for the applicability of our theoretical results. We show through a simulation study that, compared to the asymptotic approach, our procedure has a better small sample performance and is more robust to the presence of nuisance parameters. A real data application on bird growth rates is also provided.

Inference for Dependent Data with Learned Clusters

Abstract This paper presents and analyzes an approach to cluster-based inference for dependent data. The primary setting considered here is with spatially indexed data in which the dependence structure of observed random variables is characterized by a known, observed dissimilarity measure over spatial indices. Observations are partitioned into clusters with the use of an unsupervised clustering algorithm applied to the dissimilarity measure. Once the partition into clusters is learned, a cluster-based inference procedure is applied to a statistical hypothesis testing procedure. The procedure proposed in the paper allows the number of clusters to depend on the data, which gives researchers a principled method for choosing an appropriate clustering level. The paper gives conditions under which the proposed procedure asymptotically attains correct size. A simulation study shows that the proposed procedure attains near nominal size in finite samples in a variety of statistical testing problems with dependent data.

Optimization testing for the modeling and characterization of three-dimensional elements to enhance interoperability from building information modeling (BIM) to building energy modeling (BEM)

The principal aim of the different authors regarding the issues concerning the interoperability between Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Building Energy Modelling (BEM) platforms is focused on workflow automation. This article aims to focus on the modeling practices, by suggesting practical modeling recommendations for BIM modelers, which improve the exportation results to BEM platforms. The project followed a two-phase methodology consisting first of the proposal of a line of modeling recommendations based on a literature review, and second of the application of the recommendations, using an experimental model. At the outset, the authors recompiled research papers, software tutorials, and the main author's usage (by tool testing). The recommendations were organized by categories and fields of implementation. For the second phase, a single-family housing project was assigned for the testing procedures. The project was modeled with the two main BIM platforms available for the research (Autodesk Revit and Graphisoft Archicad). The testing procedures included the implementation of the recommendations by categories, and each category was evaluated by two premises: the geometrical consistency of the exported model with the project (by using the Aragog gbXML viewer tool), and the utility of the imported model on a BEM platform (by using Design Builder software with EnergyPlus). The results of each tested model were contrasted and analyzed, to determine if the implemented recommendations were successful for improving the exportation process. In conclusion, it was found that the recommendations improved the geometrical consistency and the elements characterization with the building systems, and an energy analytic simulation was successfully fulfilled with the optimized model imported from both BIM software. Although the recommendations made small improvements from the base to the optimized model, the result for each exported model was a successful energy analytic simulation.

Are gel blasters a safe toy? A study into their kinetic energy per unit area

Gel blasters are currently imported and marketed as children’s toys in Australia. Gel blasters closely imitate the appearance of many genuine firearms of all types and are designed to propel small hydrated gel balls of approximately 7–8 mm in diameter, by means of compressed air or gas. They are considered illegal in all states of Australia except Queensland but these items aren’t specifically written into most state firearms legislation. However, to be considered as children’s toys, they must not exceed the recommended kinetic energy (KE) of 2500 J/m2 as outlined in the Australian/New Zealand Standard Safety of Toys – Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties (Safety of Toys ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019) [1]. The aim of this study was to determine if a range of gel blasters would conform to the Australian & New Zealand Standard and have projectiles with kinetic energy of less than 2500 J/m2. Utilising the testing procedure outlined in ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019 (Australian/New Zealand Standard Safety of Toys – Part 1: Safety Aspects related to Mechanical and Physical Properties (Safety of Toys ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019) [1]), a range of gel blasters were tested. In addition, a number of NERF™ toys and airsoft firearms were tested to provide reference between an accepted child’s toy and items considered to be a firearm, such as airsoft firearms. A NERF™ toy (commonly referred to as a blaster) fires a foam projectile at very low velocities through direct spring/striker impact to the rear of the dart, battery-powered motorised flywheel, or by compressed air generated by a small piston inside a cylinder. Airsoft firearms are designed to fire hard plastic balls (typically 6 mm in diameter) and can achieve velocities upwards of 90 m/s with the potential to cause injuries to soft tissue. Results showed the KE per unit area of pellets fired from airsoft firearms significantly exceeded the recommended 2500 J/m2 ranging from approximately 10,620 J/m2 to 69,650 J/m2. Twenty of the twenty-four gel blasters tested (83 %) exceeded 2500 J/m2, with values ranging between 2112 J/m2 and 42,645 J/m2. NERF™ toys were found to be notably under 2500 J/m2, ranging from approximately 1230 J/m2 to 2129 J/m2. The results suggest that the majority of gel blasters (items of seizures) tested, currently being imported and marketed as children’s toys in Australia, easily exceed 2500 J/m2 as outlined in the ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019 and are not safe to be marketed and sold as children’s toys. Reinforcing the position of most jurisdictions, the Australian Federal Police (AFP) in Canberra made the following statement in 2019: ‘ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Policing is reminding the public that replica firearms known as gel blasters are illegal in the ACT’. Taking the results determined throughout this research and the statement by AFP into consideration, gel blasters should not be exempt from control under Firearms Legislation because they are claimed to be toy.

