Encountering risk with resilience for experiences: a case study on tourism in a conflicted tourist destination

Safety in the construction industry has always been a major issue. Wherever reliable records are available, construction is found to be one of the most dangerous on safety and health criteria, particularly in developing countries. Though much improvement in construction safety has been achieved, the industry still continues to lag behind most other industries with regard to safety. In developing countries, safety rules usually do not exist; if any exist, the regulatory authority is usually very weak in implementing such rules effectively. Further, work hazards at the construction workplace are either not perceived at all, or perceived to be less dangerous than what they actually are. The safety climate of any organisation consists of employees' attitudes towards, and perceptions of, health and safety behaviour. Construction workers' attitudes towards safety are influenced by their perceptions of risk, management, safety rules and procedures. Although research into safety climate has continued for more than two decades, there is still no universally accepted theory of safety climate. Nevertheless, positive correlation exists between workers' safe behaviour and safety climate in construction site environments. Workers' attitudes and behaviours discernible in safety climate, could be regarded as the micro-elements of an organisation, which themselves are determined by macro-elements of safety management systems and practices. Thus, it could be argued that management safety systems and practices permeate down through the organisation to the workforce. Classic construction safety management functions (such as recruitment, training, supervision, etc.) are determined by different conceptions of the role and nature of management effectiveness. These conceptions are underpinned by related cultural values. Therefore, national culture can be a key characteristic that may manifest itself in varying approaches to the safe work behavior. Pakistan is a developing country that is currently enjoying a relatively strong growth in construction activities. Unfortunately, Pakistan's construction industry suffers from poor safety and health conditions. The framework of the existing occupational and health conditions is fragmented and inadequately enforced, making construction sites more hazardous. It may even be argued that relevant regulations are outdated and irrelevant in day-to-day construction operations. This thesis is broadly concerned with national culture and its influence on safety climate in the construction industry in Pakistan. More specifically, it investigates the safety perceptions, attitudes, and behaviour of Pakistani construction workers and management safety practices. It presents the empirical results of a number of questionnaire surveys administrated in Pakistan targeting construction workers, and managers with safety management responsibilities. Based upon the survey analysis results, this study demonstrates that the majority of Pakistani construction workers have a good degree of risk awareness and self-rated competence, and a relatively high degree of safety awareness. Further it was found, empirically, that overall workers' intentional behaviour seems to be best explained by workers' attitudes towards their own and managements' safety responsibilities, as well as their perception of the risk they are generally exposed to in their workplace environment. The study also showed that workers are more collective, feminist, believe in less power distance and opt for higher uncertainty avoidance in their attitudes. The analysis of the interrelationship between workers' behaviour and national culture revealed that the more workers working in a collective, feminist, and higher uncertainty avoidance environments, the more they are going to exhibit safer behaviour. The management safety practices survey analysis showed that managers' safety management preferences are being influenced by their cultural trends. Their safety related decisions, whether being developed in head office or on site, are influenced by their high collectivistic, feministic, power distance and uncertainty avoidance attitude. This study thus establishes a statistically significant positive relationship between the factors of workers' perceptions, attitudes and safe work behaviour, and management practices. Finally, this study gauges empirically the influence of cultural dimensions on workers' perceptions, attitudes, and safe work behaviour and managers' safety practices. The analysis showed that managers' operational practices on site have the most statistically significant relationship with workers' attitudes and perceptions. It was also found that the more collectivistic and higher uncertainty avoidance attitude of workers, the stronger their safety attitudes and perceptions will be.

Lee, M.S.; Chun, S.B.; Park, C.; Suh, K.B., and Lee, C.W., 2017. Perception of safety as a mediator in the relations among service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention at Korean beach sites. In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 16–20. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This research verifies the mediating effect of perception of beach safety on the relationship among beach service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. A questionnaire was used for measurement. Convenience sampling of Non-probability sampling was used. Three hundred and five questionnaires were distributed in the Seoul and Gyeong-gi areas, of which 295 were used for the final analysis to evaluate the hypotheses. SPSS 21 and AMOS 20.0 software were used to conduct the frequency analysis, validity tests, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and str...

