Territory Of State Research Articles

LA NATURALEZA DE LA VIGILANCIA DEL ESPACIO AÉREO MEDIANTE LA INTELIGENCIA PARA LA DEFENSA Y LA SEGURIDAD DEL TERRITORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE INDONESIA

Objective: This research aims to analyze, criticize, and determine the nature of airspace surveillance through intelligence concerning the Defense and Security of the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia. It further seeks to assess the effectiveness of such surveillance and identify the factors influencing its success. Theoretical framework: In line with its objectives, this research adopts a descriptive approach with a normative legal research methodology, supplemented by sociological legal research. By employing this framework, the study endeavors to provide a comprehensive understanding of airspace surveillance within the Indonesian context. Method: To achieve its objectives, this study utilizes descriptive research methods, drawing upon normative legal research complemented by sociological legal research. Through this methodological approach, the research aims to gather empirical data and analyze legal frameworks to shed light on airspace surveillance practices. Results and conclusion: The findings of this research indicate several key insights. Firstly, the nature of airspace surveillance through intelligence is primarily framed within the context of preventive measures within the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ). Secondly, while efforts are made, the effectiveness of airspace surveillance concerning the Defense and Security of the State Territory of the Republic of Indonesia is deemed inadequate. Thirdly, factors impacting effectiveness range from legal limitations to challenges in human resources coordination, infrastructure issues, community dynamics, and cultural attitudes. Implications of the research: The implications of this study are multifaceted. Firstly, it highlights the urgent need to optimize airspace surveillance conducted by the Indonesian Air Force, supporting the enhancement of air defense capabilities through equipment reinforcement. Secondly, it underscores the necessity of drafting legislation on Airspace Management to strengthen law enforcement against airspace violations. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of community involvement in airspace regulation, including participation in spatial development planning processes. Originality/value: This research contributes original insights into the nature and effectiveness of airspace surveillance through intelligence within the Indonesian context. By offering recommendations for improving airspace management strategies, the study provides valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders involved in national defense and security initiatives.

Temporal change in prevalence of BMI categories in India: patterns across States and Union territories of India, 1999–2021

BackgroundThe problem of overweight/obesity often coexists with the burden of undernutrition in most low- and middle-income countries. BMI change in India incorporating the most recent trends has been under-researched.MethodsThis repeated cross-sectional study of 1,477,885 adults in India analyzed the prevalence of different categories of BMI among adults (age 20–54) in 4 rounds of National Family Health Surveys (1998–1999, 2005–2006, 2015–2016, and 2019–2021) for 36 states/UTs. State differences across time were harmonized for accurate analysis. The categories were Severely/Moderately Thin (BMI < 17.0), Mildly Thin (17.0-18.4), Normal (18.5–24.9), Overweight (25.0-29.9), and Obese (≥ 30.0). We also estimated change in Standardized Absolute Change (SAC), ranking of states, and headcount burden to quantify the trend of BMI distribution across time periods for all-India, urban/rural residence, and by states/UTs.ResultsThe prevalence of thinness declined from 31.7% in 1999 to 14.2% in 2021 for women, and from 23.4% in 2006 to 10.0% in 2021 for men. Obesity prevalence increased from 2.9% (1999) to 6.3% (2021) for women, and from 2.0% (2006) to 4.2% (2021) for men. In 2021, the states with the highest obesity prevalence were Puducherry, Chandigarh, and Delhi. These states also had a high prevalence of overweight. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Diu, Gujarat, Jharkhand, and Bihar had the highest prevalence of severe/moderately thin. Prevalence of extreme categories (severely/moderately thin and obese) was larger in the case of women than men. While States/UTs with a higher prevalence of thin populations tend to have a larger absolute burden of severe or moderate thinness, the relationship between headcount burden and prevalence for overweight and obese is unclear.ConclusionsWe found persistent interstate inequalities of undernutrition. Tailored efforts at state levels are required to further strengthen existing policies and develop new interventions to target both forms of malnutrition.

Prospects for the use of moisture-temperature UAV metrics to assess the state of land-use territories in planning and conducting spring field work

