Tensile Strength Test Research Articles

Resistance of the fiber-derived geotextile from Typha domingensis submitted to field degradation

Geotextiles made from plant fibers creates a suitable environment for plant growth as part of soil bioengineering techniques. The faster decomposition of plant fiber geotextiles compared to synthetic ones demands the use of composites that enhance their waterproofing and extend their durability in the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance of a geotextile made with Thypha domingensis to degradation caused by climatic variables. Tensile strength tests were conducted in the laboratory in order to evaluate the degradation of geotextiles treated with single and double layers of waterproofing resin. Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images, it was verified that applying double layer of waterproofing resin delays the fibers degradation up to 120 days of exposure to the effects of climatic variables other than temperature. The maximum resistance losses due to the geotextile's exposure to degradation were statistically significant for all three treatments: control-without waterproofing resin, with one layer resin, and with two layers resin. Therefore, waterproofing resin, provides a long-term protective solution for geotextiles made from cattail fibers.

Experimental Investigation into Strength Properties of Ribbed Mild Steel Reinforcing Bars (RMSRBs) Produced by Local Companies in Ghana

The construction of high-rise buildings has increased the production and demand of ribbed mild steel reinforcing bars (RMSRBs) in Ghana. This study aimed at investigating the strength properties of RMSRBs manufactured in Ghana from scrap metals. Three steel-producing companies were considered for this study. A total of 90 samples of 12, 16, and 20mm diameters with lengths of 500, 50, and 20mm were used for the study. The prepared specimens were subjected to tensile strength test, chemical composition analysis, micro-hardness test, and microstructure analysis. The results indicate that the average tensile strength of between 576.00 and 768.40N/mm2 were above the minimum tensile strength of 250N/mm2 recommended by ASTM E8/E8M-16a. The carbon equivalent values (CEVs) of between 0.287 and 0.333% obtained were almost within the range of 0.3 to 0.55% recommended by ASTM A706/A706M-09b. It was also identified that the average Vickers hardness values of between 255.76 and 295.38HV were acceptable. The microstructural images showed good distribution of the pearlite and ferrite of the core. One Way ANOVA results indicated that the differences in the tensile strength values for 12mm (p-value ˂0.000) and 16mm (p-value =0.001) were statistically significant, however, the 20mm (p-value =0.138) was not statistically significant. The study, therefore, concludes that the strength properties of the 12, 16, and 20mm diameters of the RMSRBs produced by the three different companies in Ghana meet the standard requirements, and are recommended for use by contractors for the production of reinforced concrete.

Assessing Recycled Binder Availability, Activity, and Contribution at Different Temperatures

Recycled binder availability (RBA), degree of activity (DoA), and recycled binder contribution (RBC) are distinct properties often used interchangeably in the literature. This study aims to clarify the distinctions among these terms and assess how they vary with temperature, as well as their interrelationships. To achieve this, a reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) sieve analysis approach, indirect tensile strength testing of 100% RAP specimens, and tracer-based microscopy are employed to measure RBA, DoA, and RBC, respectively. Three RAP sources are evaluated, and each property is measured at multiple temperatures. Sieve analysis and microscopy measurements indicate that only partial RBA and RBC, respectively, are achieved, and that these properties display minimal susceptibility to changes in temperature. In contrast, DoA significantly increased as the temperature rose from 100°C to 140°C, reaching 100%, and then plateaued from 140°C to 155°C. In most of the cases, the laboratory-mixed asphalt mixture samples evaluated exhibited RBC values comparable to the RBA measurements for the respective RAP source, suggesting that RBC becomes equivalent to RBA when the DoA reaches 100%.

Effect of wet-dry history on performances of dense asphalt mixture: Experimental investigation and predicting model