This paper’s focus is Russia, a country where trust in police has been low for decades. We examine key factors that explain citizens’ assessments of risk and safety, perceptions of police legitimacy and engagement in precautionary behaviors. We further explore the relationship between gender, prior victimization, and neighborhood incivilities to explain citizens’ safety perceptions. Two key findings emerge from a survey of millennials from St. Petersburg, Russia. Police legitimacy is a strong predictor that is positively related to citizens’ safety perceptions. However, engagement in precautionary behaviors is inversely related to respondents’ safety and risk perceptions. In addition, we have found that being a female is a strong predictor of feeling unsafe, a finding consistent with studies from other parts of the world. Neighborhood incivilities are negatively associated with safety perceptions, but its effect was only marginal for men in the subgroup analysis. Implications for the citizens’ practices of engagement in co-producing safety versus enhancing police legitimacy and the police role in enhancing risk and safety perceptions are discussed.

Using diary methods, we explored characteristics of young adults’ sexual risk interactions over a 2‐week period and the framing effects indicate in associations between the perceived risk and safety of these sexual risk behaviors. We screened all participants to ensure moderate to high scores on an HIV knowledge measure. Men (n = 44) and women (n = 48) enrolled at an inner‐city college collected diary data, generating reports of 440 sex occasions over a 2‐week period (1,278 person‐days). Despite participation in sexual risk activities, including highly inconsistent condom use during intercourse, participants uniformly reported high safety and little to no risk. Only women's perceptions of safety (not risk) were associated with condom use, men's perceptions of both safety and risk were unrelated. Ratings of safety and risk appeared to operate independently for the most part. Sex with new partners and new sexual activity were associated with both judgments of greater risk and lower safety were associated for men only. These results add to the growing evidence that young people fail to integrate their general knowledge regarding HIV risk into their personal interactions. This study has implications for the development of cognitive models around sexual decision‐making for young adults at risk for HIV and may provide insight into the contextual features of sexual interactions associated with young people's perceptions of risk and safety.

Since early 2020, the world has faced a pandemic that has caused a disruption in our lives, the likes of which have never been seen before. The COVID-19 pandemic changed the way we live, work, communicate, socialize, travel and even plan our future life. The lockdowns and civilian and travel restrictions imposed by countries worldwide have drastically affected citizens' daily routines and mobility. In consequence, all sectors are currently struggling with an unprecedented crisis, as health-related concerns have substantial effects on travel industry at the local, national and global level. The current increase in mortality rate caused by the new coronavirus has affected individuals' risk and safety perceptions and consequently their travel behaviour.A quantitative research methodology using an online questionnaire was implemented in Portugal, and a sample composed of 1900 answers collected during one year allowed to analyze the impact that the current pandemic has on people's safety and risk perceptions and how it is affecting their daily life and travel behaviours and their willingness to accept civilian and travel restrictions. The results confirmed that the pandemic had a strong impact on Portuguese residents' safety perceptions and their travel and tourism plans. Also, it was possible to conclude that those perceptions have changed over the course of three pandemic waves.The discussion focuses on the kind of implications this situation may have for tourism destination management and marketing. Study limitations and guidelines for future research are also forwarded.

Considering the coronavirus risk, the purpose of the study is to reveal the group differences in travel risk perception, travel behaviour and behavioural intention in terms of the tourists’ sociodemographic characteristics – gender, age and past travel experience. A convenience sampling was used and members of the eligible travel groups on social media platforms were invited to respond to an online survey. A total of 160 responses were obtained from Turkey in January 2021. Exploratory factor analysis, independent samples t-tests and cross-tabulation analysis were performed to analyse the data. This study determined the differences in the risk perception of coronavirus, travel behaviour and travel intention of tourists in terms of gender and age of tourists. Although it is known that the higher the experience, the lower the risk perception, the study showed no differences associated with the past travel experience. This supposes that all tourists, regardless of their past experience, perceived the coronavirus risk in the same way as its influence has been tremendous globally. Consequently, tourism professionals should attract target markets at the appropriate time with compatible strategies regarding the sociodemographic factors.

