Terrorist Events Research Articles

Review Paper on Deepfake Video Detection using Neural Networks

With the increasing computational power, the creation of indistinguishable human synthesized videos, known as deepfakes, has become remarkably easy. These realistic face-swapped deepfakes have raised concerns as they can be utilized for malicious purposes such as causing political unrest, fabricating terrorism events, spreading revenge porn, and blackmailing individuals. In this research, we present a novel deep learning-based method that effectively distinguishes AI-generated fake videos from real ones. Our approach focuses specifically on detecting replacement and reenactment deepfakes. We harness the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to combat the challenges posed by AI itself. The core of our system lies in a ResNext Convolutional Neural Network, which extracts frame-level features. These features are then used to train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) that classifies videos as either manipulated (deepfake) or authentic (real).To ensure real-time applicability and enhance the model's performance on real-world data, we evaluate our method using a large and balanced dataset

Terrorism-Induced Trauma and Corporate Innovation

This research studies innovation decisions made by CEOs who have lived through the experience of a terrorist attack during their college years. Consistent with the evidence of terrorist attacks negatively affecting risk aversion and cognitive ability of people documented in the finance and psychology literature, we first find that past terrorism-induced trauma leads to more spending on R&D and less innovation output in an empirical model that controls for any concurrent events of terrorism. Second, we show how terrorism-induced trauma affects risk preference through two distinct emotional channels of anger and fear. Third, while both male and female CEOs suffer damage to their cognitive ability from terrorist attacks, only male CEOs exhibit lower risk aversion. Finally, the psychological impact of terrorism-induced trauma decays over time as evidenced by stronger results for younger CEOs and varies across CEOs' cultural origins, the results being most relevant for CEOs originating from Asia.

Predictive analysis of terrorist activities in Thailand's Southern provinces: a deep learning approach

Terrorist activities have been on the rise globally, with Thailand experiencing significant challenges, particularly in its three southern border provinces. This study offers a comprehensive analysis aiming to predict forthcoming terrorist events in these provinces. We employed historical data, categorized into nine groups based on military expert recommendations, to train our prediction model. This research tested the prediction capabilities of various methodologies, including decision trees, naïve Bayesian learning techniques, and deep learning artificial neural networks. Notably, the deep neural network emerged as the superior predictive tool, achieving an impressive accuracy of 98.21% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.59%. The primary anticipated events include bombings, shootings, assaults, and acts of vandalism. Our findings also revealed that Pattani Province was the most affected, accounting for 45% of incidents. Specific districts, such as Panare and Yarang, exhibited high crime rates of 40% and 36.84%, respectively. Yala Province, particularly Bannang Sata District, was identified as the hotspot for shooting incidents, with a rate of 34%.

Fear of Crime and Terrorism Among Backpackers: Is There a Relationship Between Country of Origin and Trip Location?

This study aimed to compare fear of terrorism and fear of crime among backpackers and investigate the differences between Israeli and Western backpackers. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 120 Israeli backpackers and 109 backpackers from Western countries. Findings showed no significant differences in fear of crime between the groups, with 40% reporting exposure to crime in their home country. Israeli backpackers had higher exposure to terrorism events. While most backpackers did not experience harm during their trip, they reported higher levels of fear of crime while traveling. Israeli backpackers expressed greater fear of terrorism in their home country, while the Western group reported higher fear levels during their trip. These findings suggest the need for safer messaging and the provision of anti-crime and anti-terror information by tourism industry stakeholders and government agencies. Further research is required, particularly in understanding the impact of terrorism on travelers from diverse backgrounds.

