Terrorist Activities Research Articles

Can Terrorism Ever Be Morally Justified?

AbstractThis paper provides a framework to make moral sense of terrorism. The framework consists in a test, referred to as the MODAL test, which is an acronym standing for five tests or principles for determining the moral defensibility or indefensibility of terrorism. The five principles concern the motives for terrorism, its objectives, destructiveness, availability of alternatives, and likelihood of success. This approach makes it conceivable but highly unlikely in practice that a terrorist act is morally justified. The MODAL test does not claim to be an exhaustive framework for analysing the moral legitimacy or illegitimacy of terrorism but rather a practical analytical tool aimed at securing a reliable grasp of the tricky question of the relation between morality and terrorism.

The Challenges of Human Security in the Horn of Africa: The Case of Somaliland.

Purpose: In the Horn of Africa the main challenges to human security in this region have originated from political and state fragility, resource scarcities, and environmental degradation. Human security is arrayed against escalating communal violence, small arms proliferation, and massive movements of people within and beyond the region. Since 1991 the people of Somaliland have successfully established a peaceful and relatively stable state and community. They have managed a process of reconciliation, demobilized the local militias, restored law and order, and held numerous rounds of peaceful elections. Peace, stability, national and state security were enhanced which allowed normal patterns of trade and other economic activities to resume. Therefore the main objective of this study is to analyze the contemporary situation of human security in Somaliland and to figure out the key challenges of human security that faced Somaliland since post 1991and its performance in subject matter. 
 Methodology: The study is exploratory as well as descriptive research designs. Where qualitative data were collected and used. For selection of respondents, non- probabilistic sampling techniques, particularly purposive sampling technique were applied.
 Findings: The study found that Somaliland had made relatively advancement for political, economic, health, personal and community securities post 1991. In addition, the study found that the environmental security challenges in Somaliland are many and complex in nature and Somaliland has chronically food insecure since 1991 due to lack of commitment of the government for realizing food security in the country, frequent natural and man-made disasters that erodes the livelihood base of the community. Also the study found that, Lack of international recognition, Terrorism activities in Somalia are major external challenges of human security in Somaliland. While a high unemployment rate, corruption, weak of governmental institutions and recurrent droughts are the dramatic internal challenges of the realization of human security in the country.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Moreover, the study recommends that the government of Somaliland is required to engage human security notions by employing effective strategies and policy directions, to realize wellbeing of the Somaliland society which would promote both human security and state security since these two concepts are interrelated. Also the study recommends to Somaliland government should Review, evaluate and develop agricultural policies, health policies, environmental policies, economic policies and the legislative and institutional framework on a regular basis for the purpose of promoting and ensuring human security in the country.

THE EVOLVING ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENHANCING URBAN SECURITY: A REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES

Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) has emerged as a pivotal tool in addressing the complexities of urban security, offering insights crucial for effective decision-making and resource allocation in the face of evolving threats. This review examines the multifaceted applications and outcomes of GEOINT in enhancing urban security, encompassing its utilization in surveillance, risk assessment, disaster management, and infrastructure protection. The proliferation of advanced satellite imaging, aerial photography, and geographic information systems (GIS) has revolutionized urban security efforts. Through the integration of various data sources, GEOINT enables the comprehensive mapping and monitoring of urban landscapes, facilitating the identification of vulnerable areas and potential security risks. This proactive approach empowers authorities to preemptively deploy resources and implement targeted interventions, thereby mitigating potential threats before they escalate. Moreover, GEOINT plays a pivotal role in enhancing situational awareness during emergencies and crises. By providing real-time updates on evolving situations, including natural disasters or terrorist activities, GEOINT facilitates rapid response and coordination among emergency responders. Furthermore, its ability to overlay spatial data with demographic and socio-economic information enables a nuanced understanding of the urban environment, ensuring more effective emergency management strategies tailored to specific community needs. Furthermore, GEOINT is instrumental in safeguarding critical urban infrastructure, such as transportation networks, power plants, and water supply systems, from potential security breaches. Through comprehensive spatial analysis, vulnerabilities within infrastructure networks can be identified, and security measures can be optimized to mitigate risks and ensure resilience against potential threats. This review also explores the emerging trends and future directions in the utilization of GEOINT for urban security, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for predictive analytics and anomaly detection. Additionally, the ethical and privacy implications associated with the widespread adoption of GEOINT in urban security are discussed, emphasizing the importance of responsible data governance and transparency. The evolving role of GEOINT in enhancing urban security underscores its indispensability in addressing contemporary security challenges. By leveraging spatial data and advanced analytics, GEOINT offers a comprehensive and proactive approach to safeguarding urban environments, thereby ensuring the safety and resilience of communities in an increasingly complex threat landscape.
 Keywords: Intelligence, Security, Geospatial, Technology, Review.