In the Central region of the Russian Federation, the favorable period for spring field work is short, but extremely important for obtaining the planned harvest. The possibility of tillage is mainly determined by its humidity after snowmelt. For the preparation and adjustment of plans for mechanized work, operational georeferenced information on the hydrological state of the soil in the land-use area is necessary, for which moisture-temperature UAV-metry can be used. Purpose – to evaluate the possibility of using the data obtained by multisensory UAV-s during the survey of agricultural landscapes to identify economically significant hydrological heterogeneity of territories. Agricultural landscapes in the Yuriev-Polsky district of the Vladimir region on gray forest loams and in the Shatura district of the Moscow region on sod-podzolic and podzolic sandy soils were examined. Their significant hydrological heterogeneity has been revealed, including local waterlogged areas with different causes of water stagnation. It is established that the dynamics of the hydrology of fields and the network of country roads are closely related. The use of UAV sensing data will help to eliminate the problem of difficult passage to the fields by carrying out appropriate measures and establishing the correct order of processing of land plots. To obtain the necessary information by agricultural enterprises, interdepartmental cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Ecology, the Ministry of Forestry, AVTODOR, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Energy Networks, as well as the use of the “Digital Earth system” is promising. The inclusion of moisture-temperature UAV-s in the production system – a plan for the preparation and conduct of spring field work, opens up new opportunities for their high-quality performance due to the timely identification of risk areas and appropriate adjustments. The priority object of the development application at the first stage should be considered roads – a key factor for rural areas.

Abstract PO1-08-08: Hereditary cancer genetic testing in Puerto Rican females

Abstract Background: Puerto Rico is a Caribbean Island and unincorporated United States territory with a population of approximately 3.2 million. The incidence of breast cancer in Puerto Rico is estimated at 57.5 per 100,000 females with a mortality rate of 13.0 per 100,000 females. A recent study of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome across countries in the Caribbean reported a combined positive detection rate of 14.2% using a similar multi-gene panel to the one described here. Positive rates ranged from 5.5% to 28.3% per country, but sample sizes were limited, ranged from 61 to 298 participants per country, and did not include Puerto Rico. To provide insight into the incidence of inherited tumor predisposition syndromes in less studied populations, we analyzed the demographics and germline genetic findings for a cohort of Puerto Rican females largely ascertained based on a personal and/or family history of breast cancer. Methods: This retrospective study includes 949 consecutive female individuals who underwent genetic testing at a single clinical laboratory (PreventionGenetics LLC) using a multi-gene panel test of 29 genes associated with hereditary cancer. Clinical information was obtained from health care provider-completed test requisition forms. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) with copy number variant (CNV) detection was performed on patient-derived DNA using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) and Sanger sequencing as necessary. Results: The median age at testing was 55.5 years and ranged from 19.1 to 90.0 years of age. Of the total cohort, 713 (75.1%) individuals had a personal history of breast cancer with or without additional cancer types; 43 (4.5%) individuals had non-cancerous breast findings, and 49 (5.2%) individuals had a personal history of other types of cancer(s). The remaining 144 (15.2%) individuals did not specify a personal history, but the vast majority did indicate a family history of cancer (n=133; 93.8%). Comparably, 572 (60.3%) of the individuals with a personal history of cancer or of non-cancerous breast findings reported a family history of cancer. The median age at onset for breast cancer was 53 years (n=472; range=24-89 years). A total of 90 (9.5%) individuals had a pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) and 3 (0.3%) of individuals harbored the APC I1307K risk variant. Of the 90 individuals with positive findings, 31.1% had a P/LP variant in BRCA2, 28.0% in MUTYH, 11.8% in CHEK2, 7.5% in BRCA1, in 6.5% BRIP1, and 11.8% in ATM, CDKN2A, MSH6, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, and RET. The most frequently reported pathogenic variants were MUTYH p.Gly396Asp (n=20), BRCA2 p.Glu1308* (n=16), and BRCA2 p.Asn1933Lysfs*29 (n=6). A recurrent pathogenic deletion of the upstream and exon 2 region of BRCA1 was also identified in three individuals. The indeterminate and negative rates were 36.5% (n=346) and 53.7% (n=510), respectively. Conclusion: Although the present study was limited to biological females and included individuals with broader personal and family cancer histories, the positive rate is within range of those reported for other countries in the Caribbean. Interestingly, P/LP variants have been reported to be enriched in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 across other Caribbean countries; however, this was not mirrored in the pattern of positive findings for this cohort of Puerto Rican females and may suggest a distinct background for hereditary cancer predisposition in this population. Further studies are needed to understand the landscape of germline variants in this population to ensure proper surveillance and risk mitigation is applied. Citation Format: Hannah Cox, Deborah Hartzfeld, Shawn Gessy, Christina Zaleski, Jerry Machado. Hereditary cancer genetic testing in Puerto Rican females [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO1-08-08.

Zločini Prve kozačke divizije u NDH 1943. godine: perspektiva žrtava, hrvatskih vojnih i civilnih vlasti

During the Second World War, several Cossack units served in the German armed forces, and their movements and combat operations were already the subject of scholarly research and popular historiography. Contrasting the majority of published works, based on German military sources and focused on deployment and anti-partisan combat activities, this paper aims to analyze and showcase the First Cossack Cavalry Division on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from a perspective of civilian victims and Croatian authorities. Such perspective portrays the Cossacks as uncompromising and exceptionally efficient fighters against communism and resistance, but also as undisciplined villains, leaving the trail of crimes, robbery, rape, molest and murder of civilians. The paper is mostly based on unpublished historical sources from the Archives of Yugoslavia and the Military Archives in Belgrade.

