Terrorism Risk Research Articles

Encountering risk with resilience for experiences: a case study on tourism in a conflicted tourist destination

Purpose This paper aims to unravel how tourists balance their novel experiences with risk perceptions, psychological resilience and behavioral intentions. Additionally, it explores how tourists' personalities moderate the relationship between experiences and travel intentions. Design/methodology/approach A total of 234 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to a diverse group of tourists who recently explored the Srinagar region to capture their perspectives. The data obtained was analyzed using Smart PLS-SEM. Findings This study revealed that the impact of perceived terror risk on behavioral intentions is not statistically significant. Instead, tourists' experiences significantly influence psychological resilience and behavioral intentions. Tourists with higher resilience are inclined to perceive these experiences as aiding in managing negative feelings. Research limitations/implications The study's focus is confined to one conflict zone within the country due to research constraints, excluding other areas. Practical implications This research provides practical insights for destination management authorities and highlights areas for improvement for tourism service providers and the government in the Srinagar region, as well as other conflict regions. Emphasizing mutual respect between locals and tourists can foster community-based tourism, enhancing the region's appeal and promoting positive intentions for all involved parties. Social implications This study examines how local communities in conflict-affected areas adjust to and manage the presence of tourists, with an emphasis on building resilience and support systems. Additionally, it explores how travel decisions and behaviors are influenced by tourists' perceptions of safety and how these perceptions can influence broader societal attitudes toward areas affected by conflict. Evaluating the local population's economic reliance on tourism may result in changed social dynamics, as well as possible exploitation or over-reliance on industry. Promoting mutual understanding and cultural interchange between locals and visitors may have a positive impact on efforts to promote social cohesion and peacebuilding. Originality/value This study broadens the scope of the existing literature on destination attributes in conflict zones, offering a unique perspective on the intrinsic features of this issue. The solutions proposed in this study contribute a novel dimension to the current literature.

Terrorism Risk Assessment for Historic Urban Open Areas

Terrorism Risk Assessment for Historic Urban Open Areas

Terrorist Attacks, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Firm Value

Synopsis Research problem According to the World Economic Forum, terrorism is one of the main managerial concerns for companies worldwide. However, there is surprisingly scant research on how terrorist attacks impact managerial decision-making. To fill this gap, we investigate how terrorist attacks influence firms’ socially oriented activities, as measured by their investments in corporate social responsibility (CSR). Motivation or theoretical reasoning In light of the crucial role of CSR in financial markets and the growing apprehension regarding terrorism risk, this study explores whether and to what extent firms’ CSR investments contribute to the resilience to terrorism risk. The motivation for our research question is grounded in the idea that terrorist attacks create a unique set of circumstances that prompt firms to reconsider their socially oriented initiatives. We argue that firms impacted by such events tend to recognize the importance of demonstrating commitment to social responsibility in the aftermath of a crisis. Overall, the theoretical underpinnings of this study revolve around the notion that CSR becomes a strategic response for firms affected by terrorism, through which they address various stakeholder concerns, maintain legitimacy, and strategically manage their public image in the aftermath of a crisis. The test hypotheses We empirically examine two key research questions in this study. First, we examine the effect of terrorist attacks on the CSR investments of publicly traded firms. Second, we examine whether and how the increase in CSR investments of publicly traded firms after terrorist attacks affects firm value. Target population Our study extends the limited research on the impact of terrorism on capital markets, which is an area of great concern to various stakeholders, including shareholders and corporate managers. The findings will also help researchers understand the determinants of CSR and the potential channels through which CSR creates value for shareholders. Adopted methodology Using a multivariate regression model and controlling for all other determinants of corporate CSR investment documented by prior studies, we test the effect of terrorist events on firms’ CSR investment. To reduce the concern that a growing awareness of the importance of CSR may explain the changes in firms’ investment in CSR over time, we use a difference-in-differences research design. Analyses Using a sample of 53 major terrorist attacks occurring in the U.S. between 1994 and 2015, this study examines the causal effect of terrorist attacks on firms’ CSR activities. Findings Our findings indicate that public firms located in close proximity to terrorist attacks (i.e., the impact firms) substantially increase their investment in CSR following those terrorist events, and that the increase in CSR investment is positively associated with firm value. We further observe a strengthened association between increased CSR and firm value when the CSR efforts of the impact firms attract greater media attention. In conclusion, our findings substantiate the hypothesis that firms exposed to higher levels of terrorism risk are more inclined to enhance their CSR investments. This inclination is driven by the dual impact of CSR efforts: not only do they contribute to bolstering stakeholders’ confidence in firms’ future performance, but they are also linked to increased returns in the aftermath of a terrorist attack.

