Test Interval Research Articles

Annual N95 respirator fit-testing: an unnecessary burden on healthcare.

US regulations mandate annual N95 mask fit testing for healthcare workers, but the optimal testing interval is unknown. In our study using data from 12,565 healthcare workers, the probability of survival free from fit-test failure after 3 years was 99.4%, suggesting that less frequent fit testing every 3 years would be safe.

Temporal adaptation of sensory attenuation for self-touch

The sensory consequences of our actions appear attenuated to us. This effect has been reported for external sensations that are evoked by auditory or visual events and for body-related sensations which are produced by self-touch. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prolonged exposure to a delay between an action and the generated sensation on sensory attenuation for self-touch. Previously, it has been shown that after being presented to a systematic exposure delay, artificially delayed touch can feel more intense and non-delayed touches can appear less intense. Here, we investigated the temporal spread of the temporal recalibration effect. Specifically, we wondered whether this temporal recalibration effect would affect only the delay that was used during exposure trials or if it would also modulate longer test delays. In the first two experiments, we tested three test delays (0, 100 and 400 ms) either in randomized or in blocked order. We found sensory attenuation in all three test intervals but no effect of the exposure delay. In Experiment 3, we replicated the experiment by Kilteni et al. (ELife 8:e42888, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42888) and found evidence for temporal recalibration by exposure delay. Our data show that the temporal selectivity of sensory attenuation of self-touch depends on presenting a singular test delay only. Presenting multiple test delays leads to a temporally broad spread of sensory attenuation.

Reduced-order modeling of the two-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection flow through a non-intrusive operator inference

Due to the increasing availability of large datasets provided by high-fidelity numerical simulations (HFNSs) of physical phenomena, data-driven reduced-order models (ROMs) have become a reliable alternative to those described by partial differential equations, especially when dealing with optimization problems that require multiple evaluations of parameter dependent solutions. These models may be built through different methodologies, among which are the physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and operator learning frameworks (OLFs). While some recent studies suggest that PINNs have some difficulties in handling convective-dominant physical systems, others show OLFs struggle to accurately predict state variables of interest along the testing interval. In the present work, a ROM for the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection flow was built through an incremental proper orthogonal decomposition (IPOD) of a high-fidelity dataset followed by a non-intrusive operator inference (OpInf) approach. Then, the predictive capabilities of the model were assessed for two test cases with different high Rayleigh numbers (Ra=109 and Ra=1011). Very good agreements were achieved between the OpInf-based ROMs and the HFNSs for temperature and velocity fields along training and testing intervals. For instance, time-averaged normalized ROM errors along the testing interval for all the flow variables were below 15% at a given probe location when Ra=109. For each case, while the computational fluid dynamics simulation took about 2 h, the reduced model required less than 3 s to predict the system’s states given its initial condition. This fact illustrates the substantial computational time reduction provided by the ROM. Regarding the case in which the Rayleigh number is higher, the ROM had more difficulties in approximating velocity fields due to the existence of more complex turbulence patterns. Finally, the quality of the data decomposition and of the selected regularization technique, often seen in artificial intelligence algorithms, was investigated. The results suggest the OpInf technique may be successfully applied on the surrogate modeling of turbulent buoyancy-driven flows.

Effect of compressive residual stress and press fitting on residual life assessment of deep-rolled EA4T steel railway axles

Deep rolling surface strengthening is an effective way to introduce compressive residual stress (CRS) along the railway axle, which can improve the fatigue resistance of the material. The CRS field was rebuilt adopting the proportional-integral (PI) iteration method and the unit pressure method (UPM) to study the fatigue cracking behavior of deep-rolled EA4T railway axles. The remaining life prediction model and the stress intensity factor (SIF) solution method were then validated using simulations and testing with small-sized specimens. The remaining life of the EA4T railway axle was then calculated by applying a realistic vertical load spectrum. The results showed that CRS prevented crack propagation, enhanced the critical propagation size of railway axle cracks, and prolonged the remaining life of the axle. Additionally, the remaining life of the axle may not support the following maintenance period if a crack with an extendable size emerges at the unloading groove of the railway axle. This work provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the non-destructive testing (NDT) interval of deep-rolled EA4T railway axles.

