Terrorist Activities Research Articles

Penerapan Kompensasi Terhadap Korban Kejahatan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Studi Kasus Bom Bali

The bombing incident that occurred in Bali in 2002 was a tragedy that attracted world attention, with victims reaching 202 deaths and more than 200 people injured. This tragedy occurred after the hijacked plane crashed into the World Trade Center towers in America in 2001, which increasingly increased global attention to the issue of terrorism. The aim of this research is to examine compensation for victims of terrorist crimes. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a normative juridical approach using secondary data in the form of documents and books regarding the object of this research, then this research uses 3 types of legal materials in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The findings of this research show that in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, victims of criminal acts of terrorism also receive protection for their personal security, family and property, and are free from threats. relating to testimony that will be, is being, or has been given and participating in the process of selecting and determining forms of security protection and support as well as providing information without pressure. Protection for victims of criminal acts of terrorism implemented in Indonesia is based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Bali bombing victims have the right to receive legal protection and compensation from the state for the acts of terrorism that occurred. They also receive protection for their personal security, family and property, and are free from threats related to the testimony they will, are giving, or have given.

К вопросу об использовании инструментария дипломатии в террористических целях

The modern landscape of counterterrorism is characterized by a shift towards geopolitical confrontation, exemplified by the situations in Libya and Syria. Through the utilization of near-terrorist tactics such as narrative warfare, intimidation, and blackmail, officials, including diplomatic personnel, from certain countries wield international influence in pursuit of their geopolitical objectives, fostering panic, fear, and societal unrest. This phenomenon has become evident since the initiation of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine, where actions by terrorist factions received endorsement from Western governments. Currently, diplomatic services and select international bodies overtly rationalize terrorist activities and levy accusations against Russia. Considering the transformation of diplomatic activity, there is a need to study such a destructive international phenomenon as “diplomatic terrorism”, which inherently runs counter to classical diplomacy based on the principle of peaceful resolution of foreign policy issues. The genesis of this phenomenon is intertwined with technological advancements, the globalization of relations, the proliferation of states worldwide, and the degradation of elite cohorts. The phenomenon of diplomatic terrorism represents a paradigm shift in international relations, challenging traditional diplomatic norms and fostering an environment of heightened geopolitical tensions. Addressing this issue necessitates a multifaceted approach that combines diplomatic efforts, counterterrorism measures, and international cooperation to safeguard global stability and security.

Общественно значимая информация как предмет преступлений против общественной безопасности

This article presents the results of a study of the legal significance of the category “socially significant information”, which is a novel in modern Russian criminal law. The content of this formulation is revealed, predetermined by the fact that it implies any information relevant to society, that is, information about events or facts that relate to an indefinite circle of people and are able to influence their vital activity. The correlation of categories of socially significant information and information about circumstances that pose a threat to the life and safety of citizens has been established. The conclusion is made, confirmed by the materials of judicial practice, according to which socially significant information covers the concept of these circumstances in its content. At the same time, it is substantiated that socially significant information is also the subject of crimes consisting in knowingly false reporting of an act of terrorism, as well as in spreading false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In addition, the article notes that an important feature of socially significant information as the subject of crimes provided for in Chapter 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is its ability to influence public safety.

Rohingya Refugee in Bangladesh: An Overview from Multi-DimenSional Approaches

The Rohingya refugee crisis is not a recent phenomenon for Bangladesh rather Bangladesh has started experiencing the problems of the issue of Refugees since 1978. Presently, a large number of unregistered refugees fled from Myanmar and are living in two official camps in Nayapara and Kutupalong which have become a matter of great concern for Bangladesh. These people are simply spoiling the reputation of Bangladesh in the international arena, at the same time, becoming the security threat for Bangladesh through committing various crimes including involving themselves in terror activities, working like drug traffickers and others as well as using fake Bangladeshi passport. However, this article is a comprehensive study to understand about- “Rohingya Refugee in Bangladesh: An Overview from Multi-Dimensional Approaches”. Here, obviously tried to understand from Bangladesh perspective but also an objective study of how Bangladesh is facing challenges to deal with the crisis and also a discussion on how other powerful countries and International Organizations are working to resolve the most burning issue. Moreover, this article argues that the Rohingya crisis is no longer only a humanitarian calamity but a potential threat to Bangladesh’s internal stability.

