Terrorism In Iraq Research Articles

Legality of Americas Military Action Against Terrorism in Iraq from the Perspective of International Law

This paper mainly studies the legality of military action against terrorism under international law. It takes the anti-terrorism action of America in Iraq in 2003 as a case (Iraq war). It judges its legality and necessity by linking the action with legislations such as International Humanitarian Law and the (Third) Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (of August 12, 1949). In the early stage of the article, the author traces the origin and defines the word 'terrorism' while introducing the counterterrorism acts enacted by the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2015 by summarizing the viewpoints of the reference. The author concludes that under the assumption that Iraq does meet the condition of conviction, some military actions of the United States violate international law and go beyond the necessary scope of anti-terrorism.

Evaluation of US Strategy in Defeating Islamic State in Syria and Iraq

This paper discusses the inability of the US-led coalition to eradicate the existence of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq (ISIS). Even after ISIS’s territorial defeat in 2019, the group still poses a significant threat to this region. The success of the US strategy to defeat ISIS is called into doubt in light of the group’s apparent resurgence. The first section of this paper is focused on a review of the related literature. Whether or not the United States’ allegations regarding ISIS are accurate, and what the regional and global ramifications of a resurgence of the organization would be, are questioned in the existing literature. From a constructivist vantage point, the second chapter discusses how the Islamic State came to be as well as the difficulties it faces now. In addition, it clarifies the motivations and behaviors of terrorists. It also demonstrates the limitations of current strategies for eliminating ISIS. The United States-led coalition’s participation in the fight against terrorism in Iraq and Syria is laid out at the outset of the third chapter. Following its territorial defeat in 2019, the Islamic State has shown signs of resurgence. Furthermore, it details the current US strategy for countering the resurgence of the Islamic State. The final one evaluates potential counter-ISIS strategies. The difficulties of destroying ISIS are discussed. Moreover, it provides a potential strategy for eradicating the Islamic State and explores other aspects of the issues inherent with doing so. Final thoughts and suggestions are provided as the paper winds down.

Pathway to terrorist behaviors: The role of childhood experiences, personality traits, and ideological motivations in a sample of Iraqi prisoners.

Radicalization to terrorism is a multifaceted process with no single theory or approach to explain it. Although research has focused on understanding the process, there is still a dearth of studies that examine an empirically driven pathway to terrorism behavior. This study examines a cross-sectional sample of incarcerated men convicted of terrorism in Iraq (N = 160). A questionnaire-guided interview included adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), conduct disorder (CD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), religious and political ideology, views about causes of terrorism, and the severity of terrorist acts. Path analysis was employed to examine the relationships between these factors and to identify the model with the best fit. After adjusting for age, employment, and location, results indicated that ACEs positively impacted CD, ASPD, religious guidance, and terrorism attitudes. ASPD positively affected political commitment and terrorism attitudes, but inversely affected current religious commitment. Political commitment inversely influenced terrorism attitudes. Religious commitment positively influenced the prioritization of religion in life, which subsequently impacted terrorism attitudes and behavior severity. Additionally, attitudes toward terrorism directly affected the severity of terrorism behavior. All paths in the final model were statistically significant at p < 0.05. Although these findings may be limited in generalizability due to the unique sample, results support the complex and interdependent nature of childhood and adult experiences on the development of both terrorism attitudes and the severity of terrorism behavior.

Violences sexuelles liées au terrorisme : prise en charge psychologique des femmes yézidies en Irak

