Test Bacteria Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Triterpenoid from The Leaves of Tahi Ayam (Lantana camara Linn)

Tahi Ayam (Lantana camara Linn.) is known for its traditional medicinal purposes, can be used for treating various diseases. This is ascribed to the abundant presence of secondary metabolite compounds in Lantana camara Linn. In particular, the ethyl acetate extract of Lantana camara Linn. leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds belonging to the triterpenoid, steroid, coumarin, and phenolic groups. One of the triterpenoid compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Lantana camara Linn. leaves are 9-hydroxy-Lantadene A. Subsequently, an antibacterial test was conducted on this compound to assess its ability to inhibit the growth of test bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gramnegative). Amoxicillin was employed as a positive control. In addition to testing the antibacterial properties of the 9-hydroxy-Lantadene A compound, the ethyl acetate fraction of Lantana camara Linn. leaves also underwent the same antibacterial testing procedure. The results of this study suggest that both the isolated compound and the ethyl acetate fraction from Lantana camara Linn. leaves possess antibacterial activity. However, it's important to note that the antibacterial activity observed in both samples is relatively low. The possible cause of this could be the low sample concentrations utilized in the research

The ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of fire water runoff from small-scale furnishing materials fire tests

This study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of fire water runoff generated during fire operations in a closed non-production facility (apartment, house, warehouse, etc.). For this purpose, insulation and furnishing materials used, especially in houses and apartments, including wood (pine and oak), chipboard, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polyurethane foam, were burned. Experiments involving burning one of the selected materials each time and extinguishing the resulting fire with a specific amount of water were conducted in a test chamber equipped with systems for continuous monitoring of the process, including continuous measurement of the weight of the sample and mechanical smoke extraction systems. The fire water runoff samples were tested for ecotoxicity and mutagenicity. Ecotoxicity was evaluated using commercial biotests, i.e., Daphtoxkit F magna (crustaceans), Rotoxkit F (rotifers), Spirodela duckweed toxkit (plants: Spirodela polyrhiza), and Microtox test (bacteria Alivibrio fischeri), whereas mutagenicity was evaluated using the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TAmix). The results demonstrated that the water used to extinguish the polyurethane foam had the highest toxicity. Moreover, Ames test results verified that the fire water runoff generated during testing with polyurethane foam was characterized by the highest mutagenicity. Consequently, water from extinguishing polyurethane foam may pose a greater environmental hazard than water from wood, chipboard, or PMMA.

Antibacterial and antivirulence factor activities of protein hydrolysates from Phatthalung Sangyod rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds against zoonotic and foodborne pathogens.