Challenging Externalisation Through the Lens of the Human Right to Leave

Around the world, externalised migration controls continue to proliferate, leading to host of human rights harms for migrants. Migrants (and citizens) are being contained in states of origin and transit and denied their fundamental right to leave. However, externalisation is typically understood as preventing migrants entering state territory and accessing asylum, which has shaped litigation efforts and the rights and obligations that are invoked. Accordingly, this article seeks to demonstrate that the right to leave any country remains a largely overlooked avenue for challenging harmful externalisation practices and to highlight the important role it can play in remedying accountability gaps. It provides a broad overview of the right to leave in international law and its main contours as a starting point for considering the applicability of the right to externalisation measures. It examines the key jurisprudence concerning externalisation and the cases invoking the right to leave, including with respect to pushbacks, offshore processing, safe country arrangements, visa regimes, carrier sanctions and pullbacks, illustrating missed opportunities and positive developments. The article calls for a change in approach that recognises the great potential of the right to leave in tackling externalisation and containment, suggesting future opportunities for the right to be litigated and developed across different fora.

The Concept of Total Defense Options of the Republic of Serbia

With the current National Security Strategy, the Republic of Serbia has adopted the total defense concept to respond to the proclaimed military neutrality. The decision in question, among other things, affects the direction of the overall defense capability of the state and society as a whole. There are several fundamentally important issues in which a choice must be made. One of the essential questions is which tasks are best performed under the auspices of the Armed Forces and which should be assigned to civilian actors. In other words, a clear division of responsibilities between the civilian and Armed Forces involved in total defense is necessary. On the other hand, the Republic of Serbia has a negative legacy that dates back to the conflict on the territory of the former state, as well as certain decisions that contradict the decision to develop a total defense and confident decisions that have a direct impact on the adopted concept of national defense. The paper presents the possible content of the total defense of the Republic of Serbia through the analysis of the concept on the examples of individual countries. In this connection, it should be noted that the Defense Strategy of the Republic of Serbia had to expand the content of the total defense concept. This is necessary not only for a more complete understanding but also for the fact that the provisions of the Strategy are further operationalized through documents of lower generality.

The right to freedom of movement during a wartime

The right to freedom of movement is a fundamental human right, which is accepted as the ability of everyone to move and freely choose their place of residence, freely leave any country, including their own. In the conditions of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, there is a need to reconsider the permanent approaches to understanding the essence of this right and its key aspects.&#x0D; It was determined that the consequences of the full-scale invasion became a trigger for one of the most massive migration flows from Ukraine to other states, in particular to the countries of the European Union. This has caused a certain easing in the aspect of the procedure for traveling abroad and has permitted people to leave Ukraine without documents for traveling abroad.&#x0D; It is justified that the right to freedom of movement is not absolute and, accordingly, may be subject to restrictions, which, nevertheless, must meet the requirements of legality, proportionality of such restrictions, and the legitimacy of their purpose. Thus, freedom of movement may be restricted, in particular, in territories where a state of war or emergency has been imposed, as well as in temporarily occupied territories. It was established that in order to prevent the violation of the right to freedom of movement, a number of measures are taken, including, in particular, the inspection of regulatory legal acts for the presence of corruption risks, which is carried out by the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption.&#x0D; It has been analyzed that possible violations of the right to freedom of movement, in particular cases of forced relocation of Ukrainian citizens to the territory of the aggressor state, may constitute crimes punishable by the International Criminal Court. It was determined that there is a need to reclassify such acts from a crime against humanity to a crime of genocide in view of the focus of the aggressor state on the concrete and intentional destruction of the Ukrainian national group.

JURISDICTION OF TRANSNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL ACTS IN THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Transnational administrative-legal acts exhibit the feature of exerting influence not only within the jurisdiction of the originating state but also across the borders, encompassing the territories of other states. Such acts are one form of harmonization and "integration" of activities within the European Union. The European integration process entails progressively aligning and synchronizing laws, policies, and regulations across European Union member states to establish a unified market and foster deeper political and economic collaboration. This progression involved the delegation of specific governmental authorities from national administrations to EU institutions. Consequently, transnational administrative-legal acts play a crucial role in promoting and regulating this integration. European Union law exerts a varied impact on the collaboration and organization of administrative entities, along with its influence on the judiciary. In part, this includes the obligation to recognize administrative bodies or judicial decisions of other states.However, there are few areas in which the enforcement of EU law is fully regulated by national law. There are frequent cases where the enforcement standards of the member states are applied to the law of the European Union, which, in some cases, damages the idea of a unified application of the law of the European Union. Transnational administrative-legal acts often require cooperation and coordination among member states in order to effectively address existing challenges. The European integration process promotes this cooperation through various mechanisms. In this way, it is important that when applying the national legal norms, the practical realization of the objective of the European Union norm is not hindered and, at the same time, the national interests of the candidate country are not harmed. This concerns the application of both substantive and procedural law norms. The present article discusses the issue of transnational administrative-legal acts in the process of European integration; The typology of transnational administrative-legal acts is presented, the precedents of the European Court of Justice and their influence on the principle of territoriality and the right to effective justice are analyzed. Keywords: Transnational administrative-legal act, Jurisdiction

