Test Criteria Research Articles

BUB1B monoallelic germline variants contribute to prostate cancer predisposition by triggering chromosomal instability

BackgroundProstate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Variants in known moderate- to high-penetrance genes explain less than 5% of the cases arising at early-onset (< 56 years) and/or with familial aggregation of the disease. Considering that BubR1 is an essential component of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, we hypothesized that monoallelic BUB1B variants could be sufficient to fuel chromosomal instability (CIN), potentially triggering (prostate) carcinogenesis.MethodsTo unveil BUB1B as a new PrCa predisposing gene, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing in germline DNA from 462 early-onset/familial PrCa patients and 1,416 cancer patients fulfilling criteria for genetic testing for other hereditary cancer syndromes. To explore the pan-cancer role of BUB1B, we used in silico BubR1 molecular modeling, in vitro gene-editing, and ex vivo patients’ tumors and peripheral blood lymphocytes.ResultsRare BUB1B variants were found in ~ 1.9% of the early-onset/familial PrCa cases and in ~ 0.6% of other cancer patients fulfilling criteria for hereditary disease. We further show that BUB1B variants lead to decreased BubR1 expression and/or stability, which promotes increased premature chromatid separation and, consequently, triggers CIN, driving resistance to Taxol-based therapies.ConclusionsOur study shows that different BUB1B variants may uncover a trigger for CIN-driven carcinogenesis, supporting the role of BUB1B as a (pan)-cancer predisposing gene with potential impact on genetic counseling and treatment decision-making.

The challenges of recruiting never-smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the large population-based Swedish CArdiopulmonary bioImage study (SCAPIS) cohort

ABSTRACT Background A substantial proportion of individuals with COPD have never smoked, and it is implied to be more common than previously anticipated but poorly studied. Aim To describe the process of recruitment of never-smokers with COPD from a population-based cohort (n = 30 154). Methods We recruited never-smokers with COPD, aged 50–75 years, from six University Hospitals, based on: 1) post broncho-dilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) < 0.70 and 2) FEV1 50–100% of predicted value and 3) being never-smokers (self-reported). In total 862 SCAPIS participants were identified, of which 652 were reachable and agreed to a first screening by telephone. Altogether 128 (20%) were excluded due to previous smoking or declined participation. We also applied a lower limit of normal (LLN) of FEV1/FVC (z-score<-1.64) according to the Global Lung Initiative to ensure a stricter definition of airflow obstruction. Results Data on respiratory symptoms, health status, and medical history were collected from 492 individuals, since 32 were excluded at a second data review (declined or previous smoking), prior to the first visit. Due to not matching the required lung function criteria at a second spirometry, an additional 334 (68%) were excluded. These exclusions were by reason of: FEV1/FVC ≥0.7 (49%), FEV1 > 100% of predicted (26%) or z-score ≥ −1,64 (24%). Finally, 154 never-smokers with COPD were included: 56 (36%) women, (mean) age 60 years, FEV1 84% of predicted, FEV1/FVC: 0.6, z-score: −2.2, Oxygen saturation: 97% and BMI: 26.8 kg/m2. Conclusions The challenges of a recruitment process of never-smokers with COPD were shown, including the importance of correct spirometry testing and strict inclusion criteria. Our findings highlight the importance of repeated spirometry assessments for improved accuracy in diagnosing COPD.

An analytical criterion for stability testing of delayed Bode’s transfer function with unity feedback

The unity feedback where delayed Bode’s transfer function is placed in forward path is used as reference transfer function in controller design for fractional time delay systems. In this study, bounded input-bounded output stability of this reference transfer function is investigated. This investigation is based on a theorem for fractional order time delay systems using Hassard’s techniques. Sufficient and necessary conditions are obtained for testing the stability of this reference transfer function. Moreover, an explicit formula is given for calculating the number of unstable roots in case of instability. The illustrative examples show that this stability criterion works efficiently.