Both Adjustable and Fixed Loop Hamstring Tendon Graft Fixation Have Similar Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

PurposeThis study aims to compare the outcomes of fixed-loop device (FLD) vs adjustable-loop device (ALD) graft fixation with up to 2-year follow-up in patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in a predominantly Asian setting. MethodsProspectively collected outcome measures as well as clinical records of patients who underwent primary ACLR using either FLD or ALD fixation of hamstring tendon autograft performed by a single surgeon were reviewed. The surgeon in this study used a fixed-loop device from 2018 to 2019 and then changed to adjustable loop from 2019 to 2020. Suspensory fixation was performed on the femoral side, and aperture (interference screw) fixation was performed on the tibial side. Outcome measures included knee range of motion, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, Lysholm knee score, and Tegner activity scale. Patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively at regular intervals of 6, 12, and 24 months. ResultsA total of 105 patients were identified. Forty-six were excluded due to incomplete follow-up data, so 59 patients with full 2-year follow-up were included in the final study group. Both groups (FLD vs ALD) were similar in demographics except for age (P = .042). Out of 105, there were 59 patients remaining in the study group with 2-year follow-up data. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups at all respective testing intervals. ConclusionsFLDs and ALDs for suspensory fixation of hamstring tendon autograft in ACLR had similar clinical outcomes with a minimum of 2-year follow up. There is no evidence of graft loosening from loop lengthening. Level of EvidenceLevel III, retrospective comparative trial.

Glycaemic monitoring and control among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes in Australian general practice during COVID-19

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted general practice worldwide, primarily due to public health measures that restricted access to care for chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. These measures disproportionately affected...

Lugeon test: new insights into calculated hydraulic conductivity

While the Lugeon test was initially designed to aid in determining the grouting needs of dam foundations in fractured rock, its outcomes have been utilized by geotechnical engineers and hydrogeologists to estimate the hydraulic conductivity. Most of the practitioners use the long-established relation of 1 Lu ≈ 1 × 10 −7 m s −1 to calculate the hydraulic conductivity based on the determined Lugeon value. However, this relationship does not cover all the potential boundary conditions encountered in field conditions where the Lugeon test is applied, and the consequences on the estimated hydraulic conductivity are poorly understood. This paper aims to address this issue by revisiting existing mathematical formulations to calculate the hydraulic conductivity from the Lugeon test under the various boundary conditions. The paper also examines how the flow conditions and length of test intervals impact the recorded Lu and hydraulic conductivity values. It was found that the long-stablished relationship of 1 Lu ≈ 1 × 10 −7 m s −1 and the equation presented in the commonly used reference of the Code of Practice for Site Investigation (BS 5930:1999 + A2:2010) only present one of the potential boundary conditions for the Lugeon test.

12-Month flexural mechanical properties of conventional and self-adhesive flowable resin composite materials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the 12-month flexural mechanical properties of 23 flowable resin-based composites (FRBC) that included 5 self-adhesive FRBC materials. Specimens were evaluated following ISO 4049:2019 guidelines, but additionally stored in physiologic 0.2M phosphate buffered saline solution being tested at 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months. While some deviation and degradation were noted at testing intervals, conventional FRBC materials overall demonstrated greater flexural strength than the self-adhesive and compomer materials. Three self-adhesive materials and the compomer were below recommended ISO 4049:2019 flexural strength values at 24 h with another after 6 months storage. Conventional FRBC materials, except at 1 month, overall demonstrated increased flexural modulus than the self-adhesive FRBC materials. Although results were material dependent, conventional FRBC materials demonstrated overall greater flexural mechanical properties as compared to the self-adhesive FRBC materials and the compomer evaluated.