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging public health threat. Foodborne illnesses are typically caused by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are frequently resistant to common antimicrobial agents. Rice is a staple grain in most parts of the world. Our previous work showed that Phatthalung Sangyod rice seed protein hydrolysates (SYPs), especially SYP4, exhibit antifungal activity against several fungal species that are pathogenic for both humans and animals and are non-cytotoxic to animal red blood cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of the bioactive peptides in SYPs against several pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals. After isolating SYP1, it was treated as follows: heated (SYP2), and hydrolyzed using pepsin (SYP3), and proteinase K (SYP4). Then, we used 500 μg of protein to evaluate the antibacterial effects on four pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, and S. aureus, using agar well diffusion. Using a broth microdilution assay, we determined the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC, respectively) values of active SYPs. Using the agar well diffusion and microtube incubation methods, we also assessed the inhibitory effects of SYPs on the bacterial quorum sensing (QS) activity of Chromobacterium violaceum. Sangyod rice seed protein hydrolysates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the biofilm formation of bacterial cells by a crytal violet assay. Furthermore, using the dropping method, we tested the inhibitory effects of SYPs on the bacterial pigments pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin in S. aureus. Our results showed that the crude protein lysate (SYP1) did not exhibit antibacterial activity against any of the test bacteria. Intriguingly, after boiling (SYP2) and enzymatic hydrolysis (SYP3 and SYP4), the protein hydrolysates were transformed into bioactive peptides and displayed antibacterial properties against all of the test bacteria at a concentration of 500 μg as determined by agar well diffusion. SYP4 demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity as it completely inhibited all test strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 16.88 ± 0.25 to 21.25 ± 0.5 mm, and also yielded the highest MIC/MBC values against P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, and E. coli, at 256 and >256 μg/mL, respectively. We observed that at least 256 μg/mL of SYP4 is required to exhibit optimal antibacterial activity. At 16-128 μg/mL, it exhibited antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. Furthermore, at 256 μg/mL, SYP4 inhibited pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa and staphyloxanthin in S. aureus. Although SYP2 and SYP3 displayed weak antibacterial activity and their MIC values could not be obtained for all bacteria, they showed strong QS inhibition in C. violaceum at 256 μg protein. Moreover, SYP2 and SYP3, at a minimum concentration of 32 μg/mL, significantly reduced violacein production. SYP3 also showed biofilm reduction activity on S. aureus at least 16-512 μg/mL. Sangyod Phatthalung protein hydrolysates exerted excellent inhibitory effects against the growth of bacteria and their virulence factors, such as QS, biofilm formation, and/or pigment production. These factors include zoonotic and foodborne pathogens. Therefore, daily consumption of Sangyod Phatthalung rice might reduce the risk of bacterial pathogenesis and foodborne diseases. In conclusion, functional foods or alternate methods of treating bacterial illnesses may be developed in humans and animals.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Qust Al Hindi Plant Root (Saussurea Lappa) Against Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by TLC-Bioautography

The Indian Costus plant (Saussurea lappa) possesses the ability as an antibacterial, which contains alkaloid compounds, whereas this study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Indian Costus plant root (Saussurea lappa). The extraction process of Indian Costus plant root simplicia (Saussurea lappa) was carried out using the Soxhlet method with 96% ethanol as a solvent, and then evaporated with a rotavapor to obtain a viscous extract. Screening tests were carried out by giving ethanol extract of Indian Costus plant root (Saussurea lappa) with a concentration of 0.1% to 2 test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thereafter, the Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography test was carried out, followed by identification of chemical compounds. The screening test results obtained showed that the ethanol extract of Indian Costus plant root (Saussurea lappa) provided activity against 2 test bacteria at a concentration of 0.1%. The Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography test results indicated that there were 3 spots that were formed with Rf values of 0.67, 0.60, 0.54, 0.45, 0.43 providing activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical identification of ethanol extract of Indian Costus plant roots (Saussurea lappa) yeilded positive result for the presence of alkaloids. Based on the activity of the ethanol extract of Indian Costus plant root (Saussurea lappa), it is known that it has potential as an antibacterial.

B-250 Simultaneous Detection of Twelve Pathogens of Sexually Transmitted Infections Using an Innovative All-in-One PCR Instrument