Copper Alloys Performance in High-Pressure and Low-Velocity Conditions Using a Custom Tribometer

A custom tribometer was developed to measure friction coefficient and temperature in high-pressure, low-velocity conditions, specifically for studying copper alloys used in sliding bearings for heavy equipment. Using this equipment, two commercial alloys were tested to evaluate friction coefficient, specific wear rate, thermal behavior, and subsurface strain. The results, validated through comparison with reference commercial equipment and uncertainty estimates, met acceptable criteria for tribological tests, with an uncertainty estimate value for the friction coefficient of 0.4%. The tribological tests confirmed the importance of solid lubrication in high-lead bronzes and the high wear resistance of Cu-Al-Ni-Fe alloys, which directly influence temperature, subsurface strain, and respective wear mechanisms.

Development of a Nuclear Safety and Security Integration Assessment Tool for Research Reactors and Associated Facilities.

Nuclear safety and security are essential elements of radiation protection. Integration of nuclear safety and security provides a means to identify conflict and synergy points. Research has not been performed to enable integrated practices at the facility level. A tool was developed through research to help staff and regulators assess the level of integration practiced within a research reactor. This tool aims to improve the identification of synergistic and conflict points. Eight criteria of nuclear safety and security integration were used to create the integration assessment tool: access control, transportation, emergency response, proper disposal of materials, testing and maintenance, defense in depth, training and education, and culture. The tool's final score can range from 0.0375 to 1, with a score of 1 indicating complete integration. The tool was used by research reactor staff to assess practiced integrative techniques. The testing and maintenance criterion scored the highest level of integration (0.84). Training and education and culture scored the lowest levels of integration (0.50). The areas with the highest scores identified points of actively practiced integration. In contrast, those areas with lower scores indicated a lack of integrative practices. The total integration score was 0.69. This tool determined that the facility practiced an adequate level of integration. By analyzing integration levels with this tool, a measurable standard of integrative practices can be employed to achieve improved radiation protection.

An Adaptive Radar Target Detection Method Based on Alternate Estimation in Power Heterogeneous Clutter

Multichannel radars generally need to utilize a certain amount of training samples to estimate the covariance matrix of clutter for target detection. Due to factors such as severe terrain fluctuations and complex electromagnetic environments, the training samples usually have different statistical characteristics from the data to be detected. One of the most common scenarios is that all data have the same clutter covariance matrix structure, while different data have different power mismatches, called power heterogeneous characteristics. For detection problems in the power heterogeneous clutter environments, we propose detectors based on alternate estimation, using the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) criterion, Rao criterion, Wald criterion, Gradient criterion, and Durbin criterion. Monte Carlo simulation experiments and real data indicate that the detector based on the Rao criterion has the highest probability of detection (PD). Furthermore, when signal mismatch occurs, the detector based on the GLRT criterion has the best selectivity, while the detector based on the Durbin criterion has the most robust detection performance.

Influence of the chemical composition of leachates on the results of ecotoxicity tests for different slag types

In this study, four ecotoxicological tests on Vibrio fischeri bacteria, Sinapis alba L. (white mustard), Daphnia magna S. (daphnia's) and earthworms were performed for three types of aqueous slag (ladle, blast furnace and converter) leachates with two-grain sizes (<4 mm, <10 mm). Concentrations of toxic elements and concentrations of Cr(VI), Ca, Na, Al, and other ions were determined. The raw slags were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS), and major substances were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The aqueous slag leachates passed ecotoxicological tests and met the required criteria, showing no toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and complying with white mustard test criteria. According to the results of the ecotoxicity tests with daphnia, the blast furnace slag samples were not ecotoxic, while two other slag samples were found to be entirely compliant. Characterization of the slags showed that the effect of element/ion leachability and slag grain size is essential. Biplot principal component analysis (PCA) showed that grain size does not significantly affect the separation of individuals on the plane. A positive correlation on toxicity was found with pH, conductivity, calcium content, dissolved content, salinity and fluoride concentration, whereas a negative correlation was found with magnesium concentration, dissolved organic carbon and potassium concentration. The effective concentration at 50% inhibition (EC50) value for Vibrio fischeri correlated with the first dimension of bivariate assessment. In summary, it was found that the investigated slags can be effectively reused as they comply with regulations and do not endanger the environment.