The spectre of terrorism and the stock market

ABSTRACT Terrorism is a major issue in the twenty-first century. In this paper, we examine the effect of terrorism on the stock market. We go beyond previous studies to explore the spectre of terrorism on the market rather than terrorist activities. Using a narrative-based approach á la Shiller (2019), we find that the spectre of terrorism during the Northern Ireland Troubles reduced returns and increased volatility in the UK stock market.

Ambivalent Culture: A Migrant's Subject in Kiran Desai’s the Inheritance of Loss

The research explores The Inheritance of Loss from the perspective of Post-colonialism. The cultural relation between East and West or the Indian and Western culture is hierarchical, controversial, and ambivalent due to misunderstanding and misinterpretation. In this age of multiculturalism and globalization, any individual has a fondness for Western culture. But being a migrant, people experience cultural controversy and contradictory feelings simultaneously. Ambivalent Culture is the subject of Third and Fourth World people. At first, these people observe the First and Second World; and assume their superiority in culture, custom, and lifestyle; and they are highly modernized and technologically updated. Due to these assumptions, the Third and Fourth World people willingly migrate to the First and Second World with the dream of economic prosperity and for the betterment of life to secure a better future by accepting the very concept of Western lifestyle, custom, and culture. The main problem of migrants appears with the involvement of Western lifestyle and culture, and they encounter cultural dilemmas and trauma. The migrants realize the gap between their own culture and another culture; and as compensation the hybridity in culture appears—the migrants relocate their existence with the cultural hierarchy, disorder, geopolitical confusion, inequality, illegal immigration, and forefront terrorism activity. The Third and Fourth World people’s migration to secure life with prosperity and a bright future in the First and Second World postulates the imbalance contact between self-identity and foreign identity which lead to the crucial situation and forms ambivalent culture; of the subject of migrant.

Islam, Radicalism and Terrorism in the Perspective of the Qur'an: A Thematic Interpretive Study

This study examines the relationship between Islam, radicalism, and terrorism from the perspective of the Qur'an using a thematic interpretation approach. The main focus is to understand how the Qur'an views and responds to issues related to radicalism and terrorism. This analysis includes an examination of relevant Qur'anic verses, particularly Surah Al-Hujurat verse 9 and Al-Maidah verse 33, which emphasize that radical and terrorist actions are not justified in Islam. The study also traces the historical and ideological roots of radicalism and terrorism in Islam, including the influence of Khawarij jurisprudence post the Battle of Siffin. In conclusion, the Qur'an strongly condemns acts of violence and extremism and underscores the importance of a correct and moderate understanding of religion to prevent the misuse of religious teachings.

Changes in the Regulation of Terrorism Financing in Law Number 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code

Criminal Acts of Terrorism (CAT) are a global threat that threatens national security as well as regional and global peace and stability, including Indonesia. Terrorism financing is one of the key factors that enable terrorist groups to carry out acts of terrorism in Indonesia. Therefore, efforts to prevent and eradicate the Criminal Act of Terrorism Financing (CATF) are very important to stop the CAT. In its development, CATF can be seen as a criminal act that stands alone and is different from its parent crime, terrorism. This is because terrorism financing has peculiarities as well as different modus operandi. Therefore, the international community includes it in the anti-money laundering and terrorism financing regime. In response to this, Indonesia has separated CATF from CAT through Law Number 9 of 2013 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of CATF. Over time, the Government of Indonesia has ratified and enacted the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (CC), which also regulates CATF. This research uses normative legal research methods through document review. This study analyzes the different arrangements of the CATF after enacting the new Criminal Code Law. Differences in the regulation of the CATF after the enactment of the new Criminal Code include the CATF being part of the terrorism criminal act regime and removing the phrase "intentionally" in CATF-related offenses, a decrease in the threat of criminal fines for CATF.