The Narrative of terrorism and accountability of reality in a novel (Cue and river dance) / semiotics approach

بات من الضروري التوقف عند علاقة الخطاب الروائي في العراق بقضايا الواقع، ولاسيما قضية الإرهاب، ضمن إطار مقاربة المتن الروائي، ومحاولة فهم علاقة الإرهاب بالأدب وأثرها على النص السردي، إذ نسعى للإجابة على السؤال الآتي: كيف وظف الروائي قضية الإرهاب من خلال تجربته السردية؟
 إنّ البحث في ظاهرة الإرهاب وعلاقتها بالخطاب الروائي يقودنا إلى استقراء النصوص التي ارتبط ظهورها بمرحلة بروز الإرهاب في المجتمع العراقي ؛ لأن ما سجلته هذه النصوص يمثل توثيقامهما لهذه المرحلة ، فضلا عن أنها تحدد موقف الكاتب وإحساسه تجاه ما يحصل. وعليه جاء اختيارنا لرواية (رقصة الجديلة والنهر) لـ وفاء عبد الرزاق لتكون مدونة بحثنا التي تزامن صدورها مع ما يشهده العراق من أحداث إرهابية، لتستمد الدراسة مادتها من الواقع، في محاولة لمساءلة قضاياه الفاعلة، عبر استنطاق النص الروائي وعلى وفق معطيات المنهج السيميائي.

Comparing the top 100 attacks in the Global Terrorism Database: high injury rate versus high fatality rate attacks

Background Terrorist attacks have the potential to be mass casualty events, causing multiple injuries and deaths. High injury rate attacks will particularly place a high burden on emergency medical systems. This study aimed to assess if there is a difference between attacks with high injury rates and high fatality rates. Methods The top 100 terrorist events causing the highest number of fatalities versus the highest number of injuries were selected from the Global Terrorism Database. Analyses were performed on temporal factors, location, target type, attack and weapon type, and perpetrator type. Results The 9/11 attacks caused the highest number of both fatalities and injuries. With regards to injury rates, the sarin attacks in Tokyo, Japan ranked second. Events with high fatality rates were overrepresented in Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas events with high injury rates were predominant in the Middle East & North Africa. High fatality rates were most often associated with armed assaults and hostage takings. Bombings were responsible for the highest number of injuries. CBRN attacks were overrepresented in the top 100 injuries, and accounted for 11% of the incidents. Conclusion High injury rate incidents place a heavy burden on the health care system as the number of injuries is nearly ten times as high as the number of injuries in high fatality rate incidents. Epidemiological analysis of high impact terrorist events may contribute to counter-terrorism preparedness, to an increased focus on dealing with CBRN-events, and thus to a proper medical response to future terrorist events.

Meta-Analysis and the Integration of Terrorism Event Databases

Why do terrorist attacks occur in certain places and times but not others? Despite advances in collection and empirical methods, the literature has produced divergent results and reached little consensus for common hypotheses about the economic, political, and social causes of terrorism. It is hard to know what to make disagreements as studies adopt disparate research designs using different datasets covering different locations and times. This article applies the xSub data protocol to conduct a meta-analysis of terrorism event datasets and isolate explanations for variations in findings. Although the datasets are constructed for different purposes by different research teams, with different inclusion standards, processing data onto a common event typology, and conducting analysis across common coverage reduces heterogeneity in findings. This protocol also facilitates comparisons with general conflict event datasets, providing researchers, policymakers, and practitioners with a broader context for understanding terrorism in relation to other forms of violence.

ЗМІНИ МІГРАЦІЙНОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА ЗА ПРЕМ’ЄРСТВА ТОНІ БЛЕРА (2005–2006)