From 2018 to 2022, the Lebanese Association of Victims of Terrorism (AVT-L), in collaboration with the United Nations (United Nations Office for Drug and Crime [UNODC]) and with the support of the government of the Netherlands, implemented a project to provide psychological care to victims of terrorism in Iraq. Ninety Yezidi women participated in this program. Each one of the participants had experienced sexual violence during the takeover of part of the Iraqi territory by the jihadists of the Islamic State group (ISIS) between 2014 and 2018. Following a semi-structured interview, these Yezidi women first participated in experience-sharing sessions for three consecutive days. Then, they benefited from an individual psychological follow-up for a period of 6 months. Over this ten-year period, the association's team has developed a protocol that combines art therapy with group and individual psychotherapy. The care is evaluated on a regular basis. From the first interview, the psychologist uses the results of the Traumaq, an evaluation tool that assesses trauma-related symptoms. Subsequently, the PCL-5 scale is used to measure the evolution of the symptoms. A considerable support that is studied in association with the participant's life story and the social, personal, and professional evolution of each person. At the end of the treatment, significant changes were observed, particularly for criteria B and D of the DSM-5. We recorded a reduction in intrusive memories, as well as an improvement in emotional and physical reactions to these memories. Feelings of guilt were reduced. Significant improvement in sleep and concentration was also noted. Participants experienced an improvement in their self-esteem, with a desire to pursue studies and be involved in active projects in their community. However, anger about injustice and a lack of compensation remained palpable. This work culminated in the accompaniment of a delegation of these women to make their voices heard at the United Nations headquarters in New York. In this paper, we will highlight the art therapy aspect of this program, especially that of using clay as the medium for the art therapy.

Sexual violence related to terrorism: Psychological care for Yazidi women in Iraq

ObjectivesFrom 2018 to 2022, the Lebanese Association of Victims of Terrorism (AVT-L), in collaboration with the United Nations (UNODC, United Nations Office for Drug and Crime) and with the support of the government of the Netherlands, conducted a project to provide psychological care to victims of terrorism in Iraq. PatientsNinety Yezidi women participated in this program. Each participant had experienced sexual violence during the control of part of Iraqi territory by the jihadists of the Islamic State group (ISIS) between 2014 and 2018. After a semi-structured interview, these Yezidi women first participated in experience-sharing sessions for three consecutive days. Then, they benefited from an individual psychological follow-up for 6 months. Materials and methodsOver the last ten years, the association's team has developed a protocol that combines art therapy with group and individual psychotherapy. The care is regularly evaluated. From the first interview, the psychologist uses the results of the Traumaq. An evaluation tool that assesses trauma-related symptoms. Subsequently, the PCL5 scale is used to measure the evolution of the symptoms. A considerable support that is studied in resonance with the life story and the social, personal, and professional evolution of each person. ResultsAt the end of the psychological support sessions, significant changes were observed, particularly for criteria B and D of the DSM-5. We recorded a reduction in intrusive memories, as well as an improvement in emotional and physical reactions to these memories. Feelings of guilt had subsided and a significant improvement in sleep and concentration was noted. Participants experienced an improvement in their self-esteem, with a desire to pursue studies and active projects in their community. However, anger regarding injustice and lack of compensation remains palpable. This work culminated in supporting and accompanying these women in making their voices heard at the United Nations headquarters in New York. ConclusionsIn this paper, we will highlight the beneficial aspects of art therapy used in this program. We will emphasize the value of clay art therapy particular within this context.

The Future of Terrorism in Iraq

After 2003 in Iraq and due to the appropriate environment came to being and due to the American invasion and intervention from regional counties, and bad governmentship, several terrorist groups from different perspectives appeared and functioned the presence through different scenarios about the future of terrorist groups in Iraq, this study is supposed to answer that question in which future terror is heading to and the future of terror is open some possibilities, including get weakened until fading out of continuing like present, overall the case scenario of regrouping is likely its worth mentioned we used analytic method for the depicting terror phrase. And also description method is used for recognizing the subject of the study in such academic way, as well as exploring method or generalizing to figure out the future of terror in Iraq, depending on gathering the information’s that our case scenario needs. The first subject is under tittle the emergence of terror in Iraq after 2003. Which consisted of two subjects, the first one titled with terror terminology, the second one tittle with terror emergence in Iraq after 2003. The second object of our study is under the tittle the future of terror in Iraq in which subdivided into three branches, each separate branch is dedicated for depicting a case scenario from the other scenarios of future of terror besides showing some results

Distinguishing lone from group actor terrorists: A comparison of attitudes, ideologies, motivations, and risks.