Abstract Background Every day, nearly 1 million people are infected with sexually transmitted infections (STI) that are transmitted through sexual contact. Early diagnosis and treatment of STI are critical in reducing their transmission, and PCR is the most sensitive method among diagnostic tests. To address this need, we have developed a new STI Real-Time PCR-based diagnostic kit, which is capable of detecting twelve STI pathogens simultaneously in up to 94 specimens at once. To evaluate the analytical performance, we used the ExistationTM FA System, which automatically performs from decapping primary sample tubes followed by nucleic acid extraction to PCR analysis within 2 h. Twelve (12) pathogens of STI are described below: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex virus type2 (HSV2), Ureaplasma parvum (UP), Treponema pallidum (TP), Candida albicans (CA), Gardnerella vaginalis (GV), from male urine and female vaginal swabs. Methods The analytical performance evaluation was performed using the new STI diagnostic kit to detect twelve pathogens of STI. The analysis was performed using culture fluids (CT, NG, UU, MG, TV, MH, HSV1, HSV2, UP, CA, GV; ATCC, USA) and TP genomic DNA (Vircell, Spain), which were spiked in urine and vaginal swab media. The limit of detection (LoD) was determined by testing multiple replicates of serial dilutions of the spiked sample around the expected LoD. The LoD was defined as the lowest dilution at which the assay detected ≥95% of 24 replicates. To evaluate precision, each sample was tested 2 times a day in duplicate per run for 5 days. To assess cross-reactivity, twenty-two bacteria and viruses related to STI were used. Results The LoD was determined 60.26 IFU/mL, 35.48 cfu/mL, 467.74 copy/mL, 45.71 cell/mL, 19.5 cells/mL, 316.23 copy/mL, 199.53 TCID50/mL, 13.18 TCID50/mL, 588.84 copy/mL, 993.25 copy/ml, 660.69 copy/mL, 389.05 copy/mL in Urine and 47.86 IFU/mL, 27.54 cfu/mL, 363.08 copy/mL, 38.90 cell/mL, 15.14 cells/mL, 245.47 copy/mL, 181.97 TCID50/mL, 8.71 TCID50/mL, 575.44 copy/mL, 741.31 copy/ml, 524.81 copy/mL, 288.40 copy/mL in vaginal swab media for CT, NG, UU, MG, TV, MH, HSV1, HSV2, UP, CA, GV, and TP, respectively. For repeatability assay, the 12 STI samples showed similar Ct value in each run, with all standard deviation (SD) were less than 2.0. In terms of cross-reactivity, there were no positive results obtained from testing bacteria and viruses using the new STI diagnostic kit. Conclusions The ExistationTM FA system is highly convenient platform for Real-Time PCR-based diagnostics. Particularly, our new STI diagnostic kit provides an accurate and efficient method for simultaneous detection of 12 STI pathogens.

IN VITRO PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY TEST OF TELANG FLOWER KOMBUCHA AS ANTIBACTERIAL Vibrio Cholerae AND Shigella dysenteriae THROUGH FERMENTATION BIOTECHNOLOGY METHOD

Diarrhea that occurs in the digestive tract is a big problem for human intestinal health. This can be caused by the activity of pathogenic bacteria in the form of Vibrio cholera and Shigella dysinteriae. In this study, kombucha has been shown to have pharmacological activity in vitro in inhibiting the growth of Vibrio cholera and Shigella dysinteriae bacteria at all sugar concentrations. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro pharmacological activity of the butterfly pea flower kombucha in inhibiting the growth of the two test bacteria consisting of a sugar concentration of 20%, 30% and 40%. The method for testing the inhibition of both bacterial growth tests is disc diffusion. One way ANOVA and post hoc analysis are one of the quantitative test methods used in this study of the average diameter of the inhibition zone of teal flower kombucha from various sugar concentrations. The results of this study have proven based on a one-way ANOVA with each P value> 0.05 and then continued through post hoc analysis concluded that the telang flower kombucha at a concentration of 40% is the best treatment in inhibiting the growth of both test bacteria where the concentration is significantly different from sugar concentration 20% and 30%.

Impact of ramipril nitroso-metabolites on cancer incidence - in silico and in vitro safety evaluation.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and their pharmacologically related sartans have been associated with an increased cancer incidence in several clinical observations. In 2018, sartans were revealed as being significantly contaminated with nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are potent human mutagens that can be formed ex vivo and, more concerningly, also in vivo from nitrosatable drug precursors. Their formation in sartans may justify the reported cancer risk and, by analogy, this may also apply to ACE-Is. We investigated a commonly used ACE-I, ramipril (RAM). We checked its susceptibility to in vivo interaction with nitrite, potentially resulting in the generation of mutagenic N-nitrosamines. To that end, in silico simulation of mutagenicity of RAM nitroso-derivatives was performed using VEGA-GUI software. Then, the Nitrosation Assay Procedure was conducted which served as a model of endogenous reaction. The resulting post-nitrosation mixtures were subjected to a bacterial reverse mutation test employing Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation. Our results showed that studied samples did not induce point mutations in the test bacteria, regardless of the catalytic cytochrome activity. We concluded that RAM endogenous nitrosation is not the reason for increased cancer incidence. However, other ACE-Is must be verified in a similar manner.

Thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography for investigation of antibacterial activities of Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd. essential oil

The aim of the study was to characterise the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from a Chinese traditional aromatic herb, Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd and investigate its antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, the test bacterium, using thin-layer chromatography-direct bioautography (TLC-DB). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the essential oil was dominated by chamazulene (44.44%). Undeveloped TLC-DB enabled the measurement of zone of inhibition as valid as and more sensitive than the traditional agar diffusion method. The overall antimicrobial effect was weak at the tested concentration range and the antimicrobial strength did not exhibit concentration dependence. At high essential oil concentration (>1000μg/ml), size of zone of inhibition was all <7mm. Developed TLC-DB separated the components and visualised the inhibition of bacterial growth on the plate surface where the active antimicrobials were determined to be the minor components, hydroxylated terpenes, rather than the dominant component, chamazulene.

Self-healing and durable antifouling zwitterionic hydrogels based on functionalized liquid metal microgels

Hydrogels are a promising new class of antifouling materials. But their utility is constrained by low mechanical strength and unsatisfactory antifouling performance over the long term. Herein, we successfully prepared zwitterionic polymer PEIS cross-linked gallium-based liquid metal microgels-based (PEIS-Gel@PMPC-GLM) hydrogels via UV-curing and amidation reaction. The as-prepared hydrogels showed preferable mechanical properties and superior hydrophilicity to the original hydrogels. The PEIS-Gel@PMPC-GLM hydrogels could prevent the adhesion of more than 90 % of microalgae and nearly 100 % of bacteria in a short-term antifouling test. PEIS-Gel@PMPC-GLM hydrogels also performed exceptionally well in the high concentration antibacterial test and the long-term antifouling test (remove more than 90 % bacteria and 80 % microalgae). In addition to releasing a high concentration of gallium ions, as shown by the ICP-OES test, PEIS-Gel@PMPC-GLM hydrogels also exhibitedexcellent lubrication performance, as demonstrated by the friction test (coefficient of friction as low as 0.023). Therefore, the antifouling effect of gallium ions combined with the strong hydration ability of the surfaces endowed the hydrogels remarkable antibacterial and antifouling properties. As a result of the exposed gallium atoms inducing further crosslinking of residual vinyl monomer in hydrogels, PEIS-Gel@PMPC-GLM hydrogels revealed certain self-healing performance.

Similarities of Geobacillus bacteria based on their profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility in milk samples

The genus Geobacillus is composed of thermophilic bacteria that exhibit diverse biotechnological potentialities. Specifically, Geobacillus stearothermophilus is included as a test bacterium in commercial microbiological inhibition methods, although it exhibits limited sensitivity to aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. Therefore, this article evaluates the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of five test bacteria (G. stearothermophilus subsp. calidolactis C953, Geobacillus thermocatenulatus LMG 19007, Geobacillus thermoleovorans LMG 9823, Geobacillus kaustophilus DSM 7263 and Geobacillus vulcani 13174). For that purpose, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 21 antibiotics were determined in milk samples for five test bacteria using the radial diffusion microbiological inhibition method. Subsequently, the similarities between bacteria and antibiotics were analyzed using cluster analysis. The dendrogram of this multivariate analysis shows an association between a group formed by G. thermocatenulatus and G. stearothermophilus and another by G. thermoleovorans, G. kaustophilus and G. vulcani. Finally, future microbiological methods could be developed in microtiter plates using G. thermocatenulatus as test bacterium, as it exhibits similar sensitivities to G. stearothermophilus. Conversely, G. vulcani, G. thermoleovorans and G. kaustophilus show higher MICs than G. thermocatenulatus.