Comparison of available methods to evaluate cefiderocol susceptibility in Acinetobacter spp

Recently, considerable uncertainty has arisen concerning the appropriate susceptibility testing for cefiderocol in gram-negative bacilli, particularly in the context of its application to Acinetobacter spp. The optimal method for assessing the susceptibility levels of Acinetobacter spp. to cefiderocol remains a subject of debate due to substantial disparities observed in the values obtained through various testing procedures. This study employed four minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methodologies and the disk diffusion to assess the susceptibility of twenty-seven carbapenem resistant (CR)-Acinetobacter strains to cefiderocol. The results from our study reveal significant variations in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained with the different methods and in the level of agreement in interpretation categories between the different MIC methods and the disk diffusion test. Among the MIC methods, there was relatively more consistency in reporting the interpretation categories. For European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, the categorical agreement (CA) for MIC methods ranged between 66.7 and 81.5%. On the other hand, the essential agreement (EA) values were as low as 18.5–29.6%. The CA between MIC methods and disk diffusion was 81.5%. These results emphasize the need for a reliable, accurate, and clinically validated methodology to effectively assess the susceptibility of Acinetobacter spp. to cefiderocol. The wide variability observed in our study highlights the importance of standardizing the susceptibility testing process for cefiderocol to ensure consistent and reliable results for clinical decision-making.

The acceptability of group B streptococcal bacteria (GBS) testing to women, including self-swabbing procedures: A qualitative study

BackgroundGroup B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium carried by 20–25 % of pregnant women in the UK, which can be transmitted from pregnant women to their babies at the time of birth. Women can be tested for GBS in pregnancy using a vaginal-rectal swab, however, this testing is currently not routinely offered in the UK. A large clinical trial is underway to determine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of routine testing (ISRCTN reference number ISRCTN49639731). A crucial part of understanding whether this type of test should be implemented is women's views on the acceptability of being offered GBS tests, their preferences towards testing procedures and their willingness to receive these tests. AimTo explore women's views on the acceptability of different methods of Group B streptococcal bacteria (GBS) testing in pregnancy, including self-swabbing procedures. MethodsA convenience sample of 19 women (5 pregnant and 14 postpartum) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using systematic thematic analysis. ResultsFindings show that many of the women interviewed were not concerned about being offered a GBS test, were willing to provide a sample and felt positive towards samples being taken to detect GBS. Women varied in their preferences on the best time for sampling. Some thought being approached during pregnancy gave them time to understand the purpose of testing, prepare for what may happen next and ask questions about potential treatment if needed. Others thought labour was a good time to provide accurate results on GBS carriage at birth and reduce unnecessary worry during pregnancy. However, women were concerned that they may be unable to make an informed decision in labour due to time, pain and the prospect of birthing quickly. Women perceived clinician swabbing as more accurate than self-sampling; however, many thought clinician swabbing might be embarrassing so self-swabs should be available to increase uptake for some women. ConclusionsOverall, women thought both pregnancy and labour were acceptable times to test for GBS. The majority found both clinician and self-swabbing procedures acceptable; however, many had a preferred swabbing option and thought women should be given the choice of the swabbing procedure most acceptable to them. It is important that women are given information about GBS testing and its procedures in pregnancy regardless of when the GBS swabbing is performed.

Generating linear, semidefinite, and second-order cone optimization problems for numerical experiments

The numerical performance of algorithms can be studied using test sets or procedures that generate such problems. This paper proposes various methods for generating linear, semidefinite, and second-order cone optimization problems. Specifically, we are interested in problem instances requiring a known optimal solution, a known optimal partition, a specific interior solution, or all these together. In the proposed problem generators, different characteristics of optimization problems, including dimension, size, condition number, degeneracy, optimal partition, and sparsity, can be chosen to facilitate comprehensive computational experiments. We also develop procedures to generate instances with a maximally complementary optimal solution with a predetermined optimal partition to generate challenging semidefinite and second-order cone optimization problems. Generated instances enable us to evaluate efficient interior-point methods for conic optimization problems.