Epidemiology and diagnostic challenges of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a study from the Waikato region.

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is an increasingly recognised autoimmune disorder, with evolving diagnostic criteria. This study aims to analyse the prevalence and diagnostic patterns of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a New Zealand hospital setting. Data from Waikato Hospital's lab database, encompassing anti-NMDAR antibody requests between August 2013 and July 2023, were examined. Cases were categorised based on age, gender and diagnostic outcomes. In all requests, 288/318 (91%) were processed and 10/288 (3.5%) anti-NMDAR antibodies were positive. Positive cases were equally frequent by sex, with an average age of 29.4 years. Only 6/10 were diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, while others received alternative diagnoses. Māori ethnicity was overrepresented. This study indicates a low prevalence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in the Waikato region, with adult predominance. Ethnic disparities were observed. The need for refining testing criteria to optimise cost-effectiveness is discussed. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is relatively rare in Waikato Hospital, New Zealand, with diagnostic challenges related to testing criteria and ethnic diversity. Further research and consideration of testing protocols are warranted.

Blood transcriptomic signatures for symptomatic tuberculosis in an African multicohort study.

Multiple host blood transcriptional signatures have been developed as non-sputum triage tests for tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of 20 blood transcriptomic TB signatures for differentiating between symptomatic patients who have TB versus other respiratory diseases (ORD). As part of a nested case-control study, individuals presenting with respiratory symptoms at primary healthcare clinics in Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, South Africa and The Gambia were enrolled. TB was diagnosed based on clinical, microbiological and radiological findings. Transcriptomic signatures were measured in whole blood using microfluidic real-time quantitative PCR. Diagnostic performance was benchmarked against the World Health Organization Target Product Profile (TPP) for a non-sputum TB triage test. Among 579 participants, 158 had definite, microbiologically confirmed TB, 32 had probable TB, while 389 participants had ORD. Nine signatures differentiated between ORD and TB with equivalent performance (Satproedprai7: area under the curve 0.83 (95% CI 0.79-0.87); Jacobsen3: 0.83 (95% CI 0.79-0.86); Suliman2: 0.82 (95% CI 0.78-0.86); Roe1: 0.82 (95% CI 0.78-0.86); Kaforou22: 0.82 (95% CI 0.78-0.86); Sambarey10: 0.81 (95% CI 0.77-0.85); Duffy9: 0.81 (95% CI 0.76-0.86); Gliddon3: 0.8 (95% CI 0.75-0.85); Suliman4 0.79 (95% CI 0.75-0.84)). Benchmarked against a 90% sensitivity, these signatures achieved specificities between 44% (95% CI 38-49%) and 54% (95% CI 49-59%), not meeting the TPP criteria. Signature scores significantly varied by HIV status and country. In country-specific analyses, several signatures, such as Satproedprai7 and Penn-Nicholson6, met the minimal TPP criteria for a triage test in Ethiopia, Malawi and South Africa. No signatures met the TPP criteria in a pooled analysis of all countries, but several signatures met the minimum criteria for a non-sputum TB triage test in some countries.

X-ray Repair Cross Complementing 1 (XRCC1) Gene Polymorphism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Abstract Background Several risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been identified, including chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nevertheless, only a fraction of infected patients develops HCC during their lifetime suggesting that genetic factors might modulate HCC development. The human X-ray repair cross- complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) gene encodes for one of the major repair factors involved in base excision repair (BER), which is reported to be associated with the risk of several cancers. A few studies have explored the association between risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different DNA repair genes. Aim of the Work to investigate the possible association between XRCC1-G28152A (rs25487) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis C patients. Patients and Methods The study included 35 patients who had HCC and 15 patients who had liver cirrhosis. XRCC1 gene polymorphism was done to all participants by RT-PCR After collection of relevant clinical data and basic laboratory tests. Results A statistically higher frequency of XRCC1 (GG, GA) genotypes and increased (G) allele frequency in patients with HCC was found in comparison to cirrhotic HCV patients as well as control group but Our results revealed that the genotypic and allelic frequencies of XRCC1 gene polymorphism rs25487 didn’t show statistically significant difference between HCC patients group and liver cirrhosis control group. Conclusion The present study had demonstrated that there was no significant association between XRCC1 gene polymorphism (rs25487) and HCC in the sample of Egyptian population included in our study. Also, non-significant differences among the XRCC1 genotypes and alleles were found regarding age, sex, BMI and laboratory data including CBC, AFP, coagulation profile (PT, INR), liver function test ( total protein, albumin, AST, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin), BCLC and Milan criteria. While a statistically significant difference was observed as regards PTT and ALT between genotypes.