The increasing recognition of the risks posed by lone-actor terrorists provides the impetus for understanding the psychosocial and ideological characteristics that distinguish lone from group actors. This study examines differences between lone and group actor terrorists in two domains: (i) attitudes toward terrorism, ideology, and motivation for terrorist acts; and (ii) empirically derived risk factors for terrorism. Using a cross-sectional research design and primary source data from 160 men convicted of terrorism in Iraq, this study applied bivariate and logistic regression analyses to assess group differences. It tested the hypothesis that there are no statistically significant differences between the groups. Bivariate analyses revealed that lone actors were less likely than group actors, to be unemployed, to cite personal or group benefit as the main motives for terrorist activity, and to believe that acts of terrorism achieved their goals. Regression analysis indicated that having an authoritarian father was the only factor that significantly predicted group membership, with group actors three times more likely to report this trait. Lone actors and group actors are almost indistinguishable except for certain differences in attitudes, motives, employment, and having an authoritarian father.

The Economic Cost of Terrorism in Iraq: preliminary assessment

The research aims to provide a preliminary estimate of the total costs incurred by Iraq from 2003 to the present, including estimating the costs of human losses in cash, which constitutes the first attempt to find a comprehensive estimate of the costs of terrorism and the war on it, and the opportunity costs of it. Although the task is not easy, as it requires a re-evaluation of capital and human assets and calculating their current values, the difficulties extend to calculating the upbringing costs of an Iraqi child until he reaches the age of 20, based on calculating the cost of living over the years. The results provide a preliminary estimate of the expenses incurred by Iraq due to terrorism during the past 19 years since 2003. It is an initial estimate as there are still some other unestimated costs whose estimation will raise the bill for confronting terrorism in Iraq. In total, the costs of terrorism in Iraq amounted to 1.435 trillion dollars, of which the human cost constitutes 65%, and the loss of gross domestic product is 23%. It could have been repurposed for uses that serve the trends of progress and development in the country, increase the welfare of its people, eliminate poverty and deprivation, and rise on the ladder of development progress

The proactive strategy of educational policies to combat terrorism in Iraq

Terrorism is a product of intellectual extremism, which is the first enemy of humanity, and that there must be a comprehensive treatment of this phenomenon based on education. It requires spreading and strengthening the culture of positive thinking, practicing the values of tolerance and pluralism, strengthening the principle of moderation and the values of moderation, and strengthening the role of women in the family, family upbringing and parental care.

Legislative Policy in Criminalizing Terrorism from a National and International Perspective

There is a philosophy behind the punishment which is imposed by legislators for each crime. This research is based on the philosophy of the Iraqi, Kurdistan Region legislators and the international legislators of combating and criminalizing terrorism and its criminal policy in criminalizing terrorism. There are many laws and regulations enacted to protect people and society from terrorism in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region that were issued after the year (2003) due to increase in terrorist acts and the need to combat them with their own laws, and there are also many agreements and decisions at the international level, especially after the events of (11/ September). The criminal policy of the national and international legislators is similar to some extent, because the national legislation of terrorism is strongly affected by international agreements and decisions. The aim of punishment of any criminal that committed a crime in the society is to protect the interest of the society. Therefore, this study attempts to clarify and analyse the protected interests in criminalizing terrorism and combating them by the internal and international legislators. Thus, the internal legislators attempt to protect the society interests, such as protection of life, rights and freedoms, stability of security and system. Furthermore, protection of the environment and the property of the state and citizens is another aim of the legislators. In addition, finding a balance between appropriate punishment and criminalization of the act on the one hand, and the protection of human rights on the other hand could be part of the legislators’ responsibilities. The protected interest and the wisdom of the international legislator in the matter of combating terrorism is more extensive and comprehensive compared to the protected interest in national legislation such as maintaining international peace and security and protecting rights and freedoms.

Classifying terrorism: a latent class analysis of primary source socio-political and psychological data

ABSTRACT Attempts to define terrorist typologies often emphasise the importance of socio-political and psychological factors and the distinction between lone and group actors. However, these attempts are predominantly driven by theory or secondary data, and controversies still surround how much influence family, ideology, and personality factors exercise on terrorist behaviour. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we developed a typology for terrorism utilising common social, family, childhood, ideology, and personality factors. The sample comprised 160 incarcerated offenders convicted of terrorism in Iraq. We applied LCA, including a total of 21 variables representing participant characteristics, attitudes, perceptions, and behaviours commonly identified in the literature. Analysis indicated a three-class model fit was better than two- and four-class models. The largest class in the LCA (40.6%, n = 65) was classified as ‘non-religious nationalists’ (class 1). The second largest class (40%, n = 64) was classified as ‘oppressed instrumentalists’ (class 2). The smallest class (19.4%, n = 31) was classified as ‘aggrieved antisocials’ (class 3). The new typology merits further investigation in different settings with a larger sample Although the widely supported distinction between lone and group actor terrorism was not borne out in this sample, the new categorisation can nonetheless offer opportunities for identifying those at risk and offering social interventions.