Best compromise multi-objective optimization of testing interval in an NPP’s emergency power supply system considering the ageing effects

Best compromise multi-objective optimization of testing interval in an NPP’s emergency power supply system considering the ageing effects

Simulation of liquid production and water cut dynamics using fluid flow model and neural networks

In the oil industry, there is a noticeable tendency to use proxy modeling of various levels of complexity to perform operational predictive calculations, in particular machine learning methods that are actively developing in the context of digitalization and intellectualization of production processes. In this paper, using the example of a synthetic oil reservoir model development element, we present an approach to the joint use of a physically meaningful fluid flow model and machine learning methods for solving adaptation and prediction problems. A feature of the considered synthetic model is the presence of a pronounced zonal inhomogeneity of the permeability field. Within the framework of the proposed approach, a single-phase filtration model, simplified in comparison with the original formulation was used, the history matching of which was carried out by restoring the field of reservoir filtration parameters using a network of radial basis functions. Based on the reconstructed field, the connection coefficients between the wells were calculated, which qualitatively and quantitatively correspond to the true well connections. The next step was to train a recurrent neural network in order to predict the water cut of the produced fluid. The use of a recurrent neural network made it possible to reproduce the characteristic non-monotonic behavior of the water cut of the produced fluid, caused by non-stationary modes of operation of injection and production wells. A combination of the presented models makes it possible to predict the volume of the produced fluid and its phase composition. To assess the predictive properties of the models, the actual data set was divided into training and test intervals.

Establishment of a feline glycated hemoglobin reference interval for a novel dried-blood-spot assay and the effects of anemia on assay results.

Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects long-term (months) glycemic control and has been previously investigated as a monitoring and diagnostic tool in diabetic cats. However, a standardized, reliable, and globally available test and reference intervals (RIs)have not been established. A novel dried-blood-spot card system (A1Care, Baycom Diagnostics) allows for easy collection and evaluation of HbA1c levels in feline patients. We aimed to establish an RI for HbA1c values in healthy adult cats using the A1Care (Baycom Diagnostics) dried-blood-spot card system. Forty-one healthy client-owned adult cats were enrolled in this study. The RI for HbA1c was calculated according to the recommendation of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. The A1Care HbA1c RI for cats was determined to be 1.9%-3.1%. In healthy cats, A1Care HbA1c values were positively correlated with age (Spearman rho = 0.4 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.6], P = 0.01). In 50% of anemic cats, the A1Care HbA1c value was above 3.1%. There was a weak negative correlation between the A1Care HbA1c value and PCV (Spearman rho = -0.4 [95% CI -0.6 to -0.1]). This study established an RI for HbA1c in healthy adult cats similar to previously reported RIs. Future clinical studies are necessary to substantiate that this RI can differentiate diabetic from nondiabetic cats. Further long-term clinical studies will be valuable to determine if HbA1c values can be used as a screening test for prediabetes in cats.

Test-retest reliability of pain VAS/NRS, stiffness VAS/NRS, HAQ-DI and mHAQ in polymyalgia rheumatica: An OMERACT study

ObjectiveTo examine the test-retest reliability of four measurement instruments in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR): pain severity visual analogue scale (VAS) / numerical rating score (NRS), stiffness severity VAS/NRS, the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) and the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ). MethodTwo prospectively collected datasets were used. All participants had a diagnosis of PMR and only those with stable disease were included in analyses. Measurement instruments were administered twice, with a testing interval of two to six weeks. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated using a two-way mixed effects model looking for absolute agreement. ICC values of 0.8-0.9 were deemed representative of good test-retest reliability, whilst values >0.9 were representative of excellent test-retest reliability. ResultsFrom the first dataset, 38 participants were analysed. The ICC between baseline and 2 weeks for pain VAS, stiffness VAS, HAQ-DI and mHAQ were 0.84, 0.82, 0.92 and 0.92 respectively.From the second dataset, 58 participants were included in the analysis for pain NRS, 59 for stiffness NRS and 78 for mHAQ. The ICC between baseline and follow-up for pain NRS, stiffness NRS and mHAQ were 0.80, 0.83 and 0.87 respectively. ConclusionPain severity VAS/NRS, stiffness severity VAS/NRS, HAQ-DI and mHAQ all demonstrate good to excellent test-retest reliability in a PMR patient population.