Specifications tests for count time series models with covariates

AbstractWe propose a goodness-of-fit test for a class of count time series models with covariates which includes the Poisson autoregressive model with covariates (PARX) as a special case. The test criteria are derived from a specific characterization for the conditional probability generating function, and the test statistic is formulated as a $$L_2$$ L 2 weighting norm of the corresponding sample counterpart. The asymptotic properties of the proposed test statistic are provided under the null hypothesis as well as under specific alternatives. A bootstrap version of the test is explored in a Monte–Carlo study and illustrated on a real data set on road safety.

Paper 23: Functional Stability Testing and Athletic Shoulder Performance Testing Higher in Patients Able to Return to Sport Following Arthroscopic Shoulder Stabilization

Objectives: There is a paucity of literature on return to sport functional testing following arthroscopic labral repair for shoulder instability leading to uncertainty of when it is safe to return to sport. Currently, the most commonly used evaluation metrics are time after surgery and less commonly range of motion and strength of operative extremity. There is currently no validated return to sport testing protocol after arthroscopic labral repair. The aim of this study was to compare elements of a proposed return to sport battery for those undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair between those able to return to play and those who were not able to by 6 months. Methods: All patients who participated in athletics who underwent arthroscopic labral repair for shoulder instability from June 2021 to December 2022 with a fellowship trained orthopedic surgeon were eligible to participate. Study protocol was to undergo functional testing at 4 months post operatively and every 2 months thereafter until cleared for athletics. Functional testing included Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUES), Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test (PSET), Strength via handheld dynamometry at various range of motion positions. The Athletic Shoulder Test (ASH) has two components- peak force in I, T, Y position (PEAK), and rate of force development in I, T, Y position (RATE). Absolute value as well as limb symmetry index (LSI) were compared. For each test, passing was determined to be greater than 90% symmetry with contralateral extremity. Tests that had a greater than 20% difference in pass rates between the not return to play group (NRTP) and the return to play (RTP) groups were considered to be predictive. Results: Overall, 22 patients with at least 6 months of follow up, completed functional testing battery, and cleared to return to play were included. Mean age was 19.8 years (range 11-44 years), with 12 males and 10 females, and the mean follow up was 11 months (6-24 months). Seventeen returned to play (RTP) at mean 6.3 months (range 4.5-23.1), five did not to return (NRTP). Mean SANE score was higher in RTP vs NRTP, 61 (range 25-95) vs 86.7 (60-100), p=0.03). Those that returned to sport met a mean of 6.25 of the 12 criteria at 4 months compared to 4.20 of those that did not return to sport (p-value = .22). At 4 months, RTP group passed several tests at higher rates than NRTP group - CKCUES (78% vs 0%), PEAK (62.5% vs 20%), RATE (50% vs 0%), and Shoulder Flexion strength (88.9% vs 50%). Other strength measurements were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: CKCUES and ASH (PEAK and RATE) performance testing criteria were significantly higher at 4 months in patients who are able to eventually be cleared to return to sport compared to those that are not able to. Traditional strength testing did not demonstrate differences between groups. Therefore, we recommend that CKCUES testing and ASH testing with force plates should be incorporated in functional testing as early as 4 months.