To explore Italian paediatric nurses' reported burnout and its relationship to their perceptions of safety and adverse events. A cross-sectional study using the RN4CAST@IT-Ped database with a web-based survey design. The RN4CAST@IT-Ped questionnaire was used to collect data in 2017. This comprised three main components: three dimensions (22 items) of the Maslach Burnout Inventory including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Participants also scored an overall grade of patient safety and estimated the occurrence of adverse clinical events. Nurses (N=2,243) reported high levels of burnout. Most rated clinical safety as high. The risk of adverse events ranged from 1.3-12.4%. The degree of burnout appeared to influence the perception of safety and adverse events. The association between nurses' burnout and perceptions of higher rates of adverse events and reduced safety in clinical practice is an important finding. However, it is unclear whether this was influenced by a negative state of mind, and whether reduced safety and increased adverse events negatively influenced nurses' well-being, thus leading to burnout. Regardless, the association between nurses' burnout and these quality concepts needs further exploration to examine the effect, if any, on burnout and safety, and identify supportive mechanisms for nurses. The association between reported burnout and perception of safety and risk of adverse events in Italian paediatric nurses has been reported for the first time. Nurses reporting burnout are at greater risk of intensely negative perceptions of clinical safety and adverse events. This is an important finding as perceptions can influence practice and behaviours. Quality measures in children's clinical environments need to go beyond obvious indicators to examine nurses' well-being as this also influences quality and safety.

While there is no panacea for alleviating campus safety concerns, safety experts agree that one of the key components to an effective campus security plan is monitoring the environment. Despite previous attempts to measure campus safety, quantifying perceptions of fear, safety, and risk remains a challenging issue. Since perceptions of safety and incidents of crime do not necessarily mirror one another, both were utilized in this investigation. The purpose of this article is to describe an innovative, mixed methods approach for assessing campus safety at a large, urban campus in the southeast region of the United States. A concurrent triangulation design was implemented to allow investigators the opportunity to collect qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously and integrate results in the interpretation phase. Data were collected from four distinct sources of information. Student focus groups yielded data regarding perceptions of risk, and kernel density analysis was used to identify "hot spots" of campus crime incidents. While in many cases perceived risk and actual crime incidents were associated, incidents of hot spots of each type occurred independently with such frequency that an overall correlation of the two was not significant. Accordingly, while no significant correlation between perceived risk and crime incidents was confirmed statistically, the geospatial integration of these data suggested three types of safety conditions. Further, the combination of focus group data and spatial analyses provided a more comprehensive and, therefore, more complete understanding of the multifaceted issues related to campus safety.

The objective of this study is empirically examine the impact of safety perceptions regarding experiential leisure activities on enjoyment, satisfaction, and behavior intentions at the marine leisure exhibition. The proposed research model with five hypotheses was derived based on the previous research. Simple descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and SEM were utilized to test the proposed research model. The results revealed that participants’ safety perceptions regarding experiential marine leisure activity facilities and equipment had a significant impact on their enjoyment, similarly the participants’ safety perceptions regarding safety personnel had a significant impact on their satisfaction as well. The findings of this study help event and exhibition organizers to gain a comprehensive and strategic understanding of participants’ safety perceptions, and to develop strategies to enhance visitors’ safety perceptions regarding experiential leisure activities at the exhibition.

The research was carried out in four secondary schools, two with a peer support system and two without, and involved a total of 931 pupils (49.5% males and 50.5% females). Participants were aged between 11 and 15 years of age, mean age 12.8 years. The aims were: to compare the perceptions of safety on the part of older and younger pupils in secondary schools with and without a system of peer support in place; to find out if there are differences in perceptions of safety within peer support schools on the part of those who are aware of the existence of a peer support service in their school and those who are not aware; and to find out if pupils in peer support schools are more likely to tell someone about school violence and bullying than those in schools without peer support. The results indicate very little difference between pupil perceptions of safety in schools with and schools without a peer support system in place. In fact, older pupils in the schools without peer support responded that they felt safer than pupils in schools with a peer support system in toilets and lessons. However, within the peer support schools there were significant differences in perceptions of safety between the substantial minority of pupils who were unaware that their school had a peer support system and those who were aware of it. The pupils who were aware felt safer in lessons, perceived school as a friendlier place to be, and worried significantly less about being bullied in comparison with those who were unaware. They were also much more likely to tell someone when bad things happened at school. The results are discussed in the light of previous research in the field and some recommendations are made for the practice of peer support.