Asphalt pavement experiences various wet-dry histories in the service stage. However, the influence of wet-dry history on asphalt mixture is unknown. Therefore, to clarify the performance degradation mechanism and predict the performance of asphalt mixture under the action of wet-dry history, the creep-recovery test, indirect tensile stiffness modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted at different temperatures. The finite element method was adopted to analyze the moisture diffusing profile inside the specimen after wet-dry cycles. A moisture damage model considering the soaking time and repeated characteristics was developed to predict the damaged properties. Results show that wet-dry cycles cause a slight mass loss of asphalt mixture. Wet-dry cycling action leads to the increment in high-temperature deformation, and reductions in stiffness modulus and tensile strength. The increase of high-temperature deformation is primarily caused by viscoplastic component. Even if the soaking time is short, high moisture damage occurs while the wet-dry cycle is sufficient. Numerical simulations show that the moisture concentration profiles inside asphalt mixture vary under different wet-dry histories, leading to variations in the damage zone. The degree of damage is also closely related to the acting time of moisture. The critical immersion time of the dense asphalt mixture (about 43 hours) was determined in this study. When the immersion period is shorter than the critical immersion time, the strength loss is greater than the modulus. On the contrary, the degree of modulus damage is higher than that of strength. Considering the actual rainfall climate in China, the strength damage of the on-site asphalt mixture in the field predominates. The proposed model could reflect the weakening trends of modulus and strength. It has good universal applicability in predicting the damaged Marshall stability, modulus, and strength at different temperatures.

Evaluation of commonly used reinforcement materials for color paintings on ancient wooden architecture in China

Over recent decades, various heritage institutions have utilized a multitude of materials to reinforce the painted layers of ancient Chinese wooden architecture. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the properties and durability of four widely used reinforcement agents, i.e., AC33, B72, FKM, and FEVE, using a series of techniques, including contact angle tests, water vapor permeability measurements, color difference evaluations, tensile strength tests, UV–vis spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that the transmittance rates of the films made from these four reinforcement agents are approximately 100% in the visible light range. Among them, the B72 film exhibits the highest hydrophobicity. The AC33 film has better permeability, fair tensile strength, and is more hydrophilic. FKM film is more hydrophobic but has lower permeability and tensile strength. Overall, the FEVE film presents the best comprehensive properties, including better hydrophobicity, higher permeability, and tensile strength. This research provides data evidence to guide heritage conservators and curators in decision-making when selecting appropriate reinforcement materials in practice.

Cellulose acetate nanofiber modified with polydopamine polymerized MOFs for efficient removal of noxious organic dyes.

The need to effectively remove toxic organic dyes from aquatic systems has become an increasingly critical issue in the recent years. In pursuit of this objective, polydopamine (PDA)-binary ZIF-8/UiO-66 (MOFs) was synthesized and incorporated into cellulose acetate (CA), producing ZIF-8/UiO-66/PDA@CA composite nanofibers under meticulously optimized conditions. The potential of fabricated nanofibers to remove cationic methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated. Various analysis tools including FTIR, XRD, SEM, zeta potential, BET, tensile strength testing, and XPS were employed. Results revealed a substantial leap in tensile strength, with ZIF-8/UiO-66/PDA@CA registering an impressive 2.8MPa, as a marked improvement over the neat CA nanofibers (1.1MPa). ZIF-8/UiO-66/PDA@CA nanofibers exhibit an outstanding adsorption capacity of 82mg/g, notably outperforming the 22.4mg/g capacity of neat CA nanofibers. In binary dye systems, these nanofibers exhibit a striking maximum adsorption capacity of 108mg/g, establishing their eminence in addressing the complexities of wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the adsorption data fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The fabricated nanofiber demonstrates good reproducibility and durability, consistently upholding its performance over five cycles. This suite of remarkable attributes collectively underscores its potential as a robust, durable, and highly promising solution for the effective and efficient removal of pernicious MB dye, in the context of both water quality improvement and environmental preservation.

Application of Deep Learning on Structure Displacement Measurement and Accuracy Analysis

Displacement serves as a crucial indicator in structural health monitoring within civil engineering, with computer vision being a commonly employed tool due to its cost-effectiveness and convenience. This paper introduces a methodology for tracking feature points computed via computer vision techniques SuperPoint and SuperGlue. Two test scenarios are conducted: a bridge loading test characterized by a low uniform stress state, and a tensile strength test marked by a high stress state. However, a notable drawback of this method is the potential misalignment between the survey point (the point under measurement) and the feature point, leading the errors. To address this issue, a fundamental principle for selecting feature points is presented. In the bridge loading test, the displacement of the survey point is recorded, and the influence of misalignment between survey point and feature point on accuracy is analyzed under low-stress uniform conditions. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of this method for field measurements in civil engineering. Subsequently, a tensile strength test is conducted to assess the influence of different feature point selection criteria on accuracy under high-stress conditions. Concurrently, the DIC software Ncorr is applied to analyze the displacement field of feature points near the survey point. The results highlight the significant influence of selecting feature points within regions of high stress concentration on measurement accuracy.