Bootstrap choice of non-nested autoregressive model with non-normal innovations

Abstract It is known that the block-based version of the bootstrap method can be used for distributional parameter estimation of dependent data. One of the advantages of this method is that it improves mean square errors. The paper makes two contributions. First, we consider the moving blocking bootstrap method for estimation of parameters of the autoregressive model. For each block, the parameters are estimated based on the modified maximum likelihood method. Second, we provide a method for model selection, Vuong’s test and tracking interval, i.e. for selecting the optimal model for the innovation’s distribution. Our analysis provides analytic results on the asymptotic distribution of the bootstrap estimators and also computational results via simulations. Some properties of the moving blocking bootstrap method are investigated through Monte Carlo simulation. This simulation study shows that, sometimes, Vuong’s test based on the modified maximum likelihood method is not able to distinguish between the two models; Vuong’s test based on the moving blocking bootstrap selects one of the competing models as optimal model. We have studied real data, the S&P500 data, and select optimal model for this data based on the theoretical results.

Longitudinal outcomes for educational placement and quality of life in a prospectively recruited multinational cohort of children with cochlear implants

The aim of this study was to report on the educational placement, quality of life and speech reception changes in a prospectively recruited group of children after they received a cochlear implant (CI). Data was collected on 1085 CI recipients of as part of a prospective, longitudinal, observational, international, multi-centre, paediatric registry, initiated by Cochlear Ltd (Sydney, NSW, Australia). Outcome data from children (≤10 years old) implanted in routine practice was voluntarily entered into a central, externally hosted, e-platform. Collection occurred prior to initial device activation (baseline) and at six monthly follow-up intervals up to 24 months and then at 3 years post activation. Clinician reported baseline and follow up questionnaires and Categories of Auditory Performance version II (CAP-II) outcomes were collated. Self-reported evaluation forms and patient information were provided by the parent/caregiver/patient via the implant recipient baseline and follow up, Children Using Hearing Implants Quality of Life (CuHIQoL) and Speech Spatial Qualities (SSQ-P) Parents Version questionnaires. Children were mainly bilaterally profoundly deaf, unilaterally implanted and used a contralateral hearing aid. Prior to implant 60% used signing or total communication as their main mode of communication. Mean age at implant was 3.2±2.2 years (range 0-10 years). At baseline 8.6% were in mainstream education with no additional support and 82% had not yet entered school. After three years of implant use, 52% had entered mainstream education with no additional support and 38% had not yet entered school. In the sub-group of 141 children who were implanted at or after three years of age and were thus old enough to be in mainstream school at the three-year follow up, an even higher proportion (73%) were in mainstream education with no support. Quality of life scores for the child improved statistically significantly post implant compared to baseline and continued to improve significantly at each interval up to 3 years (p<0.001). Parental expectation scores reduced statistically significantly from baseline compared to all intervals (p<0.028) and then increased significantly at 3 years compared to all post baseline follow-up intervals (p<0.006). The impact on family life was reduced post implant compared to baseline and continued to reduce between annual intervals (p<0.001). At three years post follow up median CAP II scores were 7 (IQR 6-7) and mean SSQ-P scores were 6.8 (SD1.9) 6.0 (SD1.9) and 7.4 (SD 2.3) for speech spatial and qualities scales respectively. SSQ-P and CAP II scores improved statistically and clinically significantly compared to baseline by one year post implantation. CAP II scores continued to improve at each test interval up to three years post implant. Speech and Qualities scores improved significantly between years 1 and 2 (p<0.001), but only the Speech scores improved significantly between years 2 and 3 (p=0.004). Mainstream educational placement was achievable for most of the children, including those implanted at an older age. Quality of life for the child and the wider family improved. Future research could focus on the impact of mainstream school placement on children's academic progress, including measures of academic attainment and social functioning.

Performance of Rapid Antigen Tests to Detect Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Prospective Cohort Study.