The stability of government bond markets’ equilibrium and the interdependence of lending rates

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce test procedures for no fractional cointegration against possible breaks to a fractional cointegrating relationship in a segment of the data. We base the proposed tests on the supremum of the Hassler and Breitung (Econom Theor 22(6):1091–1111, 2006) test statistic for no cointegration over possible breakpoints in the long-run equilibrium. We show that the new tests correctly standardized converge to the supremum of a Chi-squared distribution and that this convergence is uniform. An in-depth Monte Carlo analysis provides results on the finite sample performance of our tests. We then use the new procedures to investigate whether there was a dissolution of fractional cointegrating relationships between the yields of government bonds of eleven EMU countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Belgium, Austria, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany and France) as a consequence of the European debt crisis and to understand the degree of interdependence of lending rates to non-financial corporations across these eleven countries.

Sustainable extraction and conservation of soil resources: New insights through Natural Gamma-ray Spectrometry based Proximal Sensing Method

Soil is one the most extracted natural raw materials. The vast expanses of fertile alluvial soils of the Indo Gangetic Plains have long remained as abundant soil resource pool for brick manufacturing and construction sectors. Unmonitored continuous removal of soil is reported to cause depletion of soil reserves, loss of soil fertility and affect crop yield. Excavation and removal of soil from isolated patches of land creates low lying and elevated degraded areas which disrupts normal crop cultivation pattern. Natural gamma-ray spectrometry (NGS) can be used as a non-destructive and rapid geophysical sensing method, for identification and delineation of areas with suitable soils. During this work brick kiln areas were visited to understand soil's availability and extraction pattern. NGS measurements of samples from soil profiles were carried out to find if gamma-ray intensities varied with soil clay content. Soil texture and plasticity of the same samples were obtained following standard testing procedures. Winkler and Plasticity charts were used to assess suitability of the soils. A strong linear relationship between gamma-ray potassium (K) intensity and clay contents of soil profile samples (R2 = 0.88) was observed. NGS based devices can be used to scan soil samples rapidly and log shallow depth boreholes in grid sampling design. The gathered spectral gamma-ray data can be then used to predict and generate high resolution 3D models of soil properties, based on which resource areas of suitable soils can be delineated for long term soil extraction without affecting cultivated areas. This will help in delineating areas restricted for soil extraction, which will not only make soil mining sustainable but also address soil conservation by setting aside large cultivated fertile soil areas untouched. Adopting NGS methods will prevent unsystematic removal of fertile soil and creation of degraded lands. This will ultimately result in efficient soil resource management.

Efficiencies of Thermophilic Bacteria Species in Degrading Biodegradable Low-density Polyethylene Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems

The study examined the efficiencies of bacteria thermophiles responsible for the depolymerization of biodegradable Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) blends in two aquatic environments to suggest model bacteria species that could be used for reducing the accumulation of single-use LDPE in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Each of the biodegradable LDPE, polyethylene, and cellulose was placed in respirometry jars filled with 500 mls of the freshwater and marine water respectively in a randomized design of 4 by 2 by 3 following the American Standard Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedure. To identify the bacteria species, bacterial isolation was done using pour plate and streak methods. The bacteria species were identified by morphological, biochemical, and molecular methods. The thermophilic bacteria species were confirmed by sequencing to be Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas species among others. The results revealed that the bacteria isolates on LDPE were responsible for the biodegradation processes of the LDPE. This study concluded that Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas species have the bioremediation potentials to break down single-use biodegradable Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) in aquatic environments within six (6) months.

Lumbar and Cervical Concurrent Muscle Activity Analysis During Hamstring Length Testing to Design a Customized Treatment Plan: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

Hamstring length plays a significant role in a spectrum of clinical entities, from injury prevention and gait dysfunction to posture correction. Evidence suggests that the prevalence of hamstring tightness (HT)/reduced length is increasing. Despite the number of available tests and treatment protocols, HT is still a functional diagnosis. This study's primary goal is to evaluate concurrent muscle (CM) usage during these testing procedures to design a unique, customized treatment protocol. The study was conducted in two stages. In phase 1, Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR), Active Total Knee Extension (ATKE), and Active Seated Total Knee Extension (ASTKE) were carried out. Next, two pressure gauges (PGs) were placed to align with the natural lumbar and cervical curvatures while testing ASLR and ATKE. After analyzing the results for pressure gauge placement, phase 2 data were collected for tests ASLR and ATKE with PG. The results of ASLR and ATKE, both with and without PG, indicate a high prevalence rate, whereas the results of ASTKE show no prevalence. Changes in the PG values indicate CM usage. Dichotomization revealed that participants with normal test scores (non-HT group) had increased usage of CM work. Positive and negative changes in PG indicate the involved CM group. In regular practice, most healthcare professionals and fitness trainers prefer ASTKE due to the ease of the testing procedure. Directing co-professionals on their choice of tests is challenging, whereas providing knowledge about CM use paves the way for creating customized treatment plans.