Using strain hardening to predict the stress crack resistance of unaged and aged smooth black HDPE geomembranes

The correlation between the single-point notched constant tensile load-stress crack resistance (SP-NCTL SCR) Test (ASTM D5397; Appendix) of smooth high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes and their strain hardening modulus is investigated for both unaged and aged specimens. The strain hardening modulus was calculated based on the (force-elongation) raw data from the tensile strength test conducted at room temperature using Type IV and/or Type V specimens (as described in ASTM D638) at a test speed of 7 mm/min. Three different approaches are used to define the strain hardening modulus and to compare the representative strain hardening modulus with the SP-NCTL SCR. It is shown that the high test speed of 7 mm/min performed at room temperature provides a good correlation with the SP-NCTL SCR of different smooth black HDPE geomembranes. Additionally, the proposed method using Type V specimens predicts the SCR values during oxidative degradation close to those observed using the SP-NCTL SCR test. For the resins and conditions examined, the proposed method provides a quick assessment of the SP-NCTL SCR of unaged geomembranes when the SP-NCTL SCR takes long testing times (e.g., >1000 h) or in jurisdictions in which the use of surfactants becomes prohibited to allow conducting the SP-NCTL SCR tests.

Sokasi Commodity Production: The Utilization of Bamboo Stem Fiber Composite to Create Balinese Local Products

This research aims to determine the optimal combination of a mixture containing bamboo fibre and polyester resin, with the addition of coconut fibre as a reinforcing material. The main objective of this research is to test tensile tests to determine the most suitable strength factor. In addition, this research aims to evaluate how changes in specific parameters affect the tensile characteristics of composite materials. The parameters observed include the proportion of the matrix to the volume of coconut fibre, the percentage of alkali concentration, and the length of the coconut fibre. The composite fabrication stage involves using the hand lay-up and Taguchi methods. The reason for choosing the L4(23) orthogonal experimental design is that there are three process parameters, each with two levels. The trial was duplicated five times. Important factors studied include the ratio of matrix and volume of coconut fibre, alkali concentration, and length of coconut fibre. Based on the results obtained from this research, it has been proven that the most effective combination to achieve the highest tensile strength is a matrix that accounts for 60% of the composition, coconut fibre occupies 20% of the volume, and an alkali concentration of 5.%, and coconut fibre strands measuring 30 mm long. The tensile strength test result of this particular composition was 54.34 MPa. Apart from that, the length of coconut fibre is the most significant factor in increasing tensile strength, with a contribution of 42.560%.

Synthesis and characterization of mupirocin-LDH/PVA nanofibrous composite as a dual-carrier drug release system

Nowadays, nanofibrous structures based on organic and inorganic materials are considered a drug delivery system for the controlled release of antibiotics and other antibacterial agents. The main goal of this research is a combination of the special properties of nanofibrous structure and Mupirocin-loaded Layered double hydroxide (LDH) to obtain a dual-carrier drug release system to provide long term antibacterial properties in wound healing process. Regards, unloaded layered double hydroxide (LDH) and Mupirocin-loaded LDH, which were synthesized by co-precipitation method, were added to Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution in different mass ratio and electrospun using different processing conditions. The physico-chemical characterizations were performed using SEM, FTIR and tensile strength tests. The biological properties of the fabricated nanocomposites were evaluated using antibacterial test and in vitro cell culturing followed by MTT assay. The SEM results showed a bead-less and uniform morphology of nanofibrous composite containing Mupirocin(2.3 wt%)-LDH(15 wt%)/PVA with an average fiber diameter of about 270 ± 58 nm. According to the release study, the maximum release of the mupirocin drug was about 54 % in the first 6 h. The antibiogram analysis exhibited good antibacterial activity of mupirocin-loaded nanocomposite against both bacteria, especially gram-positive one. Finally, MTT assay approved the biocompatibility of the mupirocin-loaded nanocomposite. Overall, the produced nanofibrous composites would be a promising dual-carrier system for controlled release of antibiotic.