This article examines the aftermath of the terrorist attacks carried out by naturalized British citizens on July 7, 2005, in London. It explores the broader context of the attack, including its impact on public opinion and the political climate of the country. The article analyzes Tony Blair’s public statements following the event, identifies the key points of his response to the terrorist attack, and evaluates the political decisions made in accordance with this response. It also investigates the factors that influenced changes in migration legislation and their consequences for British society. In order to better understand the context of changes in migration legislation under the influence of the July 7, 2005, terrorist attacks in London, the author examined the previous changes implemented by the Labour government in this area. The author aimed to identify the key challenges faced by the British authorities in the context of migration policy after the terrorist attacks, as well as to determine possible strategies for responding to these challenges. Various aspects of changes in migration policy legislation and practice, such as border controls, naturalization procedures, refugee resettlement programs, and other aspects that affected the lives of migrants and the overall political atmosphere in the country, were analyzed. The article aims at a deeper understanding of the relationship between terrorist events, political reactions to them and changes in migration policy, which is key to understanding the events of that time and their consequences today. Since the beginning of the XXI century, there have been ongoing scientific discussions about the relationship between terrorism and migration processes. At the start of the new century, numerous countries faced the real threat of terrorism, each responding differently with its own set of consequences. The article analyzes Tony Blair’s reaction, contrasting it with that of his foreign counterparts. Blair managed to respond by gradually expanding the scope of issues and accents while maintaining his position as head of state. He prepared society for changes in migration and anti-terrorist legislation, which were already in progress before the tragic events of July 7, 2005. These laws were subsequently revised and gained even greater relevance, sparking lively discussions both in society and within the government.

A Comparative Study of Terrorist Attacks Targeting Healthcare in North America vs Europe

Abstract Objective This study sought to compare terrorist attacks targeting healthcare in two different geographical areas that are economically and culturally similar: North America and Europe. Methods The Global Terrorism Database is a database that documents 214,666 worldwide terrorist events from 1970 to 2021. It was searched to identify terrorist attacks against healthcare using keywords. We manually excluded incidents that did not specifically relate to attacks on healthcare. This resulted in 311 and 150 entries in North America and Europe respectively. Results The most common method of attack in Europe was bombing (42%) compared to attacks on infrastructure (66%) in North America. The primary target in North America was abortion related (84%). In Europe, the primary target was businesses (37%). In Europe, 18.7% of attacks were assassinations or attempts vs 3% in North America. The total number of fatalities in Europe is 51 vs 3 in North America. Conclusion Even though there were significantly more attacks in North America, there were far fewer total fatalities compared to Europe. Attacks in North America appear to be ideological, targeting infrastructure to send a message. Whereas, in Europe, the targets and methods used are more targeted towards the individual and their property.

A prediction and analysis model of complex system based on extension neural network - taking the prediction and analysis of terrorist events in the big data environment as an example

A prediction and analysis model of complex system based on extension neural network - taking the prediction and analysis of terrorist events in the big data environment as an example

Assessing the Effects of Terrorism on the Living Conditions of Residents in Garissa County, Kenya.

Garissa County is prone to terrorism activities. Frequent terror attacks in Garissa County have had economic effects on the livelihoods of local people in Garissa County. The research sought to determine the effects of terrorism on the living conditions of Garissa County residents. The study targeted residents, chiefs, national police officers and women groups who have been in Garissa sub-county which is in close proximity to Garissa University College where a terror attack occurred in 2015. A sample size of 399 was obtained from 163,914 residents in Garissa sub-county. The survey utilized random and purposive sampling to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in forms of means, percentages, and standard deviations. Qualitative data from the interviews and Focus Group Discussions was tape recorded, and analyzed qualitatively and presented in narratives. The study found that the effects of terrorism on residents are broad ranging from health issues to economic problems; terrorism diminishes the living conditions of the residents in Garissa County, Terrorism event diminishes the quality of life by creating anxiety and uncertainties, chasing away investors and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities, hence reducing income levels. The study proves its value to a number of stakeholders such as, the government, Kenya police, residents and future researchers, by recommending on how to improve counter- terrorism mitigation strategies and consequently reduce terrorist attacks leading to improved quality of life. The study particularly recommends the government to focus on intelligence led community policing, to improve information flow and sharing, create research platforms which checks for vulnerability and commit to improving security related technology.