Do Blasphemy Restrictions Restrict Terrorism?

ABSTRACT Although several countries have repealed their laws banning blasphemy in recent years, a majority of the world’s countries still ban some forms of blasphemous expressions. It is often argued in political debate that such legislation is necessary to prevent conflicts and terrorism. The empirical literature on the topic nevertheless remains tiny and it is an open question if blasphemy bans ‘work’ in this way. In this paper, we therefore explore the association between types of blasphemy legislation and terrorist events. We do so using a large cross-country panel dataset of up to 162 countries observed between 1970 and 2016. Exploring determinants of terrorist attacks, we find that while blasphemy legislation in general is not associated with terrorism, countries with constitutionalised blasphemy bans experience a higher terrorism risk.

The Insurability of Terrorism Risk and the Response of Insurance Law and Regulation—The U.S. Experience and Critiques on Present Taiwanese Regime

The Insurability of Terrorism Risk and the Response of Insurance Law and Regulation—The U.S. Experience and Critiques on Present Taiwanese Regime

Factors in terrorist risk assessment: a rapid evidence assessment of the extremism risk guidance (ERG22+) factors

Purpose Since 2011, the Extremism Risk Guidance (ERG 22+) has been the primary risk assessment framework used for terrorist and violent extremist offenders in England and Wales. The aim of this study was to conduct a rapid evidence assessment to examine the research literature on the ERG22+ factors and to identify possible significant new and emerging knowledge around potential new factors. Design/methodology/approach Searches were conducted of the Google Scholar database to identify relevant literature published between 2012 and 2020. In total, 29 documents were identified, which examined new radicalisation models and frameworks, 339 were identified, which explored to some extent one or more of the current ERG factors, and a further 138 articles were identified, which focused on potentially relevant additional issues/factors. Findings Most of the ERG factors were the focus of substantial research activity between 2012 and 2020. Six factors, however, received very little research attention. Potential implications of these trends are considered. Ten research themes were identified with the potential to either form new factors or which could play a significant role in the updating or revision of some existing factors. Originality/value This paper is the first rapid evidence assessment on the ERG22+ risk factors. It provides an important picture of the published scientific research of potential relevance in this area and helps to inform the review process for the ERG22+.

Analysis of Risks of Terrorism for the Population of a Several Countries and the World Population in General, 2011–2020

Analysis of Risks of Terrorism for the Population of a Several Countries and the World Population in General, 2011–2020

Narratives and Power in Digital Media Coverage of the US Troop’s Withdrawal from Afghanistan

This study examined the digital media coverage of the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, focusing on how narratives within China Daily constructed and communicated power. This critical juncture in international relations provided a unique opportunity to analyze media narratives that shaped public perception and policy discourse, particularly through the lens of China Daily, a significant voice in Chinese and global media. The objective was to dissect how China Daily’s reporting reflected and influenced geopolitical narratives, utilizing Teun van Dijk’s framework for news discourse analysis. This involved a detailed examination of the discourse strategies and ideological constructs in the coverage of the troop withdrawal. By analyzing 192 articles from China Daily published between April and September 2021, the study explored the construction of narratives and their underlying ideologies. Findings indicated that China Daily strategically framed the U.S. withdrawal in terms of regional instability and terrorism risks, emphasizing the consequences of what it portrayed as a hasty and irresponsible U.S. action. This narrative strategy was aligned with broader Chinese political stances on non-interference and respect for national sovereignty. This research contributed to the field by highlighting the role of media in shaping international perceptions and added a non-Western perspective to discourse studies on global military engagements.