Improving the AML/CFT system within the framework of the RMS of the subject of a financial and credit institution: shortcomings and vulnerabilities

The article is devoted to the analysis of the shortcomings and vulnerabilities of the AML/CFT system (countering the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism) within the framework of the risk management system (RMS) of the subject of a financial and credit organization (FCO). In the context of globalization and the increasing complexity of financial transactions, traditional approaches to AML/CFT are becoming insufficient, which requires improving risk management systems taking into account new challenges. Attention is focused on the fact that today the issue of money laundering and financing of terrorist activity is a global threat to the financial security of both individual states and the entire global economic system. In addition, this study emphasizes that according to the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, in the context of the transformation of modern society and increasing international uncertainty, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of using existing achievements and competitive aspects of the country, taking into account long-term trends in global development. The article examines the key shortcomings of the AML/CFT system within the framework of the FCO RMS, including the lack of a unified approach to risk assessment, insufficient integration of AML/CFT into general risk management processes, lack of resources and staff qualifications, as well as difficulties in applying new technologies in combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The paper analyzes the impact of these shortcomings on the effectiveness of the AML/CFT system and identifies key vulnerabilities that can be used by criminals for money laundering and terrorist financing. The article offers recommendations for improving the AML/CFT system within the framework of the FCO RMS, including the introduction of more effective risk assessment methods, improved control and monitoring processes, staff training and the introduction of new technologies into the AML/CFT system.

Echo of the Arab Spring in Asia: A Quantitative Analysis

There is no doubt that the Arab Spring triggered a global wave of social and political destabilization which significantly exceeded the scale of the Arab Spring itself and affected all the world-system zones, including Asian countries.2 The analysis suggests that in the Asian region there were two waves of destabilization caused by the Arab Spring. The first started in 2011 and included a series of mostly peaceful protests, which had some features similar to the Middle Eastern revolutions in their organizational forms and communication methods. The second wave, in turn, took place in 2012–2014, when protest movements in Asia began to follow their own path, adding local discontent to their agenda. It was also connected with a sharp increase in terrorist activity in the Middle East, due to the weakening of several authoritarian governments and the emergence of consolidated terrorist organizations. Some Islamist groups in some Muslim-majority Asian countries, in their turn, pledged allegiance to these organizations (first of all, to ISIS/Daesh). Terrorist activity spread from the Arab world to Asia through various channels: the internationalization of jihadist ideas by militarized groups; ISIS propaganda on the Internet; refugees and jihadists returning to the region from the battlefields of the Arab World.

Analysis of the Cybersecurity Threats in Botswana Using Publicly Available Data

Online criminal and terrorist activities impact society at individual, organizational and national levels. This makes cybersecurity risk a society risk, one in which cyber-attacks affect the whole community. As such a government led cybersecurity response is important, where government, private entities, and individuals each have a part to play. In this study online discussions on cybersecurity in Botswana were analysed to assess the cybersecurity risks and activity in the country. A public cyber threats register is not available in Botswana and organizations do not benefit from shared knowledge on cybersecurity threats and their mitigations in the country. As such Open Source Intelligence data is used to analyse the threats in Botswana. This study concluded that Botswana could benefit more from nation-wide data publicized by the government as this will help support industries that are most affected.

Bribes and Bombs: The Effect of Corruption on Terrorism

We leverage plausibly exogenous variation in regional exposure to corruption to provide causal estimates of the impact of local political corruption on terrorist activity for a sample of 175 countries between 1970 and 2018. We find that higher levels of corruption lead to more terrorism. This result is robust to a variety of empirical modifications, including various ways in which we probe the validity of our instrumental variables approach. We also show that corruption adversely affects the provision of public goods and undermines counter-terrorism capacity. Thus, our empirical findings are consistent with predictions from a game-theoretical representation of terrorism, according to which corruption makes terrorism relatively more attractive compared to peaceful contestation, while also decreasing the costs of organizing and carrying out terrorist attacks.