Monsoon Marauders and Summer Violence: Exploring the Spatial Relationship between Climate Change and Terrorist Activity in India

Climate change is a global phenomenon that has been associated with a growing list of concerns in society today, often leaving more questions than answers. Thus, it is no surprise that questions are forming regarding the effects of climate change on global security, and more specifically, terrorism. India is the ideal case study for investigating the relationship between climate change and extremism, with average temperatures in the country reaching record highs as well as having 9,096 terrorist incidents occur during our 20-year study period between 1998 and 2017. Using daily temperature, precipitation, elevation, and distance to the equator data from the National Climatic Data Center and terrorist incidents from the Global Terrorism Data base (GTD), this study assesses the spatial relationship between these factors through geospatial analyses. Suitability analyses indicate that all the climatological variables tested—temperature, precipitation, and elevation—relate to shifting patterns of terrorist activity. We also found that beyond intensity, seasons result in a shifting of patterns in terrorist behavior to other locales. Implications for the global community and for India specifically are discussed.

Политический ислам в мусульманском мире

The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the influence of political Islam on the political situation in the Muslim world. It is shown that the influence of political Islam in the field of politics of the Muslim world is limited, but the influence of the terrorist activities of radical Islamic groups and organizations should not be underestimated. Radical, traditional and moderate political Islam directly affects the political situation only in thirteen Islamic states with stable ruling regimes, as well as in secular Turkey. At the same time, in all these states, except for the theocratic Islamic dictatorships - Afghanistan and Iran, as well as the Emirate of Qatar, the authorities severely suppress any manifestations of radical political Islam. In twenty quasi-Islamic and secular Muslim states, political Islam does not have a significant impact on the political situation and processes. In some states of this part of the Muslim world, the authorities are forced to actively combat the cross-border terrorist activities of radical Islamic organizations. In almost a quarter of the states of the Muslim world, the political situation is currently unstable, which does not allow us to fully adequately assess the influence of political Islam in these states.

Legal Protection for Children Perpetrating Crimes of Terrorism Based on Law Number 5 of 2018 in Indonesia

This article aims to determine the form of legal protection for children who are perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia as regulated in Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. This is based on the phenomenon of children's involvement in acts of terrorism in Indonesia in recent years. The author uses a juridical-normative approach to analyze the problem of forms of legal protection for children who commit terrorism. The research results show that Law No. 5 of 2018 does not specifically regulate children who are perpetrators of terrorism and Indonesia uses the Child Protection Law and the Juvenile Justice System Law as instruments for handling children who are perpetrators of terrorism.

Form And Content Of Poetry Of Restive Regions: A Critique Of Select Collection Of Poems From The Boko Haram And Bandits’ Occupied Northern States