Shifting responsibilities and security threats by depriving foreign terrorist fighters of their nationality

Abstract One of the ways in which States of nationality have responded to the potential security threat posed by foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) and their family members who travelled to Syria and Iraq, is by stripping them of their nationality. This practice constitutes a form of ‘buck-passing’, as States shun their responsibilities and export the problem to other States or actors like the Syrian Democratic Forces. When a State strips its nationality, the depriving State is no longer responsible to take back its former national, while another State of nationality is now responsible to admit the FTF or family member and subsequently prosecute, re-integrate, rehabilitate, and monitor her or him if necessary. Furthermore, when the person concerned poses a possible security threat, it is not only a responsibility over the person that is exported to other States but also a risk of terrorism as well as a burden to counter that risk. The practice of nationality deprivation has extensively been scrutinized from a human rights perspective, with a focus on its consequences towards the individual concerned. This article, however, takes a different approach and looks at this practice from the perspective of inter-state relations, focusing on how it affects other involved States or actors. Thus, instead of focusing on international human rights law, this article looks at the inter-state perspective to nationality deprivation and examines public international law’s position towards this practice of buck-passing by examining other rules and obligations.

Communication Strategies and Terrorism Risk Preparedness among the Residents of Nairobi City County

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to establish the association of communication strategies and terrorism risk preparedness among the residents of Nairobi City County. Materials and Methods: This study followed a mixed-methods design mainly of a questionnaire survey complemented by observation, key informant interviews and document analysis, The design employed the Concurrent Convergent (Triangulation) Parallel strategy. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi City County has a resident population of 4,397,073. A further estimated 2.5 million non-residents troupe to the city-county daily for business and employment or as tourists and travelers in transit to other counties. Therefore, the target population for this study was approximately 6.5 million. The study population was drawn using stratified purposive random sampling technique where the list of all the sampling locations was categorized into four strata. The sample size was 640 respondents who were proportionately drawn randomly drawn from four different strata. Findings: Regression of coefficients showed that research and alerts in communication and terrorism risk preparedness were positively and significantly related (β=0.293, p=0.000). In addition, results showed that emergency action and public education and terrorism risk preparedness were positively and significantly related (β=0.109, p=0.004). Governments that fail to warn their citizens when aware of imminent or possible terror threats will be accused of failing in their duty. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concludes that the use effective communication strategies is critical for terrorism risk preparedness, as they enhance message reception and thus motivate preparedness planning and action taking. This in turn can help in detecting and thwarting attacks before they happen, mitigate the impact of attacks, promote public safety during attacks, and build community resilience. Therefore, the study recommends that organizations, be they government agencies, first responders and corporates should incorporate effective Communication strategies into the overall crisis preparedness plans, in order to enhance their ability to communicate and respond effectively during terrorism attacks.

Money laundering and terrorist financing risks and democratic governance: a global correlational analysis

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the association between money laundering (ML)/terrorist financing (TF) risks (hereafter, money laundering risks) and democratic governance across 117 countries.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional design was used to examine the association between ML risks and democratic governance by a quantitative approach. The findings are based on annual ratings of 117 countries on ML/TF risks and democracy while controlling for criminality and peace. The data was compiled from the Basel Anti-Money Laundering/Countering Financing Terrorism Risks Index, the Economic Intelligence Unit (Democracy Index), the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crimes (Criminality Index) and the Institute for Economics and Peace Index for 2020.FindingsA multiple linear regression model found a statistically significant negative association between democratic governance and ML risks (B = −0.354, t = −7.454, p = <0.001) and a significant positive association between criminality and ML risks (B = 0.242, t = 2.692, p = 0.008).Research limitations/implicationsA cross-sectional design cannot determine causal inferences and generalization (Levin, 2006). The study only used a year to examine the hypothesis of a negative correlation between ML risks and democratic governance, thus making generalization difficult.Originality/valueExtant literature examined ML, terrorism and AML diversely. There was a need to estimate the association between ML risks and democratic governance, especially globally, during a global crisis like COVID-19, when democratic principles, such as the rule of law, transparency and accountability, are challenged. Many personnel were laid off, thus limiting supervision for ML and TF. This study presents evidence of this association.