Differences in the growth of microorganisms depends on the type of semi-solid enteral nutritional supplements

BackgroundEnteral nutritional supplements are used in many medical facilities and home care, but require appropriate management because they are nutrient-rich products. Recently, infection control methods for Ready To Hang (RTH) preparations, which are widely used and are expected to reduce the risk of infection, have not been established in Japan and are dependent on caregivers. Therefore, we evaluated the difference in the growth of microorganisms depending on the type of enteral nutrients following contamination with microorganisms.MethodsNine types of enteral nutrition were used. Escherichia coli (E. coli) W3110, Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) NBRC3046, and Candida albicans (C. albicans) IFM61197 were used as test bacteria. The bacterial solution was added to the enteral nutritional supplement, adjusted, and the number of bacteria was measured at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h after the addition of the bacterial solution at 25 °C and in the dark.ResultsE. coli and S. marcescens grew in RACOL®-NF SemiSolid for Enteral Use, Hine® Jerry AQUA, and Mermed Plus® over a 24-h period; however, a decrease was observed for other enteral nutrition products. In contrast, C. albicans grew in all enteral nutrition products.ConclusionBecause the viscosity and calorie content vary among enteral nutrition preparations in which growth was observed, we found that pH had the greatest effect on the differences in bacterial growth. Nonetheless, C. albicans growth occurred in all nine types of enteral nutrients, indicating that unlike bacteria, its growth was independent of pH. If semi-solid enteral nutrients are contaminated with microorganisms for any reason, microorganisms will grow, so appropriate infection control is necessary to prevent infection.

Antibiofilm Activity of Tapak Kuda Ipomoea pes-caprae against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300: In-Vitro and In-Silico Evaluation

Ipomoea pes-caprae is one of the herbal plants that can treat various health problems such as skin infections, burns, boils, and various diseases caused by microbial infections. This study aims to identify ethanol extract compounds of I. pes-caprae leaf and evaluate their antibiofilm activity through in-vitro and in-silico assays. This study used two test bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity is carried out using the agar diffusion method and antibiofilm using a microplate reader. The biological activity was also evaluated through a computational approach using molecular docking. The results of preliminary test demonstrated the antibacterial activity. At a concentration of 100 mg/mL, I. pes-caprae extract produced a substantial inhibitory zone of 13.9 mm for P. aeruginosa and a moderate 8.5 mm zone for MRSA. The extract also showed high antibiofilm activity. It achieved impressive biofilm inhibition rates of 82.58% and 78.29%, respectively. Molecular docking shows the interaction between extract compounds and macromolecules that play a role in biofilm formation, namely SrtA and associated protein biofilms. 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid has the lowest binding energy of -7.5 Kcal/Mol and -5.9 Kcal/Mol at each target receptor. This study demonstrated the antibiofilm potential of I. pes-caprae extract, which was clarified through molecular docking studies.

Antibacterial Activity of the Epicarp of Calamansi (citrus x microcarpa) against Staphylococcus Aureus from an Infectious Wound

Calamansi or citrus x microcarpa is also known as lemonsito in other parts of the Philippines and calamondin, Philippine lemon, or Philippine lime to the rest of the world. Calamansi extract fights against Staphylococcus aureus, the most dangerous bacteria among Staphylococcus and a gram-positive, sphere- shaped bacteria that often causes skin infections, pneumonia, and bone infections. The peel and leaves of calamansi can be used as antioxidants and antimicrobials since they contain essential oils. A substance that acts as an antibacterial can prevent the growth of bacteria. Upon experimentation, the researchers determined the antimicrobial pattern of the test organism against different concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/ml) of the two test extracts (Crude Methanol and Crude Aqueous). An analytical balance was used to measure these crude extracts, and distilled water was mixed with it. The method used in this study is experimental research design, as it follows a systematic and scientific approach to research. The methanol crude extracts of the epicarp of calamansi (Citrus x microcarpa) showed antibacterial activity against the test bacteria, with the highest activity of 6.3 mm against Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 150 mg/ml used. In comparison, the aqueous extract showed activity against the organism with the highest activity of 6.1 mm at the concentration of 100 mg/ml used. The positive control utilized was chloramphenicol, which also demonstrated variable degrees of activity against the microorganism. These results indicate that the epicarp of Citrus x macrocarpa exhibited antibacterial properties. Keywords : analytical balance, antimicrobial property, aqueous extract, disc diffusion method, methanol crude extracts