Civil-Military Relations and Domestic Terrorism

Civil-military relations and terrorism are both extensively studied subjects. Their relationship has, however, yet to be examined. We maintain that public conflict between the civilian and the military leadership in a country and declining civil control over the armed forces may often precipitate a rise in domestic terror events. Civil-military conflict and reduced civilian control can lead to agency slack by the armed forces and ineffective counterterror policies. These phenomena are also associated with policies that exclude groups in society and generate grievances, leading some to turn to terror. In zero inflated negative binomial analyses of domestic terror events and two distinct indicators of civil-military tension, we find support for our contention. Terror incidents increase both when civil-military conflict rises and when civilian control decreases. Our results add to understanding of both the domestic consequences of civil-military tension and the types of influences that impact domestic terror.

Processing biological samples from simulated radiological terrorist events using Rapid DNA instruments

Two commercially available portable Rapid DNA instruments were evaluated for their ability to process 1 µL and 10 µL saliva samples deposited on metal and plastic surfaces and contaminated with surrogates of cesium (Cs)-137, strontium (Sr)-90 and cobalt (Co)-60; radioactive materials potentially released during a nuclear weapon accident or a radiological dispersal device detonation. A comparable success rate was noted for both Rapid DNA instruments when considering the number of complete and balanced DNA profiles, the number of profiles with a minimum of 10 autosomal STR loci (out of 23 [FlexPlex™ 27] or 21 [GlobalFiler™ Express]), and the possibility to search a national DNA database in Canada and the United States. Cobalt had an adverse impact on the quality of the megaplex short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profiles derived on each instrument for two of the three contamination levels tested in this study, i.e., 0.05 M and 0.1 M as reflected by a reduced number of detected alleles and decreased profile peak heights. Strontium exhibited some adverse effect on the Rapid DNA results when used at the highest contamination level (0.1 M) whereas cesium had none. No new artifacts were observed in the Rapid DNA profiles of samples spiked with the non-radiogenic surrogates. Importantly, in the context of a radiological/nuclear (RN) event, the ANDE™ 6C offers the possibility to dispose of all radioactive materials associated with contaminated samples quickly using a chip on which all steps of the Rapid DNA process are performed whereas the RapidHIT™ ID accumulates radioactive materials for many days before disposal. An individual handling 25 samples in a week (5 per day) on the RapidHIT™ ID at a 30.5 cm distance with a 5 min exposure to the radioactive source estimated at every run would exceed the 0.042 µSv/5 min limit with gamma dose rates for Cs at 0.13 mSv and for Co at 3.8 mSv. Beta dose rates calculated for the surrogate isotopes at the three concentrations tested were also above the recommended radiation exposure limit of 1 mSv/yr (0.042 µSv/5 min). Various potential mechanisms of action behind the interference noted for Sr and Co at high concentrations are presented. These elements may play a role in the steps prior to PCR (at the DNA molecule by binding to bases or to phosphate groups), during PCR (at the DNA polymerase as cofactors for catalytic sites), or even during amplified DNA fragment detection (as fluorescence quenchers).

Conventional and Islamic Equity Market Reaction Towards Terrorism: Evidence Based on Target Types, Location and Islamic Calendar Months

Abstract This study investigates the conventional and Islamic equity market reaction towards terrorism events in Pakistan from 2009 to 2016 using OLS regression and GARCH (1, 1) models. The prospect theory and efficient market hypothesis are the relevant theories. Findings indicate that conventional and Islamic equity market reaction towards terrorism events is very short lived and markets recovers quickly. This study also documents the market reaction to terrorism events based on the target type, location and during the Islamic calendar months. The impact of different target types and different event locations on the conventional and Islamic equity markets varies. The equity markets in Pakistan responds negatively to the attacks on educational institutes and businesses whereas positively to attacks on armed forces’ facilities. Furthermore, conventional equity market responds negatively to terrorist attacks in Karachi and positively to attacks in financial cities and FATA. Interestingly, Islamic equity market responds positively towards the attacks in financial cities and FATA, however, with very minute reaction magnitude. The findings of this study are useful for the investors to manage their portfolios by considering magnitude and direction of market reaction towards terrorism based on the target type, location and Islamic months. Overall, this study concludes that conventional and Islamic equity markets reaction towards terrorism is very minute; however, the conventional and Islamic equity markets reaction varies based on target type, event location and different Islamic calendar months. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that equity markets recover very soon, therefore, markets are efficient in observing these shocks.