Iraq in the face of ideas and terrorist planner s and the challenges of the future after ISIS defeated

The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the most important issues on the Arab and international arena because of its importance related to security and stability. Terrorism is a means to confuse civil regimes and individuals by using all the mechanisms of intimidation, killing, kidnapping and plundering of wealth. Iraq after the entry of elements of the organization calling the terrorist to Mosul in 2014, and carried out many acts of sabotage and violations of the killing and looting and control of oil refineries and agricultural land, and so after the Iraqi armed forces in cooperation with the popular crowd In order to protect the liberated lands and to cleanse them of the remnants of the unflagging war, to uncover dormant cells and to secure the borders between them and the neighboring countries. The study then posed several questions, the most important of which were the implications and political implications And the security of the phenomenon of terrorism in Iraq, as the study aimed to identify the causes of terrorism and its motives, and what solutions to eliminate the terrorist thought, and the study assumed that terrorism is not limited to a particular religion or gender or people, and the study relied on descriptive and analytical methods to reach the concept of Qabli is working to describe and analyze the problems and challenges before and after the defeat of Iraq in light of the recommendations of the proposed study.

Legal rules to combat terrorism in Iraq

The phenomenon of terrorism is the most important challenge facing successive Iraqi governments after the events of 2003, the impact of the problem has increased due focus of the media in various aspects of the problem as it has become a threat to all humanity, the Intellectual extremism and religious extremism are among the most important sources of violence and terrorism, so the intellectual terrorism is being exploited by militant groups which committed the worst crimes by its name and turned from small groups into militias possessing heavy and sophisticated weapons.&#x0D; The Iraqi legislations related to the phenomenon of terrorism shows that Iraq has followed most of the national legislation of the countries around the world. So the Iraqi Constitution contained provisions prohibiting terrorism. and the Iraqi legislator also adopts the pro-Iraqi trend to issue a special and independent law, where the National Assembly issued the anti-terrorism law No. 13-2005). and followed by the legislator in Kurdistan of Iraq, where he issued a law against terrorism No.3- 2006.

Expansion of borders in the Kurdistan region and local and regional positions

The borders of Kurdistan represent an important point in Kurdish thought. They represent the hope of establishing their national state. The circumstances of the war on terrorism in Iraq and Syria have led to the emergence of what is known as a "propaganda" and the formation of a global front in its struggle. And with the signs of the collapse of the Syrian state and the weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of the "dashing" in the beginning. These circumstances led to the emergence of the role of the Kurdistan region in the confrontation "ISIS" and maintain the administrative border in the three provinces of Kurdistan in addition to the province of Kirkuk. That the circumstances of the war on terrorism created new international conditions on the Middle East arena, which will generate many problems between the Kurdistan region and the central government of Baghdad, as well as other problems between the region, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The war on terrorism has made countries free to fight the opposition groups under the name Terrorism by their classification. The Turkish side is fighting the PKK within the borders of the Kurdistan region, and this war can develop in a post-"warlike" phase. The war in Syria is also contradictory to vision and not resolved to a specific side and Iran's position on developments is encouraging.