Pathological analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility of Chryseobacterium balustinum RTFCP 298 isolated from diseased rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

In this study, six isolates of Chryseobacterium balustinum were characterized from diseased rainbow trout fingerlings. The virulence characteristics, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates were investigated. The bacterium showed positive results for catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and aesculin hydrolysis, while negative results were obtained for DNase, gelatinase, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer's reaction, Simon citrate, Hydrogen sulphide, and starch hydrolysis. Amino acid metabolism analysis revealed the inability to metabolize arginine, lysine, and ornithine decarboxylase. Molecular characterization (16S rRNA) and phylogenetic analysis revealed the test isolates as C. balustinum, closely related to strain WLT (99.85% similarity) and C. balustinum P-27 (99.77%). Virulence assay indicated haemolytic activity and biofilm formation by the test bacterium. The challenge test confirmed moderate pathogenicity in rainbow trout and established Koch's postulates. The clinical manifestations of infection included fin erosion, eye and body surface haemorrhage, exophthalmia, and organ liquefaction. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various antimicrobials ranged from 1 to > 256 µg mL−1. The novel synthetic antimicrobial peptides exhibited MICs of 8 to > 256 µg mL−1, suggesting a potential control method. These findings suggest that C. balustinum is an opportunistic pathogen with moderate pathogenicity in rainbow trout. Further research on the host–pathogen relationship is necessary to understand virulence characteristics and pathogenicity in aquaculture.

In Vitro Sensitivity Test of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 to Various Antibiotics with Well Diffusion Method

In Vitro Sensitivity Test of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 to Various Antibiotics with Well Diffusion Method

Synergistic action of indole-3-carbinol with membrane-active agents against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) with membrane-active agents, namely carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial persisters. The determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that I3C was effective against Acinetobacter baumannii (3.13‒6.25×10-3mol l-1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8×10-3mol l-1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.25‒12.5×10-3mol l-1), and Escherichia coli (6.25‒12.5×10-3mol l-1). Our study demonstrated that EDTA synergistically enhanced the bactericidal activity of I3C against most MDR Gram-negative bacteria isolates and contributed to an 8- to 64-fold MIC reduction compared with that of I3C alone, yet CCCP only displayed synergy with I3C against P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. The EDTA-I3C combination also significantly reduced the viable number of testing bacteria (P=7.2E-05), effectively reduced bacterial persisters, and repressed bacterial growth compared with that the use of I3C alone. Our data demonstrate that use of EDTA as adjuvant molecules can effectively improve the antibacterial activity of I3C and may help to reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects of Combretum dolichopetalum Methanol Leaf Extract on some Pathogenic Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to global public health and a challenge in treating infectious diseases. This has resulted in a shift of research attention to natural substances such as medicinal plants that could be a source of developing novel drugs. Combretum dolichopetalum has been reported to have antidiarrhoeal effects in rats. In this study, the antibacterial potential of different concentrations of methanolic extract of Combretum dolichopetalum was evaluated against seven pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella gallinarum, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella dysenteriae) at different concentrations using the agar well diffusion method. Antibiogram of these organisms were also carried out by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Zones of inhibition were calculated as means ± SEM. Result showed that the plant extract had significant concentration dependent antibacterial activity compared to distilled water and some known drugs (P&lt;0.05). All concentrations showed activity against all bacteria, unlike the drugs, which had selective activity, with concentration of 400 mg/ml, showing the highest activity. Tested bacteria exhibited a high level of resistance to synthetic drugs ranging from 48% to 100%. Multi-drug resistance was also observed. S. gallinarum, B. cereus and E. coli exhibited 100% resistance to all test antibiotics. All organisms showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin-Clavulanic acid and Ceftriaxone. Results from this study show that C. dolichopetalum possesses antimicrobial activity as it inhibited growth of all test bacteria.