Accommodative Strategies and School Administrator’s Managerial Effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools in Akwa Ibom South-South Senatorial District

This study investigated the relationship between Accommodative Strategies and School Administrator’s Managerial effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools in Akwa Ibom South-south Senatorial district. In order to achieve the purpose of this study three purposes, three research questions were raise and three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The sub-variables of the study which were self-regulation, emotional adjustment, and communication adjustment and administrators’ managerial effectiveness were reviewed under conceptual framework and empirical studies, the sample size consisted of 77 respondents representing the population of 95 drawn using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured closed ended questionnaire title, Accommodative Strategies Questionnaire (ASQ) and Administrators Managerial Effectiveness Questionnaire (AMEQ). The reliability of the instrument was established by using the data from trial testing procedure which yielded .76, which showed that the instrument was reliable to be used in the study. Research questions and hypotheses were answered using PPMC (Pearson Product Moment Correlation) analyses at .05 level of significant. The findings of the study revealed that accommodative strategies such as self-regulation, emotional adjustment and communication adjustment relate significantly to the school administrators’ managerial effectiveness in secondary school students in Akwa Ibom South-South senatorial district. The findings of this study would contribute to knowledge in the sense that, researchers in different places and times would likely used as reference document conducted further studies on related issue.

Adding experimental treatment arms to multi-arm multi-stage platform trials in progress.

Multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) platform trials efficiently compare several treatments with a common control arm. Crucially MAMS designs allow for adjustment for multiplicity if required. If for example, the active treatment arms in a clinical trial relate to different dose levels or different routes of administration of a drug, the strict control of the family-wise error rate (FWER) is paramount. Suppose a further treatment becomes available, it is desirable to add this to the trial already in progress; to access both the practical and statistical benefits of the MAMS design. In any setting where control of the error rate is required, we must add corresponding hypotheses without compromising the validity of the testing procedure.To strongly control the FWER, MAMS designs use pre-planned decision rules that determine the recruitment of the next stage of the trial based on the available data. The addition of a treatment arm presents an unplanned change to the design that we must account for in the testing procedure. We demonstrate the use of the conditional error approach to add hypotheses to any testing procedure that strongly controls the FWER. We use this framework to add treatments to a MAMS trial in progress. Simulations illustrate the possible characteristics of such procedures.

Familywise error for multiple time-to-event endpoints in a group sequential design.

We investigate the familywise error rate (FWER) for time-to-event endpoints evaluated using a group sequential design with a hierarchical testing procedure for secondary endpoints. We show that, in this setup, the correlation between the log-rank test statistics at interim and at end of study is not congruent with the canonical correlation derived for normal-distributed endpoints. We show, both theoretically and by simulation, that the correlation also depends on the level of censoring, the hazard rates of the endpoints, and the hazard ratio. To optimize operating characteristics in this complex scenario, we propose a simulation-based method to assess the FWER which, better than the alpha-spending approach, can inform the choice of critical values for testing secondary endpoints.

Study on Discharge Characteristic Performance of New Energy Electric Vehicle Batteries in Teaching Experiments of Safety Simulation under Different Operating Conditions

High-voltage heat release from batteries can cause safety issues for electric vehicles. Relevant scientific research work is carried out in the laboratory. The battery safety of laboratory experiments should not be underestimated. In order to evaluate the safety performance of batteries in the laboratory testing of driving conditions of electric vehicles, this paper simulated and compared the discharge characteristics of two common batteries (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery and nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) ternary lithium battery) in three different operating conditions. The operating conditions are the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), WLTP (World Light Vehicle Test Procedure) and CLTC-P (China light vehicle test cycle) for normal driving of electric vehicles. LFP batteries have a higher maximum voltage and lower minimum voltage under the same initial voltage conditions, with a maximum voltage difference variation of 11 V. The maximum current of WLTP is significantly higher than NEDC and CLTC-P operating conditions (>20 A). Low current discharge conditions should be emulated in teaching simulation and experiments for safety reasons. The simulation data showed that the LFP battery had good performance in maintaining the voltage plateau and discharge voltage stability, while the NCM battery had excellent energy density and long-term endurance.