This research aims to demonstrate the effect of risk perception and CSR perception on customers’ behavioral intention by analyzing the mediating effect of brand image and moderating effect of compassion. The study is divided into four categories, firstly, testing the influence of customers’ risk and CSR perception on the brand image using low cost carriers; secondly, the effect of brand image on customers’ behavioral intention; thirdly, ascertaining the role of mediating effect of brand image in relationship between risk and CSR perception of customers’ behavioral intention. Finally, the purpose of this study is to verify the moderating effect of compassion on the relationship between risk perception and brand image, and the relationship between CSR perception and brand image. First, this study suggests that customers who use low-cost carriers for the first time in Korea demonstrate the moderating effect of compassion on the relationship between risk perception and brand image, and the relationship between CSR perception and brand image of low-cost airlines. Second, there is a theoretical implication that we have demonstrated the mediating effects of brand image in the relationship between risk perception and customer behavior intention, and CSR perception and customer behavior intention, which are different from existing research.

Violence against healthcare workers has become a significant problem in Türkiye and around the world. Violence in the health sector puts healthcare professionals in a difficult situation physically, psychologically, and socially and can cause emotional burnout. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of perception of safety against violence and psychological resilience on emotional exhaustion in nurses. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was used in the study, using the perception of safety against violence, psychological resilience, and emotional exhaustion scales. The universe of the research consists of nurses working in public hospitals in Türkiye. An online survey form created in Google Forms was sent to nurses who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. Research data were obtained from 298 nurses. Research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling. According to the research results, perception of safety against violence and psychological resilience among nurses have a statistically significant and negative effect on emotional exhaustion. As a result, nurses' perception of safety and psychological resilience against violence should be improved to prevent and reduce emotional exhaustion.

School violence research has broadly overlooked violence directed at teachers. Despite recent growing acknowledgment of teachers’ workplace victimization and concerns regarding the potential costs of the problem worldwide, teachers’ perceptions of safety and risk of workplace victimization have not been sufficiently studied. To fill this gap, this study employed a socioecological approach using qualitative measures to study teachers’ perceptions of risk and protective factors associated with workplace victimization and safety. Thirty-six in-depth interviews with teachers revealed antecedents of workplace victimization and safety both inside and outside the school setting at the individual, organizational, communal, and societal levels. We highlight practice guidelines involving teachers, students, parents, school social and organizational climates, policy, and societal norms.

Construction is a dangerous industry when it comes to workplace injuries, and workers' unsafe behaviour accounts for 80–90% of the injuries. How risk is perceived by individuals and groups affects safety behaviour, and this study examined how different occupational groups on construction sites perceived safety and risk and how these perceptions influenced behaviours and practices related to safety cooperation. Over a period of 4 months, 36 semi-structured interviews and 36 days of observations were carried out with different occupational groups at two construction sites. The results showed that a rational way of perceiving safety and risks was most prominent among project managers, whereas an intuitive way of perceiving safety and risks was prominent among workers. Furthermore, foremen at the two sites voiced a perception of safety and risk that was ‘in between' these two approaches. The results also showed that the differences in perceptions of risk and safety had implications for safety cooperation at the sites which arguably lead to unsafe safety behaviour/practice. Acknowledging and integrating different perceptions of risk and safety could be a valuable starting point for construction safety management and could improve cooperation about safety.

Background College-age students are a particularly important population regarding establishing beliefs about vaccines that carry on into later adulthood. One of the primary ways these beliefs can be influenced is via the source of information that students turn to concerning vaccine information. Method We administered a survey to 180 college-age students based on the WHO Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy (2014). Questions focused on vaccine beliefs, perceived knowledge, perceived safety and perceived risk. Participants were also measured on sources they would use to obtain information on vaccines (e.g. healthcare providers, news media, government official, social media, friends, and parents). Results Based on regression analyses, vaccine beliefs were significantly impacted by safety (β = .44) and risk perceptions (β = .29) at the expense of knowledge perceptions. Furthermore, various information sources influenced perceptions of safety (healthcare provider (β = .24)), risk (social media (β = −.19)), and knowledge (social media (β = −.20) and healthcare providers (β = .16)). Specifically, increases in social media source usage resulted in more negative vaccine beliefs. Conversely, utilization of healthcare providers resulted in more positive vaccine beliefs. Conclusion Results suggest, in cases of college-age students, vaccine information should focus on issues dealing with students’ perceptions of risk and safety, not their level of knowledge. Additionally, while parents and friends may act as a primary information sources, more attention needs to be paid to the negative impact of social media and the positive impact of healthcare providers.