Modern African poetry is characterized by shifts in both its form and preoccupation. It began with a call for self-governance in an amateurish language. Then came the Soyinkas (the disillusioned poets), whose poems are crafted in a rather difficult style that suggests colonial hang-ups. A major turnaround came in the 1980s when the Osundares’, criticizing the Soyinkas for their untold difficulty, provided a staple, known as the Alter-Native tradition. It seeks to address African conditions using African allusions. They, unlike the largely Greco-Roman, Euro-centric and Biblical form of the Soyinkas, provide an enative alternative. Both Othman and Okpanachi, (then lecturers in the far North-Eastern Nigerian University of Maiduguri) belong to the latter and they write amid the terrific Boko Haram insurgency that threatened to extinct the region. This paper seeks to uncover their style in exposing some of the most horrific acts of both the Boko haram and the herdsmen’s unleashed terror on innocent souls. The paper, harping on the postcolonial discourses of the Palestinian Said, Caribbean Fanon, Indian Bhabha, and Nigerian Chinweizu, looks at the factors and motives behind the assailants’ missions as presented in the collections. It shows how they reveal the misgivings of the current African democracy as embedded in evil acts. These Poets seem to unravel the brazen incompetency of the modern African democratic governments, citing Nigeria as an example. The paper also offers a critique of some other collections of poems from northern Nigerian authors. From 1999 to the mid-2000, the region was ravaged by Boko Haram mayhem. And by 2015 to date, it has been faced with a series of terror activities that range from banditry, and cattle rustling to kidnapping. The region is absolved in fear of terror everywhere. Thus the paper also attempts to critique some of the accounts contained in the poems.

Islam and Terrorism: Supporting or Opposing Each Other?

Terrorism is a problem that affects countries across the globe and attracts more attention from researchers, media, policy makers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and general citizenry. For centuries, various acts of terrorism have been carried out in different parts of the world by different groups. Meanwhile, there is no single factor that could be used to justify terrorist activities. This is because there are countless reasons behind terrorism, most of which are political and economic in nature. Nonetheless, some terrorist groups often claim that they are fighting for Islam and Muslims. But, this is just an attempt to cover their destructive rational acts aimed at achieving personal interests. It uses secondary data from academic books, journal articles and other publications. The study advocate that all stake holders must put hands on deck to ensure that terrorism pose no more threat to the national security and it must to be tackle with all determinations.

REENGINEERING BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES

The deep and prolonged socio-economic crisis observed in Ukraine in recent years has caused a number of problems in the development of domestic enterprises. Financial instability, inflationary processes, devaluation of the national currency, and now the challenges of a full-scale war and the consequences of active hostilities on the territory of Ukraine have led to an imbalance in the system of inter-sectoral relations. Constant missile attacks and extensive damage caused by the aggressor country's terrorist actions have significantly destabilised the operations of Ukrainian enterprises, critically limiting their resource capabilities (human, material, financial) and, consequently, their competitive potential. Significant uncertainty and turbulence in the external environment as a result of a combination of internal and external destabilising factors in the context of wartime challenges have made strategic planning impossible for producers. Therefore, the issues of finding approaches for effective management of enterprises, their restructuring and rehabilitation by identifying development priorities and formulating policies for their implementation are of particular relevance. The purpose of the study is to analyse theoretical and methodological approaches to the implementation of anti-crisis management models, to rethink the concept of enterprise development in terms of the need for strategic changes in the new economic realities, and to make a critical assessment of the system of management technologies, one of which is business process reengineering. To achieve this goal, general scientific methods of cognition were used: deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, and generalisation. An important result of the work is the identification of a relevant link between the achievement of sustainable development goals, ensuring inclusiveness of activities and the content of business process reengineering as an anti-crisis paradigm in the current economic environment of Ukrainian enterprises. The results obtained are of practical value for economic systems focused on radical redesign and fundamental rethinking of business processes in order to achieve a significant improvement in the quality of human capital use.