Development of a Simple Setup to Measure Shielding Effectiveness at Microwave Frequencies.

Testing the shielding effectiveness of materials is a key step for many applications, from the industrial to the biomedical field. This task is very relevant for high-sensitivity sensors, whose performance can be greatly affected by electromagnetic fields. However, the available testing procedures often require expensive, bulky, and heavy measurement chambers. In this paper, a cost-effective and reliable measurement procedure for testing the shielding effectiveness of materials is proposed. It exploits a lab-scale anechoic shielded chamber, which is lightweight, compact, and cost-effective if compared to the available commercial solutions. The measurement procedure employs a vector network analyzer to allow an accurate and fast characterization setup. The chamber realization phases and the measurement procedure are described. The shielding capability of the chamber is measured up to 26 GHz, whereas the performance of commercial shielding coatings is tested to demonstrate the measurement's effectiveness.

Development of a comprehensive car safety gears testing procedure for low- to medium-speed lifts in Hong Kong

Operation of the safety gears is the last means of protecting passengers in a high-speed or even freely falling lift car. EN81-20 stipulates that the average retardation when the safety gears are engaged should lie between 0.2 g n and 1.0 g n while g n is the gravitational acceleration. Decades ago, in Hong Kong, to conduct a formal test on the safety gears, the car was fully loaded and the machine brake was manually released to allow the car fall freely until the overspeed governor triggered the engagement of the safety gears. This test was rather vigorous to both the gear jaws and the guiderails. Recently, tests have been conducted with 125% in-car load while the car travels under an inspection (or levelling) speed and the governor is manually triggered. Such a revised test, though much less vigorous, may not be able to verify the average retardation as required. Even a test with full load and free-falling may not reveal the whole truth by merely measuring the resulting contact scratches on the guiderails because a majority of the retardation could have been assisted by the counterweight via the suspension ropes. A method that involves an empty car traveling downward at 1 m/s with the governor manually triggered was first developed in Germany. This method has been improved to form a comprehensive procedure as detailed in this article so that a no-load rated speed, or slightly reduced speed, test is conducted, which is almost non-invasive or much less vigorous. By calculation, the average retardation when all suspension ropes are broken can be estimated. Cross-checking in our experiments revealed the validity of this procedure. The procedure also involves a test to verify the validity of parameters used to perform the estimation and takes care of some modern overspeed governors which cannot be manually triggered. It is hoped that this procedure could encourage maintenance professionals carry out safety gears tests more often to ensure a high safety standard. This comprehensive procedure could encourage more frequent tests on the car safety gears, which is almost non-invasive for manually triggerable overspeed governors or less vigorous for non-triggerable ones. An empty car traveling downward at rated speed, or at slightly reduced speed, is tested by manually triggering the governor while a partially loaded free-falling car is tested if the governor is not manually triggerable. Results can be used to estimate the average retardation of the lift car when all suspension ropes are broken. A pre-test is included to validate critical parameters necessary for the estimation. Experiments conducted so far were on the safety gears of low- to medium-speed lifts. For high-speed lifts beyond 4 m/s, that may be considered in the next stage of research. Although the title of this article includes the city where the procedure was developed, there is no reason why this testing procedure could not be extensively applicable to any traction lift systems around the world at such speed levels.

Development of a novel phantom for tau PET imaging

PurposeThe cortical uptake of tau positron emission tomography (PET) tracers corresponds to the Braak stage and reflects the distribution and progression of tau neurofibrillary tangles. The present study aimed to develop and validate the basic performance of a novel tau PET phantom, as well as to establish standard test procedures and analytical methods. MethodsThe tau PET phantom consisted of a brain simulation section simulated medial temporal lobe region and resolution and uniformity sections. The brain simulation section and hot rods and uniformity section contained 4 and 2 kBq/mL of 18F, respectively and images were acquired three times for 20 min with a PET/CT scanner. The resolution section was visually assessed with two sets of hot and cold rods. Recovery coefficients (RCs) as a quantitative value and coefficient of variation (CV) as image noise were determined based on the brain simulation and the uniformity section, respectively. ResultsPreparation of activity in the phantom was repeatable among three measurements. The quality of images in the brain simulation and uniformity section with the rods was good. The 5- or 6-mm rods were detected separately. The mean RCs calculated based on the VOI template were between 0.75 and 0.83. The CV at the center slice of uniformity section was 5.54%. ConclusionsWe developed a novel tau PET phantom to assess quantitative value, image noise, and detectability and resolution from brain simulation section, uniformity section, and rods, respectively. This phantom will contribute to the standardization and harmonization of tau PET imaging.