Geopolitical risk and stock market development

While previous literature has documented adverse impacts on financial markets in the days following individual acts of terrorism or conflict-related events, we consider the more general, ongoing uncertainty those events contribute to: geopolitical risk (GPR). Using a sample of 37 countries spanning 1975–2019, we provide evidence of a strong, negative relationship between GPR and stock market development. To support our main results we run a series of robustness and endogeneity checks, in the process demonstrating that the impact of GPR is distinct from other macroeconomic risks such as economic policy uncertainty. We also consider several dimensions of heterogeneity among countries that cause the effects of GPR on stock market development to vary, providing more insight into those effects. In particular, we find that GPR’s negative impact is stronger for those in North America and Europe as compared to Asia. We also find that GPR’s effect is stronger for economies with higher levels of investment, which is consistent with our theory of investment as a mechanism for GPR’s influence on stock market development.

Crude oil security in a turbulent world: China's geopolitical dilemmas and opportunities

China's economic and social development relies heavily on crude oil, which it imports and consumes more than any other country. Thus, the country's oil security is crucial. Geopolitical risk (GPR) is used to describe the instability and uncertainty resulting from political conflicts, terrorism, wars, sanctions, and other events that affect the production, transportation, and consumption of crude oil. Therefore, we use MF-VAR to examine how geopolitical risk GPR causes changes in Chinese crude oil security (COS). Unlike previous studies, we treat GPR as an outcome variable and use oil demand and cost channels to analyse its effects on COS. Quarterly government hazards endanger Chinese oil safety, and combined frequency data fixation reveals a dynamic link in various quarters of the year. Hence, to ensure a consistent supply of crude oil, the Chinese government's oil corporations must implement several initiatives, including purchasing shares and developing oil fields. To protect oil production and transportation, China should also forge strong links with nations that export oil and participate in UN initiatives such as the Somali escort and peacekeeping in Africa. To better manage oil price volatility brought on by geopolitical dilemmas, RMB-based crude oil futures are a smart approach for increasing affordability.

Police negotiation system in Poland

This article attempts to present the system of police negotiations in Poland, which is one of the ways to save human life and health in crisis situations, without the use of force. The article presents the issue of police negotiations as one of the tools used by the commander of police operations to solve crisis situations involving persons demonstrating a suicide act, taking and holding hostages, occurrences of a terrorist event, occupation or blocking of facilities and communication routes, the threat of using weapons, a dangerous tool , device or material. The article attempts to characterize the process of creating a police negotiator, from a candidate for a police negotiator, through his selection, criteria he must meet, basic training, becoming a police negotiator, to appointment to the negotiating team to save human life and health, and supplementary training.

