Oral Manifestations among Male Smokers in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Smoking is a risk factor for numerous diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and lung disease. It also has negative effects in the oral cavity, including an increased incidence of cancer, oral mucosal lesions, periodontal disease, implant failure, dental caries, and dental staining. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, duration, and frequency of smoking with clinical manifestations of the oral cavity in smokers in Banjarmasin. Methods: This study utilized an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were gathered from the Dinas Kesehatan Office of Banjarmasin City through anamnesis and clinical oral cavity examination. Fifty-seven participants meeting specific criteria were selected using purposive sampling. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test to examine the link between age, duration, and frequency of smoking with oral manifestations. The Fisher's exact test was employed if the data did not meet the chi-square test criteria. Results: The highest number of smokers were aged ≤40 years old (52.6%), the duration of smoking was found the most at the duration of >10 years (59.6%), and the frequency of smoking was higher in those who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day (57.9%). The bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the duration of smoking and manifestations of a smoker’s palate (p = 0.040). A significant relationship between smoking frequency and manifestations of smoker’s melanosis was shown (p = 0.042). Conclusion: The oral manifestations of male smokers included smoker’s melanosis, smoker’s palate, periodontal disease, and dental staining.