Countering Terrorism in Iraq: Law and Practice

After several years of fighting the international terrorist organization «Islamic State», the anti-terrorist coalitions headed by the Russian Federation and the USA managed to tip the scale in their favor in 2017. There is extensive research on how different countries counteract this most well-known of all modern international terrorist organizations. However, as Western criminologists note (Alex Braithwaite, Shane D. Johnson), there are very few empirical works that study the causes of decline and growth of terrorist activities as well as the emergence and disappearance of hot spots in Iraq itself during the American military campaign. On the whole, the overview of publications has revealed (Gary LaFree, Joshua D. Freilich) that out of over than 20 thousand articles on terrorism published between 1971 and 2004, only seven were devoted to empirical (criminological) research, while others dealt with the psychology of terrorism. The situation started to change in recent years and a large number of empirical (criminological and criminal law) studies of terrorism has been published, which is connected with the growing financial support of such research by national research foundations and state departments (for example, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense in the USA). Thus, about 100 books devoted to such studies have been annually published in the USA in the last decade. As for Russian criminal law policy, this article is one of the few devoted to countering terrorism in the motherland of «Islamic State» – in Iraq. The authors analyze Iraqi anti-terrorism legislation, in particular, Law № 13 of 2005, draw attention to an excessively wide definition of terrorism that it contains, conclude that its clause of analogy is incompatible with the principle of legality and argue that this normative act is one of the most drastic anti-terrorism laws in the world. The authors believe that an important direction in fighting terrorism is the decision of Iraqi authorities to establish a special tribunal for terrorist crimes, such as genocide against the Yazidis, and criminal prosecution of perpetrators who are outside Iraq, including those in Russian territory. They prove that the terrorist crimes against «infidels», qualified by many specialists and international organizations as crimes against peace and humanity, should mainly be the subject of proceedings in an independent court body of the international community.

Weaknesses during the disaster response management resulting from war operations and terrorism in Iraq

Weaknesses in responding to disasters can increase the vulnerability of the people and cause damages to the property. Before tackling such weaknesses, it is important to identify these weaknesses in order to improve the immediate response process which will ultimately minimise the loss of lives and damage to property, and will in turn enhance disaster response practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the weaknesses of disaster response management in the context of Iraq. This paper presents the findings of an evaluation conducted on the disaster response management resulting from war operations and terrorism in Iraq. Both primary and secondary data have been reviewed through a multi-method qualitative research approach. Primary data has been gathered through intensive interviews with executives responsible for disaster response in the Iraqi General Directorate of Civil Defence, which is the main organisation responsible for responding to disasters in Iraq. Eleven weaknesses are identified in this paper, and linked to the four key components of effective disaster response management; namely, policy and administrative decisions, actors, operational activity, and technologies. The weaknesses identified are related to lack of resources, poor planning and coordination, poor distribution of resources, lack of awareness and education, unplanned development and attitudes and culture of local citizens. Weaknesses of disaster response lead to delays in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, hence the response is often fragmented, inefficient and ineffective leading to increased number of casualties and deaths.

United States Intervention Against Terrorism in Iraq

Abstract: Terrorism is a crime committed by a group of people to frighten, terrorize, intimidate a country's government. In the case of the September 11, 2001 terror that occurred at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States accused the al-Qaeda group of being behind the attack. Furthermore, the United States attacked Afghanistan and Iraq. America considers the attacks carried out are legitimate because they are carried out to reduce world terrorism crimes. Whereas behind that there is another motive for controlling the oil in the country that it attacked.Keywords: Terrorism, Intervention, United States. Abstrak:Terorisme merupakan kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang guna menakuti, meneror, mengintimidasi pemerintahan suatu negara. Dalam kasus teror 11 September 2001 yang terjadi pada World Trade Center dan Pentagon, Amerika Serikat menuduh kelompok al-qaidah di balik serangan tersebut. Selanjutnya Amerika Serikat melakukan penyerangan terhadap Afghanistan dan Iraq. Amerika menganggap serangan yang dilakukan adalah sah karena dilakukan untuk meredam kejahatan terorisme dunia. Padahal di balik itu ada motif lain untuk menguasai minyak yang ada di negara yang diserangnya.Kata Kunci: Terrorisme, Intervensi, Amerika Serikat

تأثير الاستخبارات في الحرب ضد الأرهاب في العراق

تأثير الاستخبارات في الحرب ضد الأرهاب في العراق

Challenges Facing the Controlling Stage of the Disaster Response Management Resulting from War Operations and Terrorism in Iraq