The Competency And Awareness Level Of Anti-Money Laundering &amp; Counter Financing Terrorism Risk Judgment Amongst Malaysian Banking Compliance Officers

The Competency And Awareness Level Of Anti-Money Laundering &amp; Counter Financing Terrorism Risk Judgment Amongst Malaysian Banking Compliance Officers

Counterterrorism in Indonesia: The Police Role in Ensuring Security

In response to the mounting threat of terrorism in Indonesia, especially evident through alarming bombing incidents since 2002, the Indonesian National Police assumes a pivotal and multifaceted role. This research, employing a sociolegal research approach with a qualitative design, intricately explores the dynamics of terrorism, scrutinising legal frameworks, preventive strategies, and law enforcement tactics. The Police’s role in counterterrorism unfolds through a comprehensive framework encompassing preventive, preemptive, repressive, and curative measures. The analytical-descriptive methodology provides detailed insights into the social and legal aspects, underlining the significance of understanding and adapting to the evolving threat landscape. Preventive efforts involve proactive community engagement, public education on terrorism risks, and awareness promotion. Simultaneously, preemptive measures focus on community development, intelligence operations, and community policing, addressing potential threats before escalation. Repressive actions post-crime involve the Criminal Investigation Unit leading investigations, apprehensions, and legal proceedings, ensuring legal consequences for perpetrators and contributing to deterrence and justice. Curative measures, framed as rehabilitation, involve closely monitoring individuals suspected of terrorist activities, even without concrete evidence, adding a layer of prevention to uphold national security.

Information Source Attributes and Terrorism Risk Preparedness among the Residents of Nairobi City County

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to establish the association of source attributes and terrorism risk preparedness among the residents of Nairobi City County.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This study followed a mixed-methods design comprising mainly of a questionnaire survey complemented by observation, key informant interviews and document analysis, The design employed the Concurrent Convergent (Triangulation) Parallel strategy. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi City County has a resident population of 4,397,073. A further estimated 2.5 million non-residents visit the city-county daily for business, work, or as tourists and travelers in transit to other counties. Therefore, the target population for this study was approximately 6.5 million. The study population was drawn using stratified purposive random sampling technique where the list of all the sampling locations was categorized into four strata. The sample size was 640 respondents who were proportionately randomly drawn from four different strata. &#x0D; Findings: Regression of coefficients showed that source attributes and terrorism risk preparedness were positively and significantly related (β=0.379, p=0.000). Specifically, 53.6% of the respondents agreed with the statement that receiving information from credible sources on terrorism attacks provides motivation for preparedness in case of a terrorist attack. Similarly, 64.8% agreed with the statement that consistency in terrorism risks communications provides motivation to preparedness behaviour adoption 62.6% of the respondents were in concurrence that competence among that communication terrorism risk preparedness was a motivating factor for preparedness. Further, only 43.1% of the respondents indicated that their organisations were using experts in terrorism risk communication and preparedness. 64.6% were of the opinion that involving non experts in decisions related to terrorism risk communications and preparedness can result in preparedness action taking laxity.&#x0D; Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that professionals charged with emergency risk communication for terrorism preparedness should particularly: demonstrate expertise and competence in the subject matter to instill confidence in their audiences that the information is reliable and useful. This can be achieved by involving qualified professionals, experts, or organizations with relevant experience in emergency risk preparedness and build trust by being transparent, honest, and reliable in communication. Trust can also be enhanced by providing accurate information, acknowledging uncertainties when applicable, and addressing any concerns or doubts promptly.

Behavioural-based risk of the Built Environment: Key Performance Indicators for Sudden-Onset Disaster in urban open spaces