Juridical Analysis of The Role of The Gegana Datasemen of The Brimob Unit of The Riau Police in Countering Criminal Acts of Terrorism

The criminal act of terrorism is a serious crime that endangers the state ideology, state security, state sovereignty, human values ​​and various aspects of social life so that its eradication needs to be carried out in a specific, planned, directed, integrated and sustainable manner. The Datasemen Gegana Brimob unit is a certain police unit that has the agility to carry out political actions in creating order and security in society, especially in terms of countering the threat of terrorism. This study aims to conduct an analysis of the role of the Riau Islands Police Mobile Brigade Unit Datasemen in combating terrorism crimes with a research study at the Satbrimob Polda Riau Islands Province-Batam. This study analyzes the dimensions of legal regulation and the constraints and solutions. This study uses a descriptive method by using a normative approach (legal research) to obtain secondary data and an empirical approach (juridical-sociological) to obtain primary data through field research (field research). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the role of the Riau Islands Police Mobile Brigade Unit Datasemen in overcoming terrorism crimes has not been maximized. The Datasemen of Brimob Polda Kepri have constraints of limited funds and lack of personnel in carrying out countermeasures for criminal acts of terrorism.

РОЛЬ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ НАУЧНЫХ ТРУДОВ Ю.М. АНТОНЯНА ДЛЯ ТЕОРИИ ОПЕРАТИВНО-РОЗЫСКНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РОССИИ

The scientific article reveals the role of the works of Professor Antonyan Yuri Miranovich for the theory of operational investigative activities in the framework of countering terrorist and extremist manifestations on the territory of the Russian Federation, and also indicates the importance of this author's research for the implementation of law enforcement processes for the identification, disclosure, suppression and prevention of crimes related to terrorist activities.
 The paper examines the provisions of the operational investigative characteristics of crimes, where there is a comparative analysis of the positions in this direction of Professor Antonyan Yuri Miranovich and other researchers in the field of countering terrorist activities.
 The article analyzes the elements of the typology of the terrorist's personality, taking into account Russian criminological traditions and the modern approach to the transformation of the criminal's personality.

Terrorist activity in Germany: approaches to defining the term and structure, nature and features.

The relevance of the research topic lies in the increased danger of terrorist acts in the world. The object of the research presented in the article is terrorism. The subject of the study is terrorist activity in Germany. The purpose of the article is to characterize the phenomenon of terrorist activity in Germany by analyzing theoretical and conceptual approaches to the definition of terrorism and its organizational structures after World War II. Main tasks: to define the term "terrorism", to analyze the structure of terrorism based on theoretical and conceptual approaches, to identify the features and nature of terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany. The research is based on the network theory proposed by S. Stohl and M. Stohl. In the article are used diverse approaches to the definition of the term and structure of terrorism, and also identifies the nature and features of terrorist activity in Germany. The author uses statistical data, analytical reports and scientific literature. The main conclusions of the study are the establishment of the fact that it will take more time for the problem of terrorism to receive a clear legal description both in Germany and in international law, the structural feature of terrorist activity in Germany is represented by party organizations that were active in the second half of the twentieth century, as well as diaspora and religious networks of terrorists, features of terrorism: they are "vindictive", "diaspora-based" and religious in nature. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the wide use of versatile approaches to determining the level structure of terrorist activity in the world, in the European Union, as well as at the state level. Moreover, the author has identified the main features of terrorism in Germany since the second half of the twentieth century.

The New Face of Terrorism: Global and National Challenges

In the contemporary landscape, terrorism has metamorphosed into a multifaceted and dynamic threat, manifesting in diverse forms on both global and national fronts. This paper investigates the intricacies of this evolving phenomenon, shedding light on its new face amidst shifting geopolitical paradigms and technological advancements. Through an exploration of the complex interplay between state and non-state actors, as well as the proliferation of diverse ideologies, it elucidates the challenges posed by modern terrorism at both global and national levels. The analysis encompasses the emergence of asymmetrical warfare tactics, the proliferation of transnational networks, and the diversification of ideological motivations driving terrorist activities. Moreover, it delves into the specific challenges faced by nations, including the rise of domestic radicalization, lone wolf attacks, and vulnerabilities in security infrastructure. By examining these issues, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the contemporary terrorism landscape, highlighting the imperative for international cooperation, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and community engagement strategies in countering this pervasive threat. Through case studies and projections for future trends, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners tasked with addressing the complexities of terrorism in the 21st century.