Molecular Identification of Marine Symbiont Bacteria of Holothuria scabra from Tanjung Tiram Beach and its Potential as a Methicilin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Antibacterial agent

The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus may occur to many types of antibiotics, especially in the cases of noncompliance in using antibiotics, which is likely to allow the evolution of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria. Holothuria scabra are marine invertebrates that were reported being capable of producing secondary metabolites as antibacterial MDR. The purpose of the study was to identify the Holothuria scabra symbiont bacteria found in Tanjung Tiram, southern Konawe, South Sulewesi, which has the ability to produce antibacterial compounds against MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus). The stages of this research began with the isolation of bacteria, antibacterial activity test, DNA extraction, amplification by PCR 16S rDNA and sequencing. The results of the study showed that 9 isolates of bacteria were isolated from Holothuria scabra, those are HS1, HS2, HS3, HS4, HS5, HS6, HS7, HS8 and HS9. Among them, 2 isolates showed highest activity against MRSA test bacteria. The highest activities were displayed by HS2 and HS3 isolates code with the largest inhibition zone were 35mm and 36mm. The molecular identification of HS2 isolate has 72% homology with Streptomyces albus, while HS3 isolate has 97% homology with Streptomyces albus.

Oregano essential oil-doped citric acid modified polyvinyl alcohol bio-active films: Properties, bio-functional performance and active packaging application of chicken breast

In the present study, a vapor antimicrobial bio-packaging system was designed utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) as the substrate incorporating citric acid (CA) and oregano essential oil (OEO) as cross-linking and active component, respectively. When CA and OEO were incorporated into PVOH film, the drop in TS along with the improvements in EB, water resistance performance, barrier ability and thermostability were observed. Analysis of FTIR and XPS disclosed that the esterification could occur between PVOH and CA. The vapor antimicrobial assay proved that PVOH/CA/OEO films could increase the membrane permeability of test bacteria by altering the secondary and tertiary construction of membrane protein, and display an excellent antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus by vapor diffusion. Finally, chicken breasts with bio-active films had better quality and the shelf-life was extended, which indicated its promising prospects for the use in preservation.

Efficacy of Jatropha curcas Leaf Extract on Some Isolates Associated with Surgical Wounds

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Jatropha curcas leaf extract against some isolates associated with surgical wounds.&#x0D; Study Design: This was a hospital-based study conducted in 2017 in the Department of medical microbiology unit of Bingham university teaching hospital and the national veterinary research institute (NVRI) both institutions are located in Jos Plateau State Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of twenty (20) isolates from clinical specimens of surgical wounds were used. The following bacteria were identified using biochemical analysis: Staphylococcus aureus (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3). Using standard methods of ethanol and aqueous extraction techniques, the leaves of the Jatropha curcas were examined for phytochemical content. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the isolate were determined using the broth dilution method, while the antibacterial activity of the isolate was observed using the agar well diffusion techniques.&#x0D; Results: The result of the phytochemical extraction shows the presence of the following Alkaloids (secondary metabolite) Saponins, Tannins, glycosides, Flavonoids, Oxalate, Terpenoids, Resins and steroids. The ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the test bacteria with higher activity recorded with Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (12 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 mm). Aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas leaves did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against all the test isolates when compared to Ethanol Extraction However Aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas had a slight antimicrobial activity against only Staphylococcus aureus in the range of (5 mm to 7 mm). The MIC value for the ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas ranged from 100mg/ml to 200mg/ml while the MIC value for the aqueous extract was 200mg/ml. &#x0D; Conclusion: The result of the present study shows that the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Jatropha Curcas leaves possess some antibacterial activities. The ethanol extract had higher antimicrobial activity than the aqueous extract on surgical wounds. It could therefore be inferred that these leaves contain bioactive constituents which can effectively inhibit the growth of some microorganisms. The plant could be used as an alternative therapy in the treatment of surgical wounds.