Фиброцементогрунт в устройстве дорожных одежд лесовозных автомобильных дорог

The most important factor in increasing the efficiency of the development of forest tracts is the development and improvement of the transport and operational condition of the network of logging roads. Inert road construction materials, such as sand, crushed stone, crushed stone-sand mixture or gravel-sand mixture, are traditionally used for the construction of pavements for logging roads. However, in the areas with a shortage of these materials, the cost of road construction increases significantly. An alternative technology that can significantly reduce or completely eliminate the use of inert road construction materials is the stabilization of local soils for the construction of pavement structural layers. The soil stabilization technology consists in mixing them with binders and compacting them at the optimal moisture content of the mixture. In doing so, the resulting material acquires the desired strength and frost resistance. The most effective and common binder for soil stabilization is Portland cement. However, along with high strength properties and frost resistance, cement soils, due to their crystalline structure, have low crack resistance, which worsens transport and operational performance and shortens the service life of road pavements. One of the rational solutions for increasing the security of soil stabilization for the construction of road pavements is the installation of fiber cement soil layers. The object of this research is fiber cement soil for the construction of structural layers of road pavements for logging roads. The aim is to improve the physical and mechanical properties and frost resistance of soils stabilized with Portland cement with the addition of the material based on basalt fiber. Laboratory tests of compressive and tensile strength during splitting, as well as frost resistance of fiber cement soils of various compositions were carried out in accordance with GOST R 70452–2022. According to the data obtained, fiber cement soil has higher strength and frost resistance compared to cement soil. The fibers distributed throughout the cement-soil matrix effectively perceive external loads, providing high physical and mechanical indicators, and therefore crack and frost resistance of the material. The use of fiber cement soil for the construction of pavements for logging roads will increase the durability and reliability of their operation, as well as reduce the costs of construction and operation of road transport infrastructure of forest tracts.

Comparative Study of the Effects of Treatment Methods on the Tensile Performance of Bamboo

Bamboo is a rapidly replenishing resource that is used as a practical building material in many nations. However, it is not commonly used in the United States or other western nations, in part because building codes and safety standards have not yet included it. The mechanical characteristics of bamboo must be thoroughly comprehended and recorded in order to develop these. Major variables, including age, bamboo species, density, moisture content, post-harvest treatment, and the testing standards used, affects its properties greatly. This work presents a comparative study of the effects of treatment methods on the tensile performance of bamboo. In this research, bamboo samples of size 12x12mm, 14x12mm, 16x12mm and 20x12mm were prepared, some of the samples were treated with epoxy, bitumen emulsion, binding wire and some were treated by combining binding wire and either of epoxy or bitumen emulsion while few were untreated. Tensile strength test was carried out on both samples and the results shows that the tensile strength of bamboo samples was greatly increased in all the treatment methods used. Tensile strength of bamboo is also a function of size, from the research, it was observed that size 20mmx12mm possess higher strength. Hence, it is recommended for construction works, bamboo treated with epoxy has higher strength other treatment methods. However, a combination of binding wire and other treatment techniques give superior strength, epoxy was observed to have demonstrated higher strength than bitumen and binding wire alone.

Experimental Studies for the Creation of Composite Materials with Increased Static Mechanical Characteristics

The aim of the study was to experimentally verify the enhancement of certain mechanical properties of a composite material consisting of unsaturated polyester matrix reinforced with fiberglass, by incorporating specific proportions of sodium aluminosilicate (SAS) powders and talc as fillers for the fabrication of large wind turbine blades. Samples composed of these materials, with varying combinations of the added components, underwent testing for tensile and bending strength, and experiments were conducted to determine their modulus of elasticity. The findings indicate that the inclusion of SAS in the matrix material resulted in increased values of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity up to certain proportions. Solely adding talc to the matrix material led to a rise in bending strength. Increasing the talc percentage in the matrix material reinforced with 20% fiberglass resulted in decreased tensile strength and elastic modulus of the samples, while incorporating a blend of SAS and talc into the matrix material reinforced with 20% fiberglass significantly boosted the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the samples under tensile conditions.