The performance of rapid antigen tests (Ag-RDTs) for screening asymptomatic and symptomatic persons for SARS-CoV-2 is not well established. To evaluate the performance of Ag-RDTs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 among symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. This prospective cohort study enrolled participants between October 2021 and January 2022. Participants completed Ag-RDTs and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 every 48 hours for 15 days. Participants were enrolled digitally throughout the mainland United States. They self-collected anterior nasal swabs for Ag-RDTs and RT-PCR testing. Nasal swabs for RT-PCR were shipped to a central laboratory, whereas Ag-RDTs were done at home. Of 7361 participants in the study, 5353 who were asymptomatic and negative for SARS-CoV-2 on study day 1 were eligible. In total, 154 participants had at least 1 positive RT-PCR result. The sensitivity of Ag-RDTs was measured on the basis of testing once (same-day), twice (after 48 hours), and thrice (after a total of 96 hours). The analysis was repeated for different days past index PCR positivity (DPIPPs) to approximate real-world scenarios where testing initiation may not always coincide with DPIPP 0. Results were stratified by symptom status. Among 154 participants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 97 were asymptomatic and 57 had symptoms at infection onset. Serial testing with Ag-RDTs twice 48 hours apart resulted in an aggregated sensitivity of 93.4% (95% CI, 90.4% to 95.9%) among symptomatic participants on DPIPPs 0 to 6. When singleton positive results were excluded, the aggregated sensitivity on DPIPPs 0 to 6 for 2-time serial testing among asymptomatic participants was lower at 62.7% (CI, 57.0% to 70.5%), but it improved to 79.0% (CI, 70.1% to 87.4%) with testing 3 times at 48-hour intervals. Participants tested every 48 hours; therefore, these data cannot support conclusions about serial testing intervals shorter than 48 hours. The performance of Ag-RDTs was optimized when asymptomatic participants tested 3 times at 48-hour intervals and when symptomatic participants tested 2 times separated by 48 hours. National Institutes of Health RADx Tech program.

Decision-making on establishment of re-calibration intervals of testing, inspection or certification measurement equipment by data science

This contribution is related to issues on decisions in conformity assessment, especially in testing, inspection, and certification (TIC) predominantly based on measurement data. The digital transformation has started to impact the TIC sector, which is related to intensified utilization of data science in TIC. The quality of the data in big data analytics, is not always sufficiently addressed, especially in sectors with traditionally empirical approaches, such as TIC. This paper conducts a survey of options for deployment of data science in the TIC decision making processes, based on conclusions with complementary usage of empirical “measurements” and the “data science”. The focus of the discussion is centered over a case study where data fusion is applied for determining the TIC instrument calibration frequency, presenting a model to establish recalibration interval with reduced risk in the final decision delivery over the next re-calibration moment.

What is the Optimal Frequency of Visual Field Testing to Detect Rapid Progression Among Hypertensive Eyes?

We evaluated 16,351 visual field (VF) tests from Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) database and showed that more frequent testing resulted in a shorter time to detect glaucoma progression, with the best trade-off being the 6-month intervals for high-risk and 12 months for low-risk patients. To investigate the effect of different testing intervals on time to detect visual field progression in eyes with ocular hypertension. A total of 16,351 reliable 30-2 VF tests from 1575 eyes of the OHTS-1 observation arm with a mean (95% CI) follow-up of 4.8 (4.7-4.8) years were analyzed. Computer simulations (n = 10,000 eyes) based on mean deviation values and the residuals of risk groups (according to their baseline 5 y risk of developing primary open angle glaucoma: low, medium, and high risk) were performed to estimate time to detect progression with testing intervals of 4, 6, 12, and 24 months using linear regression. The time to detect VF progression ( P < 5%) at 80% power was calculated based on the mean deviation slope of -0.42 dB/year. We assessed the time to detect a -3 dB loss as an estimate of clinically meaningful perimetric loss. At 80% power, based on the progression of -0.42 dB/year, the best trade-off to detect significant rates of VF change to clinically meaningful perimetric loss in high, medium, and low-risk patients was 6, 6, and 12-month intervals, respectively. Given the importance of not missing the conversion to glaucoma, the frequency of testing used in OHTS (6 mo) was optimal for the detection of progression in high-risk patients. Low-risk patients could potentially be tested every 12 months to optimize resource utilization.

The Interaction of Age at Diagnosis and Neurological Risk Predicts Adaptive Functioning Changes in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors

ABSTRACT T-tests from 42 brain tumor patients showed adaptive functioning below normative means at both time points (test interval M=2.60y, SD=1.32). Neurological risk, time since diagnosis,age at diagnosis, age at evaluation, and time since evaluation were correlated with specific adaptive skills. There was a main effect of age at diagnosis, age at assessment, time since diagnosis, and neurological risk as well as an interaction of age at diagnosis × neurological risk for specific adaptive skills. Results highlight the importance of considering the relationship between developmental and medical variables on changes in adaptive functioning in survivors of pediatric brain tumors.