Global irreparable population losses and economic damage reported by method, strategy, and target of terrorist attack

Relevance. To reduce the consolidated budget burden, public administration both in Russia and abroad is pursuing optimal solutions. In turn, identification of the most effective approaches to eliminating terrorist attack consequences is implemented by all concerned departments, agencies and services, with reimbursement of damages incurred by terrorist attacks among the goals. By analyzing retrospective data on the reported incurred damage of different scale, medical specialists and health care authorities can justify medical and economic feasibility of efforts to adapt preparedness to the elimination of the medical and sanitary consequences of terrorist attacks.The objective is to identify in terms of incurred damage the most dangerous methods, strategies, and targets to perform terrorist attacks.Methods. This study relies on a generalized database of terrorist attack consequences taken place from 1970 through 2020, and reported by various experts. The retrospective analysis included more than 220,000 cases of terrorist actions; the study key parameters were identified to include terrorist attack methods, strategies, and targets.Results and analysis. The study results show that depending on the scale of damage over years, the share of terrorist attacks associated with fatal outcome is characterized by a general upward trend. Terrorist attacks by explosion remains the most significant in terms of frequency of cases and share among other methods. Individuals are top one target of terrorist attacks by the number of cases. Business community representatives bear the utmost share of major consequences.

50 Years of terrorism in Belgium: a review of 121 incidents in the global terrorism database

Objectives Belgium is not only prone to inland terrorism but also attracts terrorist factions aiming at various political, diplomatic, military, and/or religious targets. This study aimed to identify and characterize all documented terrorist attacks in Belgium reported to the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) over a period of 50 years. Methods The GTD was searched for all terrorist attacks in Belgium between 1970 and 2019. Analyses were performed on temporal factors, location, target type, attack and weapon type, attacker type, and number of casualties or hostages. Results In 50 years, 121 incidents accounted for 80 confirmed fatalities and 498 injured people. Bombings and explosions were the most frequently identified attack type (46.3%), followed by assassination (16.5%), infrastructure damage (15.7%) and armed or unarmed assaults (14.0%). Governmental and diplomatic institutions were the most frequent target (24.0%). For those perpetrators the GTD did have enough information we saw a timely change from far left and separatist dominating the early decades to Jihadi groups in the last decade, while anti-semitic factions were active in every decade. Conclusion In contrast to other studies, this study did not show an increase over time. Left-wing perpetrators dominated the eighties. In 50 years of terrorist activity in Belgium, the health care system was spared. Devastating mass casualty attacks challenging the health care system are rare in Belgium.

The Process of Proving Participation in the Crime of Terrorism in Indonesia

Objective: Terror is different from war; acts of terrorism are not subject to the procedures of warfare because the implementation is always sudden and the target victims are often civilians who are in crowded places. In early 2018, the tragedy of terrorism inmates at the Mobile Brigade Command Detention Center (Mako Brimob) in Kelapa Dua, Santa Maria Tak Bercela Church, GKI Diponegoro, Surabaya Central Pentecostal Church Sawahan Congregation, and Makassar Cathedral Church in March 2021 shook hearts with extraordinary horror. In an instant, there were victims of death, trauma, injuries, and lifelong disabilities. So that this can be categorized as a crime against humanity and a serious threat to the sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Purposes of the Research: This research aims to examine and discuss the process of proving participation in the crime of terrorism in Indonesia. Methods: This type of research is normative juridical research, conducted by examining library materials or secondary data using a statutory and conceptual approach. Results and Discussion/Value: Judges play a crucial role in establishing justice during the proof process in the trial of terrorist crimes since the criminal act of terrorism has expanded and taken on multiple interpretations in the law. In order to convict a suspect as a result of an actual act and not just a notion or an ideology that cannot be used as an error, participation must be properly evaluated before labeling the suspect as the culprit in this case.