The assessment of risk in the Built Environment (BE) involves understanding the inseparable relationship between the physical space and its users. In emergency management, particularly during Sudden-Onset Disasters (SUODs), effective evacuation is crucial for individuals’ resilience in BE. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) offer a quantitative approach to risk assessment, facilitating a systematic evaluation of various risks within BE. The research focuses on seismic events and terrorist acts as relevant SUODs and proposes KPIs derived from literature-based indicators to assess the impact of construction and morphological features of Built Environment Typologies (BETs) and user-related factors on urban open space risk (behaviors, exposure, vulnerability). These KPIs are then applied to established BETs, that are archetypes from real-world configurations of urban open spaces, and tested through seismic and terrorist risk scenarios along with emergency simulations. Results indicate significant variations among BETs, emphasizing the importance of factors, such as geometry (static KPIs) and evacuation behaviour (dynamic KPIs) in determining risk levels. Evacuation route length and complexity emerge as critical in larger BETs, while insufficient safe areas pose challenges in smaller ones. This KPI-based approach is recognized as a crucial step toward establishing a comprehensive metric for risk assessment in BE open spaces, with potential real-world applications to quantify the efficacy of risk mitigation measures. The results demonstrate the KPIs' potential in quantifying disaster risks and user behaviours, representing a crucial step towards an overarching metric for BE-risk assessment during SUODs in open spaces.

India-China Geopolitical Tensions: Strategic and NationalSecurity Implications with respect to Maldives

The geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean is undergoing significant shifts, with thechanging political dynamics in the Maldives, the evolving India-China relationship, and India'sstrategic moves in the Lakshadweep archipelago. This paper examines the intricate interplaybetween domestic politics, regional alliances, and strategic concerns in the Indian Ocean,focusing on the implications for India's national security. The Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagosarchipelago has historically been strategically important to India, and recent developments,such as the establishment of India’s second naval facility in the Lakshadweep and the politicalshift in the Maldives, have brought this region into the spotlight. The changing India-Chinarelationship, fuelled by China's growing influence in the Maldives and India's historical tieswith the previous Maldivian administration, has raised concerns about the potential creation ofa power vacuum in the Indian Ocean. The Maldivian President's call for the withdrawal ofIndian troops from the country could potentially favour China's influence and jeopardize vitalsea routes, increasing the risks of instability, piracy, terrorism, and other criminal activities.India's proactive diplomacy under its "Neighbourhood First Policy" aims to sustain its imageas a great power while countering China's rise in the region. This research explores therelationship between China and the Maldives, its implications for India, and the patterns ofinvestment by both India and China in the Maldives. The broader implications of the India-China geopolitical conflict on India's national security in international waters are also examined.

Simultaneous consideration of the accident and terror risks for hazardous materials transportation

Simultaneous consideration of the accident and terror risks for hazardous materials transportation

The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Supplier–Customer Relationships

We examine the causal effects of nearby terrorist attacks on supplier–customer relationships. We find that for supplier firms located near terrorist attacks, the probability of relationship termination with their major customers increases by 2.9 percentage points within two years following the attacks. The major customers’ intensified perceptions of supply chain risk largely drive the relationship termination. Further analyses show that major customers tend to switch to suppliers with lower terrorism risks after they end their relationships with the suppliers near attacks. This study provides new insights into the consequences of terrorism by extending the focus to the response of a key stakeholder group (i.e., trade partners) instead of the attack-afflicted firms per se.

Towards AI-Driven Prediction of Terrorism Risk Based on the Analysis of Localized Web News

Towards AI-Driven Prediction of Terrorism Risk Based on the Analysis of Localized Web News

Protracted Rohingya Crisis in Bangladesh: Exploring National and International Security Implications

The Rohingyas of Rakhine state have been denied citizenship in their homeland. Myanmar's military attack has forced them out of the country. Escaping violence, about 1.6 million Rohingya took shelter in Bangladesh over the period where their protracted refuge has caused a spectrum of security concerns for host country and rest of the world. This article focuses on the national and international dimensions of the security threats created by the Rohingya crisis. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of the regional security complex and three levels of security, this article investigates national and international security implications induced by the Rohingya refugees. This study utilizes a qualitative research approach to analyze primary and secondary data, revealing that the protracted refugee crisis has created a range of security threats, including societal, political, environmental, and the emergent specter of terrorism within Bangladesh. In addition, regional and international networks of Rohingya’s insurgent groups pose the risk of terrorism that has far-reaching implications for international security. The article concludes that Bangladesh should pursue a long-term solution to resolve the security issues associated with the Rohingya crisis, which is the repatriation of the Rohingyas in Myanmar.