Blast protection of underwater tunnels with 3D auxetic materials

Abstract In recent years, the risk of blast attacks on underwater tunnels, important transportation routes, has increased due to the growing prevalence of vicious regional conflicts and global terrorist activities. In this work, we investigate the blast impact behavior of underwater tunnels filled with honeycomb core and covered by solid panels. The core is composed of 3D auxetic materials with high energy absorption compared to conventional honeycombs. In order to improve the stiffness of the auxetic structures, a pair of crossed rods is introduce to each cell. The relative densities of 3D auxetic structures are derived theoretically. The coupling effects of the geometrical parameters on the relative density are investigated. Then the deformation patterns of the underwater tunnels at different blast heights are analyzed. The kinetic energy and absorbed energy are discussed for tunnels with 3D auxetic materials and solid materials. Results show that tunnels composed with 3D reinforced auxetic structures can absorb much more energy than solid ones. Moreover, localized damage is observed which means greater chance of survival and smaller repairs after extreme impact. Finally, a stiffness-improved 3D reinforced auxetic structure is presented to enhance the tunnel’s strength and stability further.

Design and implementation of a looking-forward Lawful Interception architecture for future mobile communication systems

Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) heavily rely on Lawful Interception (LI) tools to investigate criminal and terrorist activities. The growing frequency of cybercrime, terrorism-related offenses, and illegal trades in the European Union (EU) has driven LEAs to explore novel LI techniques that align with the developing 5G and Beyond 5G network architectures. Moreover, the emergence of extremely dynamic and distributed networks, the increased usage of end-to-end encryption applications, and privacy protections present limitations for traditional LI approaches. In order to provide a technological solution capable of extending the 3GPP LI standard, this paper presents a novel LI framework designed on top of the standardized 3GPP LI architecture, leveraging an inspection-friendly end-to-end cryptography mechanism (e.g., a Key Escrow algorithm) at the application layer. Moreover, the proposed Lawful Interception (LI) framework enables authorized LEAs to decrypt intercepted end-to-end encrypted data within the core network. Firstly, a security proof validates the security of the proposed LI framework under two attack scenarios. Subsequently, a proof-of-concept workstation implementation that emulates a 5G network for end-to-end data exchange and cloud-based deployment validates the suggested LI framework by affirming the LEA capabilities in decrypting intercepted data. Additionally, the system performance has been studied through experimental tests, ensuring the scalability of the conceived solution and revealing the possibility of intercepting data with mainly real-time latency without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) experienced by the user.

Stacking Ensemble Learning with Regression Models for Predicting Damage from Terrorist Attacks

Terrorist attacks can cause unexpectedly enormous damage to lives and property. To prevent and mitigate damage from terrorist activities, governments and related organizations must have suitable measures and efficient tools to cope with terrorist attacks. This work proposed a new method based on stacking ensemble learning and regression for predicting damage from terrorist attacks. First, two-layer stacking classifiers were developed and used to indicate if a terrorist attack can cause deaths, injuries, and property damage. For fatal and injury attacks, regression models were utilized to forecast the number of deaths and injuries, respectively. Consequently, the proposed method can efficiently classify casualty terrorist attacks with an average area under precision-recall curves (AUPR) of 0.958. Furthermore, the stacking model can predict property damage attacks with an average AUPR of 0.910. In comparison with existing methods, the proposed method precisely estimates the number of fatalities and injuries with the lowest mean absolute errors of 1.22 and 2.32 for fatal and injury attacks, respectively. According to the superior performance shown, the stacking ensemble models with regression can be utilized as an efficient tool to support emergency prevention and management of terrorist attacks.

COACHING EFFORTS FOR TERRORISM PRISONERS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN POSITIVE LAW

The crime of terrorism is a serious crime that requires special guidance methods in handling it. Efforts to handle terrorism cases in Indonesia are carried out through special approaches, namely a hard and a soft approaches. Deradicalization is an action that seeks to develop the mentality of national and religious ideology. This research is empirical legal research that examines Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. The research method applied is descriptive, which aims to describe the actual situation. This data is then analyzed using a quantitative approach, which means the data is analyzed selectively and described before finding a solution to the problem. This data was analyzed to determine the effects of implementing guidance according to Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Efforts to deal with Based on the evidence, it can be concluded that those who commit terrorist crimes in Indonesia are generally quite good. The obtained data shows that former prisoners in terrorism cases in Indonesia have returned to be good citizens. Although Indonesia is making good efforts to combat terrorism, much more needs to be improved. The government, law enforcement agencies and society have to work together in fighting terrorism and avoiding cases of terrorism in the future.