Foreign and Kazakh experience in the development of anti-terrorist consciousness of student youth

Relevance. Today, there is a need to form a safe educational environment, as the number of factors attracting student youth to terrorist activities has increased recently. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify ways of forming anti-terrorist consciousness among students, their application in different regions of the world. Methodology. The study employed methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, systematisation, and generalisation Results. The study examined the interdisciplinary integrative approach to developing students' anti-terrorism consciousness in educational settings. It conducted a multilevel analysis of the approach's resources and features, identifying how students' personal orientations in society are formed. The research addressed terrorist behavior among students, drawing evidence from various countries and presenting counter-terrorism strategies based on Asian and European higher education experiences. It compared the nature and causes of terrorist behavior among students from different countries, highlighting the causes of formation, values of modern student youth, their influence on consciousness and educational activities were distributed. This comparison helped uncover techniques to shape the meanings and values of student youth effectively. Conclusions. It was concluded that educational institutions are actively addressing the negative impacts of modern conditions that foster student aggression. They must employ technologies of intentional influence and persuasion to shape students' values. Regulating student value orientations can enhance motivation to resist extremism and terrorism and promote an anti-terrorist stance. This study is practically significant, providing findings useful for creating textbooks and manuals in pedagogy and psychology, developing courses on counter-terrorism, and offering recommendations for national security agencies and future research. Keywords: educational space; counteraction; behaviour; values; interdisciplinary approach; integration

Influence node analysis based on neighborhood influence vote rank method in social network

Social Networks are used for various purposes like advertising, product launches, sentiment analysis, opinion mining, and event detection etc. Terrorist targets social network users to spread the terrorism. Influence analysis is used in social networks to find the influence of users and the impact of the messages, mainly for advertising. In this research, the Neighborhood Influence – Vote Rank (NI-VR) method is proposed to analyze the terrorism and social network datasets temporally to find the influence node in Social networks. The Global Terrorism Dataset (GTD) was used to analyze the terrorism activity and temporal analysis on Social Network data to find the influence node. The Neighborhood node influence is measured and considered in the Social Network data to effectively find the influence node. The nodes’ vote score and vote ability were measured to rank the nodes based on influence. The neighborhood influence is measured to update the vote score and vote ability based on influence value. The neighborhood influence method is applied to rank the node has the advantage of analyzing the probability of affected nodes and recover nodes that help to effectively find the influence nodes. The outcomes illustrate that the proposed NI-VR achieved a maximum spread influence of 843 and the existing Greedy method has a higher spread influence of 840 in influence node analysis.

Challenges and Lessons Learned from Counter Terrorism Strategies in Kenya

The changing nature of terrorism activities both in the developed and developing countries makes it imperative to fully tackle this problem. Fears of advancement in weapons by terrorists to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons continue to be on the rise. As such, despite formulation of numerous strategies, the states and regions remain vulnerable to future terrorist attacks. The objective of this study to explore the challenges encountered in counter terrorism strategies employed in Kenya. The study employed a desktop review and thematic analysis to provide a multi-dimensional exploration of the challenges confronting Kenya's efforts to counter terrorism. This approach not only contextualized the current state of counter-terrorism within the nation but also contributed to a more holistic comprehension of the intricate dynamics involved. The study revealed that the respondents encounter challenges in the fight against terrorism in Kenya. The study also found that the most faced challenge was inadequate training and inadequate funding in the security organizations. These tend to act as a limit barrier in not only acquiring but also utilizing modern terrorism equipment. However, unclear definition of law was the least experienced challenge showing that there were no legal barriers in the implementation of the counter terrorism strategies. The study recommends that the security agents should put measures to ensure increased public participation in countering terrorism. Additionally, the study recommends audit and scrutiny of the security agencies so as to ensure that they are well capable and trained for their respective positions.

Tracking Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: From Kartosuwiryo to Abu Bakar Ba'asyir

This article evaluates the perceived connection between the religious radicalism that emerged in Indonesia following the establishment of the new, independent Republic, and the development of new groups associated with terrorist activities in recent decades. Tracing the historical development of religious radical movements in the country through to the present day, this article seeks to elaborate and analyze the interconnections of religious radical movements that occur in Indonesia and their relationship with global radicalism. This article uses a qualitative method based on library research.
 Keywords: Abu Bakar Ba’asyit, Genealogi, Kartosuwiryo, Radicalism