Effect of fibre‐reinforced microbial‐induced calcite precipitation on the mechanical properties of coastal soil

AbstractCoastal erosion is a global environmental concern, threatening infrastructure, human livelihoods and ecosystems. Recently, microbial‐induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has emerged as a promising ground improvement technique. The present study examined the effects of adding three different fibre reinforcements, namely carbon, basalt and polypropylene, on the physical and mechanical properties of coastal soil through MICP. The fibre content used was 0.20%, 0.40% and 0.60% of soil weight. A comprehensive biotreatment investigation was conducted using Sporosarcina pasteurii (S. pasteurii) in a 0.5 molar cementation solution. The samples prepared for this study had aspect ratios of 2:1 and 1:1. These samples were subjected to biotreatment, consisting of a 24‐h cycle for 9 and 18 days. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split tensile strength (STS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were conducted on the biotreated samples to evaluate the effect of fibre reinforcement on the mechanical properties of the biotreated samples. The amount of calcite precipitation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to interpret biocementation. Results suggest that adding fibres to the MICP process enhances the mechanical properties of coastal soil. The optimum fibre content for carbon and basalt fibre was 0.40%, whereas, for polypropylene, it stood at 0.20%. The maximum UCS, STS, UPV and average CaCO3 were observed in a basalt fibre‐reinforced biotreated sample with a fibre content of 0.40%, subjected to 18‐day biotreatment. Conversely, the sample without fibre‐reinforcement, biotreated for 9 days, exhibited the lowest values for these parameters. Samples subjected to 18 days of treatment have higher values of UCS, STS, UPV and CaCO3 content than 9‐day‐treated soil samples. SEM revealed the presence of CaCO3 precipitates on the surfaces of soil grains and their contact points, and the EDS spectrum corroborated this observation.

Strength Properties and Sulphate Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume and Metakaolin

Abstract: Self-compacting concrete, or SCC, makes it possible to go over obstacles and get rid of vibration. Since 1988, SCC has been more and more well-liked in Japan, Europe, and the US due to the benefits it provides. SCC technology may reduce or perhaps completely eliminate concrete laying issues in difficult situations. Additionally, it reduces the number of times quality control tests need to be performed, saving time and effort. Quicker and less intricate in terms of placement and structure. When vibrating is not utilized, noise pollution is decreased. Concrete becomes more durable when SCC is used, particularly in parts with permeability defects or reinforcing congestion. The goal of this study is to look into how resistant self-compacting concrete made with metakaolin and silica fume is to sulfates and what its compressive and splitting tensile strengths are. Metakaolin and silica fume may also be used as cement substitutes at 5%, 10%, and 15% levels. The tests that are performed on the samples include sulfate, compressive resistance, and cracking tensile strength. On the seventh, 28th, and 56th days of life, a test is given. This experiment using self-compacting concrete from Metakolin and silica fume passed every plastic stage test with flying colors. Furthermore, the splitting tensile strength and hardened-stage compressive strength tests yielded good results. Comparing metakaolin with silica fume, the compressive strength increased by 15–45% and 18–38%, respectively. The use of metakaolin for cement and silica fume in the building process increased SCC's resistance to sulfate.

Characterization of a Bioplastic Product from the Ulva reticulata (Ribbon Sea Lettuce) Extract

Humans have a strong reliance in using petroleum-based plastics which take several decades to degrade and cause a lot of environmental problems such as pollution. This study intended to develop bioplastics from Ulva reticulata (Ribbon sea lettuce) and to determine the bioplastic’s physicochemical properties. The sample was collected in Allen, Northern Samar, Philippines, water samples were also collected. After the extraction, development of bioplastic from the sample extract commenced. The developed bioplastic underwent several test to check the stability of the product – its includes physicochemical analysis, tensile strength, thickness, moisture content, and soil degradation test. The Ribbon sea lettuce bioplastic solution was slightly acidic. The seaweed bioplastic have an average thickness of 0.30mm. The Ribbon sea lettuce bioplastic sample was both insoluble in the three solvents. The sample bioplastic can handle an average load of 55.12g. An average moisture content of 51.534% have been observed in the three trial of the seaweed bioplastic sample. The seaweed bioplastic sample naturally degraded during the soil biodegradation test and have lost an average weight percentage of 82.05% after 21 days of being buried in soil. The results showed that the seaweed bioplastic has a potential as an alternative to the non-biodegradable plastic and can be used in agricultural, industrial and economic purposes.