The Importance of Fructosamine for Monitoring the Compensation and Effectiveness of Diabetes Treatment.

The use of fructosamine to assess the glycemic control represents a new step in diagnostics, and it has been accompanied by the active scientific discussion in recent years. That is why the purpose of this work is to study the average level of fructosamine in apparently healthy individuals and individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), as well as the possibility to use it when evaluating the effectiveness of inpatient treatment of patients with hyperglycemia on the seven to ten days of hospitalization. This research work was carried out in Alma-Ata, Republic of Kazakhstan, based on the endocrinology department in the period from 2020 to 2022. The work consists of a retrospective analysis of previously examined patients and a prospective stage. The statistical evaluation was carried out with the calculation of reliability coefficient, confidence interval, and criteria for testing for normality. The level of fructosamine in healthy individuals in the corresponding region was analyzed in this article for the first time, and the correlation between this indicator and the level of glycated hemoglobin was found. The effectiveness of treatment of the Type 2 DM (according to the treatment protocol) has also been studied in stationary conditions for the seven to ten days, which makes it possible to judge the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy. These results will allow identifying the irrationality of the prescribed therapy at an early stage, which is especially important for the correct management of patients with this pathology, and minimizing the possible complications.

Serial monitoring of ovarian cancer risk in women with adnexal mass.

e17608 Background: Monitoring of ovarian malignancy risk in indeterminate masses is typically done using TVUS and other clinical factors. No biomarkers are available to assist physicians in clinical management of benign or indeterminate adnexal mass either on initial visit or in follow-up. We recently characterized the clinical performance of a deep neural network-derived multivariate index assay (MIA3G) [1] to assess ovarian malignancy risk in retrospective and prospectively collected multi-site clinical studies. Here we present data on MIA3G serial follow-up to monitor ovarian cancer risk in women presented with adnexal mass from the prospective studies. Methods: Data are presented from ongoing multisite clinical studies in which total 924 patients presented with adnexal masses were enrolled. Follow-up visits, scheduled at clinician’s discretion, may have included imaging and blood collection. Specimens were processed for serum and run on a clinical analyzer. MIA3G score from 0-10 was calculated using seven serum biomarkers coupling with patient age and menopausal status based on previously published neural network-based algorithm. MIA3G with NPV of 99.7% (CI:99.2–99.9) was used to risk stratify the patient with an adnexal mass into low probability of malignancy or indeterminate with a validated cut off at 5.0. For this analysis, MIA3G scores were binned into the following Zones: I (0-2.49), II (2.50 -4.99) and II (5.00-10.00). Results: Of 924 enrolled patients, 538 patients had completed clinical and biomarker data on initial study draw. Of these, 145 had at least one follow-up test and 31 had at least two follow-up test. Median duration to first follow-up test was 108 d (~3.6 mon), and median duration to second follow-up test was 272 d (~9.1 mon). Follow-up in 3 MIA3G score zones at the 0 -3.6 and 3.6 - 9.1 mon interval consistently showed 88% patients within zone I remained unchanged, whereas 12% of patients moved to zones II and III. In the 0 - 3.6 mon interval, the median change in MIA3G score from I to II was 2.25 (n = 9, range 0.54 - 3.52) and from I to III was 5.92 (n = 8, range 5.08-7.62 ). In the 3.6 - 9.1 mon testing interval, the median change in MIA3G score from zone I to II was 3.11 (n = 2, range 2.75 to 3.46) and the single patient change from I to III was 6.89. Across both testing intervals, 17%-50% of patients in zone II remain unchanged while approximately 25% patients had score increase to zone III. Importantly, 50% of patients in zone III remained unchanged in the absence of clinical intervention whereas 50% had MIA3G score reduction in association with clinical management. Conclusions: These results indicate that i) the serial follow-up with MIA3G is recommended to monitor the clinical status of the adnexal mass every 3 months, ii) MIA3G score changes of &gt; 2.25 suggest clinical follow-up, and finally iii) the MIA3G is a suitable tool for the effectiveness of clinical management of adnexal mass. [1]: DOI 10.3389/fmed.2023.1102437.