Resilienz deutscher Kliniken in Amok- und Terrorlagen

ZusammenfassungHintergrundKrankenhäuser müssen sich als kritische Infrastruktur (KRITIS) auf terroristische Anschläge sowie Amoklagen einstellen und mögliche Schadensabwehrmaßnahmen vorbereiten, da sie leicht zu treffende Ziele mit hoher Symbolkraft darstellen.MethodeIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die terroristische Bedrohungslage anhand einer Auswertung der Terrorist Event Database (TED) für den Zeitraum 1970–2017 quantifiziert. Darüber hinaus wurden die Bedrohungsperzeption sowie die getroffenen Vorbereitungen mittels einer Online-Umfrage unter den Leitenden deutscher Notaufnahmen erfasst.ErgebnisseDie Auswertung der TED zeigt international einen Anstieg der terroristischen Angriffe auf medizinische Einrichtungen mit Schwerpunkt in Ländern im (Bürger‑)Kriegszustand sowie in den USA. Der Einsatz von Explosivstoffen führte im untersuchten Zeitraum zu einer hohen Anzahl an Verletzten und Toten. Die Online-Befragten empfanden eine Vorbereitung der Klinik auf terroristische Szenarien in ihren Krankenhausalarm- und -einsatzplänen (KAEP) überwiegend als wichtig. In den bestehenden KAEP waren entsprechende Maßnahmen dennoch häufig nicht etabliert. Nur in 59,4 % wurde die Verletztenversorgung im Rahmen eines terroristischen Angriffs und nur in 34 % die Sicherung der Infrastruktur behandelt.SchlussfolgerungDeutsche Kliniken sollten sich als kritische Infrastruktur sowie als mögliches Ziel terroristischer Anschläge verstehen und sich auf terroristische Bedrohungen vorbereiten. Viele günstig umzusetzende Maßnahmen sind in den Kliniken nicht ausgeschöpft und sollten zeitnah sowohl in den KAEP als auch in den Alltag integriert werden.

Documentary Poetry: A Study of Amiri Baraka's "Somebody Blew up America"

The modern age is prolific of literary movements and literarygenres. Documentary poetry, which can be considered a new genre,combines both primary source material, such as war, political events,terrorism, people in detention and many other events with poetry.Amiri Baraka is a contemporary American poet whose poem"Somebody Blew up America" belongs to this genre. It records theSeptember 11 blowing up of the Trade Centre from a perspectivedifferent from what the American propaganda and mass media tell theworld. The recent paper attempts to shed light on Amiri Baraka'sattitude towards this event, the reasons behind it, the real terroristsand the intentions behind this terrorist event according to this poem.The poet argues that the American government knew beforehand thatthe Trade Centre was going to be blown up and they took no action toprevent the catastrophe and, in this sense, they were partners in thecrime. Furthermore, he accuses the Americans of blowing up the tradecentre. The paper is divided into three sections and a conclusion.Section One is Introductory; it sheds light on documentary poetry, itscharacteristic features and practitioners. Section Two is a biographicalnote of Amiri Baraka paying special attention to his attitude toAmerican politics based on domination, persecution and genocide.Section Three gives a detailed analysis of "Somebody Blew upAmerica" as a documentary poem recording the September 11 blowingup of the Trade Centre with the aim of finding a pretext to invadeother countries. The paper concludes that this event happenedaccording to a well-made plan in cooperation with the Americangovernment and the CIA as partners.

Terrorist attacks and environmental social and governance performance: Evidence from cross‐country panel data

AbstractThis study is motivated by the absence of similar research that investigates the link between terrorism level and social and environmental performance measured by the ESG score. This study adopts cross‐country panel data represented by 5082 worldwide companies during the period 2011 to 2020. The terrorism level has been measured using the Global Terrorism Index as reported by The Institute for Economics and Peace Limited. Our findings indicate that the occurrence of terrorist events has a significant negative impact on ESG performance, both collectively and individually, due to the various consequences. Many businesses may suspend operations in countries where the threat of terrorism is increasing, resulting in a flight of investors and the disruption of development projects, which may weaken overall economic performance and voluntary projects. Thus, it is likely to result in undermining companies' environmental and social practices. In addition, as fears of terrorist attacks grow, the general system of corporate governance may deteriorate, halting sustainable development initiatives in these countries. Terrorist attacks introduce complex moral dilemmas, challenge stakeholder priorities, affect a company's legitimacy, and reshape the institutional landscape. Companies must navigate these multifaceted challenges, balancing immediate stakeholder concerns, reputation restoration, compliance obligations, and evolving societal expectations. Our findings are significant, with numerous implications for different stakeholders such as regulators, policymakers, investors, managers, and government agencies.