Geotechnical performance of isotropic and foliated quartzite waste as aggregate for road base and asphalt mixture

Quartzite mines produce a large amount of waste. Although the reuse of materials is essential for sustainable constructions, little is known about the geotechnical properties of isotropic (massive) and foliated (discontinuous) quartzite waste. In this paper, the potential use of these wastes as base layers and asphalt mixtures were examined by a series of laboratory tests and numerical simulations. This paper presents an analysis of the particle properties, durability, strength, and deformation response of quartzite waste in isotropic (IGM) and foliated granular (FGM) mixtures. Asphalt mixtures with isotropic (IAM) and foliated (FAM) quartzite waste as aggregates are evaluated using Brazilian tensile strength, moisture susceptibility, and repeated-load indirect tension tests, such as the resilient modulus and fatigue. To estimate the performance of these materials as pavement layers, numerical experiments are also carried out using the mechanistic-empirical design framework of the MeDiNa software package. As a base material, the mixtures showed plastic creep responses at the highest stress level (higher permanent strain of 1.2 % at σ3/σd = 360/120 kPa) and negligible expansion. The California bearing ratio (higher than 130 % for both IGM and FGM) and resilient modulus (average of 224 and 130 MPa for IGM and FGM, respectively) greatly exceeded the minimum requirement of Brazilian standards. As asphalt mixtures, both IAM and FAM met the minimum limit of tensile strength, but IAM showed greater stiffness. According to the stress–strain analysis of the MeDiNa software, granular and asphalt mixtures incorporating quartzite waste fulfilled the fatigue crack area and rut depth criteria, falling within the allowed thickness ranges for road pavements subjected to up to 5×106 repetitions (medium heavy traffic). This study provides support for the transformation of quartzite waste into a valuable byproduct.

Utilisation of Waste Sludge from Drinking Water Treatment as a Filler Material in Hot Mix Asphalt.

This research investigated the suitability of using sludge from the treatment of drinking water in hot mix asphalt (HMA) as a filler material. The storage and environmental impact of sludge is an enormous problem, especially for countries with large populations. Two different types of sludges, ferric chloride (FC) and aluminium sulphate (AS), were used as a filler material in HMA. The Hamburg Wheel Tracking (HWT) test, which correlates with rutting, and the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test, which indicates the moisture sensitivity of HMA, were carried out at the optimum bitumen content of the mixes to investigate the usability of sludge in HMA. The test results indicate the usability of FC and AS in HMA compared to the reference mixes. However, the AS type of sludge has better rutting resistance than the FC type. Although the results support the usability of both sludges in HMA, it should be noted that the increased cost of the mix containing sludges due to the combustion process and the increased bitumen content during application should be considered.

Mechanical Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polymer for Construction Pile Application

Annual polymer waste generated in Malaysia has increased significantly to more than 1 million tonnes. The prolonged degradation periods required by diverse industrial polymer waste streams are a matter of significant concern, with some taking up to 1000 years to fully degrade. Pursuing a similar environmental concern, the use of bakau piles as supports for lightweight structures in Sarawak, including drainage systems, roads, sewerage, and other water-related structures, has become a matter of concern due to the deforestation of mangrove forests. Both bakau deforestation and polymer waste issues are significant environmental and global concerns. The idea of mitigating mangrove degradation and the non-biodegradable nature of polymer waste has led to the conceptualization of an alternative solution whereby recyclable thermoplastic polymer piles are utilized to supplant bakau piles in providing support for lightweight structures during civil engineering construction projects. Therefore, the study of polymer piles is conducted to examine their mechanical properties in the form of virgin (V) and recycled (R) thermoplastic polymers. In this study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are considered, and the possibility of being utilized in pile application has been discussed. Based on the results, all virgin types of thermoplastic polymers (HDPE, PP, and PVC), 50%V:50%R for PP, PP(R), and PVC(R), respectively, exceed the bakau ultimate tensile strength. Thermoplastic polymer piles showed great potential to be the substitution for bakau piles to serve in the construction industry, with the recorded experimental tensile and compressive strength tests.

Experimental Study on Concrete using Coconut Fibres Grains by Partial Replacement Method

The fresh and hardened properties of Conventional Concrete (CC) and Concrete with Coconut Fibre Grains (CCFG) such as Slump test, Compressive strength ,Split tensile strength and Flexural strength Test of concrete mixes are found for 7 days and 28 days of curing period and results are found and compared with the Conventional Concrete.