The effects of war in Iraq are coupled with the susceptibility to natural hazards, which has exposed the people of Iraq to multiple man-made disasters. Despite the fact that terrorists did not have a hold on any part of Iraq before the US invasion, it is generally believed that Iraq contains many terrorists and terrorist organisations. As a result, violence in Iraq has become normalised, ranging from the Iraqi and US military assaults and sectarian militias, threat of suicide bombings, to violent street crime. Because response activities must operate in a constantly changing environment during a disaster, the response operation is complex and need more controlling efforts. Therefore, it is widely agreed that controlling the response to disaster stemming from war operations and terrorism is often considered a difficult stage within the four disaster response management stages: planning, organising, directing, and controlling. This paper is based on an ongoing PhD study. It aims to determine the challenges facing the controlling stage of disaster response management in Iraq with particular reference to war operations and terrorism. This paper adopts a single holistic case study approach, where disaster response management is the unit of analysis. In order to develop a rich and robust data set, a mixed methods approach is utilised based on semi-structured interviews, questionnaire surveys and document analysis. A conceptual content analysis is used to articulate the primary data and this is then analysed in the context of the secondary data. The findings show that disaster response controlling stage faced different challenges such as lack of modern technology and equipment, multiple sources for the decision at the scene, lack of public education, and failure in imposing a proper security cordon.

THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN IRAQ (2003-2017)

INTRODUCTION:Terrorism dates back to first instances of violence utilization to affect political issues. Sicarii were a group of Jews who killed their enemies to dislodge Roman rulers from the land of Judea. Hashashin, etymology of English word assassin, refers to a Shiite Ismaili sect living in Iran and Syria during 11-13 century A.D. They caused lots of and terror in their era by assassinating Abbasid and Saljoughian political leaders. word in its contemporary sense means the of fear stemming from Maximillian Robespierre government in 1793 after French Revolution. He killed the enemies of revolution and created a dictatorship to stabilize his rein. He believed that his procedure was required for transition from kingdom to liberal democracy. He was quoted to say: Subdue by terror the enemies of liberty, and you will be right, as founders of the Republic. (Zalman, 2017) actions and speechs of Robespierre formed a scheme and foundation for today's terrorists who believe violence leads to a better political system.Oxford Dictionary defines as follows: The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. Based on the above definition, a terrorist action is a violent and unlawful action especially against civilians to achieve a political goal. is similar to a disease that propagates in the society because of political system inefficiency. Thus, any attempt to study this phenomenon requires an assessment of weaknesses and problems in the political system and its policy -making. In other words, terrorism can be considered as a function of malfunctions in the political systems. Based on Silke are not born terrorist. They do not wake up and decide to plant a bomb on a populated street. We need to realize that terrorism is a process, Terrorism is a choice; it is a political strategy selected from a range of options (Cinar, 2009).To understand why a group of people do terrorist actions, we need to investigate the terrorism foregrounds, and political, social, economic, religious and psychological context in which the terrorist grew up. In fact, clear understanding of terrorism context and roots, is the first step towards fight against terrorism and taking any action against it.Since it is not feasible to investigate all aspects of terrorism in a single article, the author deals with the most important factors and roots of terrorism in his own opinion i.e. social and political ones. This article aims to study the social and political roots of terrorism in Iraq from 2003 to 2017. Iraq has been one of the most dangerous countries of the world since 2003, suffering from terrorism, civil war, fugitiveness, and political instability. Based on Global Index (GTI), Iraq was at the top of list among 163 countries in 2015 with a score of 10. (Institute for Economics & Peace, 2015) It repeated its stand in 2016 scoring 9.96 (Institute for Economics & Peace, 2016). According to the latest statistics, 2,415 terrorist attacks were recorded in Iraq in 2016 ending in 6,960 casualties and 11,900 wounded. Based on the same statistics, Iraq was affected the most by terrorism. More than 40 terrorist groups have launched terrorist attacks since 2003, accounting for two -third of 50,538 victims suffered from terrorism during 2000-2016. (Dudley, 2016).Based on the above, the author intends to study the political and social roots of terrorism in Iraq. To investigate the social root of recent Iraqi terrorism, the propagation of Jihadi Salafi thoughts and their relation with sectarianism in Iraq will be reviewed. To investigate the political root, the fall of Saddam Hussein, and subsequent lack of appropriate political system in Iraq will be covered.SOCIAL ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN IRAQ:After the fall of Saddam Hussein and Ba'ath regime in 2003, the political system of Iraq experienced an alteration from a single-party dictatorship to a democratic federation. …