PENGARUH BAHAN AJAR BERBASIS KOMIK TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV PADA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA MATERI PECAHAN DI SD NEGERI 060843 MEDAN BARAT T.A 2023/2024

This research aims to determine the effect of using comic-based teaching materials on student learning outcomes in mathematics lessons for some class IV students at SD Negeri 060843 Medan Barat FY 2023/2024. This research is quantitative research with a Quasi Experiment type of research. In the normality test, it was discovered that the pretest and posttest data in the experimental class and control class were normally distributed. The results of the homogeneity test showed that the pretest and posttest data for the experimental class and control class had a homogeneous distribution provided that Fcount &lt; Ftable with a significance level of α = 0.05, so the value of Fcount &lt; Ftable was obtained (1.088 &lt; 2.155). The results of hypothesis testing using the t-test based on the testing criteria are that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted if tcount &gt; ttable with a significance level of α = 0.05, then the value of tcount &gt; ttable is obtained (4.215 &gt; 2.023) so that it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha And it can be stated that there is an influence of learning received using comic-based teaching materials on student learning outcomes in mathematics lessons on fractions for class IV students at SD Negeri 060843 Medan Barat FY 2023/2024.

Construction of an instrument for evaluating the teaching process in higher education: Content and construct validity

This study aims to reveal the content validity, construct validity, and reliability of the instrument for evaluating the teaching process in higher education. This research is development research applying the ADDIE model from Molenda. The indicators evaluated consist of context, inputs, processes, and products. The sample consisted of 1200 students from eight faculties, each represented by three study programs. Data analysis uses three stages: content validity test analysis using the V-Aiken method involving six panellists or experts; construct validity test using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Quantitative descriptive analysis and interpretive qualitative analysis used the Miles and Huberman method. The results showed that the developed evaluation instrument had good proof of the validity of the content, with an average V-Aiken score of 0.752, which was in the high category. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta's evaluation instrument, which was developed through the instrument, already meets the validity of an exemplary construct of a good loading factor value ( 0.3). It has a composite reliability score above 0.7 and Cronbach's alpha above 0.6. The analysis results show that all empirical test criteria indicate the data is fit against the developed model.

New Monotonic Properties for Solutions of Odd-Order Advanced Nonlinear Differential Equations

The present paper studies the asymptotic and oscillatory properties of solutions of odd-order differential equations with advanced arguments and in a noncanonical case. By providing new and effective relationships between the corresponding function and the solution, we present strict and new criteria for testing whether the studied equation exhibits oscillatory behavior or converges to zero. Our results contribute uniquely to oscillation theory by presenting some theorems that improve and expand upon the results found in the existing literature. We also provide an example to corroborate the validity of our proposed criteria.

Testing Multi-Subroutine Quantum Programs: From Unit Testing to Integration Testing

Quantum computing has emerged as a promising field with the potential to revolutionize various domains by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics. As quantum hardware and algorithms continue to advance, developing high-quality quantum software has become crucial. However, testing quantum programs poses unique challenges due to the distinctive characteristics of quantum systems and the complexity of multi-subroutine programs. This article addresses the specific testing requirements of multi-subroutine quantum programs. We begin by investigating critical properties by surveying existing quantum libraries and providing insights into the challenges of testing these programs. Building upon this understanding, we focus on testing criteria and techniques based on the whole testing process perspective, spanning from unit testing to integration testing. We delve into various aspects, including IO analysis, quantum relation checking, structural testing, behavior testing, integration of subroutine pairs, and test case generation. We also introduce novel testing principles and criteria to guide the testing process. We conduct comprehensive testing on typical quantum subroutines, including diverse mutants and randomized inputs, to evaluate our proposed approach. The analysis of failures provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of our testing methodology. Additionally, we present case studies on representative multi-subroutine quantum programs, demonstrating the practical application and effectiveness of our proposed testing principles and criteria.