Typology of Terrorist Profiling Using Centrality Metrics: Hinge Figures, Influential Operatives and Trusted Assets

ABSTRACT The increase in terrorist activity worldwide has prompted the development of research tools and methodologies to study the phenomenon of terrorism. Among them, social network analysis (SNA) has found its way into the security studies discipline, which, despite its still timid presence, has increasingly been proven to be a useful tool for detecting underlying structures and key actors. This article seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on the uses of SNA in the study of covert networks by testing the usefulness of metrics such as betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centrality in identifying terrorist roles and functions in the cells that were behind the major terrorist attacks orchestrated by the Islamic State’s external operations apparatus. The study ends with the proposal of a new typology of terrorist profiling according to the results obtained from centrality measures: hinge figures, influential operatives and trusted assets.

Being in-between “to return or to stay”: exploring the experiences of urban displaced people in Mozambique’s Pemba

The province of Cabo Delgado, located in the north of Mozambique, has been inflicted by the conflict and terrorist actions since 2017. The threats they pose, and the unfolding fragility of the security situation have forced over 1.4 million people to flee their homes and communities. While thousands of displaced people are reluctant to risk their lives and return, over five hundred thousand displaced people made their spontaneous way back “home,” and the country continues to struggle with such a reality. In the face of violent disruption and displacement, this paper offers an exploratory review of return from the perspective of encountering and giving meaning to places. Leaving culture (reflexivity again) a bit out, the paper closely looks at the (social and economic) experiences people have developed and carried with them through their displacement (and return) narratives as the main factors influencing the decision to or not to return. This article would then have a twofold purpose. On the one hand, it contributes to the existing debate on conflict, displacement, place and place-making. On the other hand, it would be beneficial to enrich the ongoing research further.

Requisites of Deradicalisation: Study on the De-Ideologisation of Indonesian Ex-Terrorists

Studies on terrorism in Indonesia heavily emphasize a security-first approach, which has had profound implications for counter-terrorism strategies, policies, and terrorist imprisonment. This approach, however, fails to properly grasp the internal “deep experience” of terrorists. There are currently 289 terrorist convicts serving their prison sentences in 113 Correctional Institutions throughout Indonesia. Until 2017, over 60 convicted terrorists have been documented for recidivist behaviour and repeating their crimes. This phenomenon raises the question of the possibility of de-ideologization of terrorists in incarceration and if Indonesia’s criminal justice system is truly effective in deradicalizing terrorists. Our study explores this question by interviewing three different groups: ex-terrorists who have served their prison sentence, terrorists who were still incarcerated in prison, and former sympathizers of ISIS who had been deported back from Syria to Indonesia. We explored the social elements and actors that constituted their radical view, their experiences in prison, and the factors that had led them to abandon terrorist activities or disavow their support for ISIS. We conclude that social-legal policies aiming to effectively reduce the ideological reproduction of terrorism cannot be carried out using a heavy-handed security approach, but sociological insights are required to grasp the allure and kernel of truth behind terrorist acts.

Visual detection and discrimination of nerve and blood agents using a dual-site fluorescent probe in living cells and mice

Of all chemical warfare agents (CWAs), only nerve and blood agents cause massive mortality at low concentrations. To better detect and discriminate nerve and blood agents, a reliable detection method is desirable. We report a series of fluorescent probes for nerve and blood agent detection. Among the tested probes, SR-Pip detected nerve and blood agents quickly (within 10 s for nerve agents and 1 min for blood agents). SR-Pip coupled with nerve agent produced a weak orange fluorescence with good sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD)= 5.5 μM]. Upon reaction with blood agent, the fluorescence of SR-Pip changed from orange fluorescence to blue fluorescence with detection limits as low as 9.6 nM. This probe effectively visualised different concentrations of nerve agents in living cells and mice. A portable test kit using SR-Pip instantly detected nerve and blood agents. To the best of our knowledge, SR-Pip is the first fluorescent probe for nerve and blood agent detection.