Impact of an electronic smart order-set for diagnostic stewardship of Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) in a community healthcare system in South Florida

Inappropriate testing for Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) increases health care onset cases and contributes to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of patients in a community healthcare system. An electronic smart order set for the testing of CDI was created and implemented to improve the appropriateness of testing. A retrospective review of patients who were tested for CDI, pre and post, was conducted to determine if inappropriate stool testing for CDI decreased post-implementation of the order set. 224 patients were tested for CDI during the study period with the post-implementation period having a higher proportion of patients who met appropriate testing criteria defined by presence of diarrhea (80.5% vs 61.3%; P=.002). The rate of inappropriate CDI stool testing decreased from 31.1% to 11.0% after implementation (P<.001). A higher proportion of CDI patients were readmitted within 30 days of discharge (54.2% vs 33.0%; P=0.001) during the post-implementation period. There was a significant reduction in inappropriate CDI testing following the implementation of the order set. There was an observed increase in the proportion of patients who underwent recent gastrointestinal surgery which may have contributed to the increase in 30-day readmission rates during the post-implementation period.

Pengaruh Testimoni, Promosi, dan Harga Terhadap Minat Beli TopUp Voucher Game Mobile Legend (Komunitas ESJV Game Mobile Legend di Lamongan)

This study is to determine the effect of testimonials, promotions, and prices on buying interest with a quantitative approach. This research is quantitative research. The object of research is ESJV community members. Sampling using the slovin formula obtained the final result of 133 respondents. The sampling method is simple random sampling. The method used is to use a questionnaire test distributed via online media. Based on the results of the validity and reliability tests, the testimonial (X), promotion (X), price (X) and purchase intention (Y) variables can be concluded to be valid and reliable based on the calculation test criteria. Statistical testing was carried out using SPSS Version 26. From the results of the testimonial hypothesis test, it has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. Promotion has a positive and significant effect on buying interest. And, price has a positive and significant effect on buying interest.

Integrating Structural Causal Model Ontologies with LIME for Fair Machine Learning Explanations in Educational Admissions

This study employed knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) to extract and discover knowledge from the Benue State Polytechnic (Benpoly) admission database and used a structural causal model (SCM) ontological framework to represent the admission process in the Nigerian polytechnic education system. The SCM ontology identified important causal relations in features needed to model the admission process and was validated using the conditional independence test (CIT) criteria. The SCM ontology was further employed to identify and constrain input features causing bias in the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) framework applied to machine learning (ML) black-box predictions. The ablation process produced more stable LIME explanations devoid of fairness bias compared to LIME without ablation, with higher prediction accuracy (91% vs. 89%) and F1 scores (95% vs. 94%). The study also compared the performance of different ML models, including Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, and Logistic Regression, before and after ablation. The limitation is that the SCM ontology is qualitative and context-specific, so the fair-LIME framework can only be extrapolated to similar contexts. Future work could compare other explanation frameworks like Shapley on the same dataset. Overall, this study demonstrates a novel approach to enforcing fairness in ML explanations by integrating qualitative SCM ontologies with quantitative ML/LIME methods.

Oral Manifestations among Male Smokers in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Background: Smoking is a risk factor for numerous diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and lung disease. It also has negative effects in the oral cavity, including an increased incidence of cancer, oral mucosal lesions, periodontal disease, implant failure, dental caries, and dental staining. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, duration, and frequency of smoking with clinical manifestations of the oral cavity in smokers in Banjarmasin. Methods: This study utilized an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were gathered from the Dinas Kesehatan Office of Banjarmasin City through anamnesis and clinical oral cavity examination. Fifty-seven participants meeting specific criteria were selected using purposive sampling. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test to examine the link between age, duration, and frequency of smoking with oral manifestations. The Fisher's exact test was employed if the data did not meet the chi-square test criteria. Results: The highest number of smokers were aged ≤40 years old (52.6%), the duration of smoking was found the most at the duration of &gt;10 years (59.6%), and the frequency of smoking was higher in those who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day (57.9%). The bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the duration of smoking and manifestations of a smoker’s palate (p = 0.040). A significant relationship between smoking frequency and manifestations of smoker’s melanosis was shown (p = 0.042). Conclusion: The oral manifestations of male smokers included smoker’s melanosis, smoker’s palate, periodontal disease, and dental staining.