Why Westphalia Still Matters: Territorial Rights under Empire

Abstract Territory is a distinctive feature of modern international politics, but there is little consensus over what about it is distinctively modern. Recent scholarship in historical international relations (IR) takes modern territoriality to be defined by the practice of creating and enforcing borders. Scholarship therefore dismisses the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, once thought to be the origin of the sovereign territorial state, because it did not change border practices. However, this approach ignores legal history. I argue that territory is a legal concept, and a history of modern territoriality must explain under what conditions rulers expressed their authority as territorial in nature. This article explains why the legal evolution of territorial rights (landeshoheit, iure territorii) in early modern Europe was distinctive of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE). While national monarchies asserted their “sovereignty” as non-territorial in order to capture overseas empires, the HRE developed a legal doctrine of territorially circumscribed jurisdiction within the imperial hierarchy. The Peace of Westphalia was a culminating event in which diverse privileges were recast as a single territorial right. Territorial autonomy was not only consistent with the hierarchy of the HRE but was fundamental to preserving it. This article has two contributions. First, it adds to recent scholarship on modern territoriality by explaining how legal history furnished the preconditions for ruling territory. Second, it places Westphalia and the empire’s legal history within the recent turn toward empire in historical IR. An important source for the development of international law was the internal constitution of the HRE. This prompts us to reconsider the notion that international law assumes a world of sovereign territorial states. On the contrary, early international law concerned territorial states nested within imperial hierarchy, not the anarchy of sovereignty.

Ideologists of Regionalism on the Territorial Status, Population and Development Prospects of Siberia (End of XIX - Beginning of XX centuries)

Ideologists of Regionalism on the Territorial Status, Population and Development Prospects of Siberia (End of XIX - Beginning of XX centuries)

Trends in prevalence of unmet need for family planning in India: patterns of change across 36 States and Union Territories, 1993–2021

BackgroundEliminating unmet need for family planning by 2030 is a global priority for ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. We estimate the sub-national trends in prevalence of unmet need for family planning over 30 years in India and study differences based on socio-economic and demographic factors.MethodsWe used data from five National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted between 1993 to 2021 for the 36 states/Union Territories (UTs) of India. The study population included women of ages 15–49 years who were married or in a union at the time of the survey. The outcome was unmet need for family planning which captures the prevalence of fecund and sexually active women not using contraception, who want to delay or limit childbearing. We calculated the standardized absolute change to estimate the change in prevalence on an annual basis across all states/UTs. We examined the patterning of prevalence of across demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and estimated the headcount of women with unmet need in 2021.ResultsThe prevalence of unmet need in India decreased from 20·6% (95% CI: 20·1– 21·2%) in 1993, to 9·4% (95% CI: 9·3–9·6%) in 2021. Median unmet need prevalence across states/UTs decreased from 17·80% in 1993 to 8·95% in 2021. The north-eastern states of Meghalaya (26·9%, 95% CI: 25·3–28·6%) and Mizoram (18·9%, 95% CI: 17·2–20·6%), followed by the northern states of Bihar (13·6%, 95% CI: 13·1–14·1%) and Uttar Pradesh (12·9%, 95% CI: 12·5–13·2%), had the highest unmet need prevalence in 2021. As of 2021, the estimated number of women with an unmet need for family planning was 24,194,428. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and West Bengal accounted for half of this headcount. Women of ages 15–19 and those belonging the poorest wealth quintile had a relatively high prevalence of unmet need in 2021.ConclusionsThe existing initiatives under the National Family Planning Programme should be strengthened, and new policies should be developed with a focus on states/UTs with high prevalence, to ensure unmet need for family planning is eliminated by 2030.

Factors that support public health infrastructure recovery in Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands after Hurricanes Irma and Maria.

This paper describes the factors that support recovery of public health infrastructure (PHI), including conditions that facilitated or hindered recovery in United States (US) territories impacted by hurricanes Irma and Maria. A deductive approach was used to categorize data from five organizations that received crisis hurricane recovery (CHR) funds from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.* Spending was grouped into five infrastructure gaps: (1) human resources, (2) informatic upgrades, (3) equipment, (4) minor repairs, and (5) preventive maintenance. Unanticipated PHI costs, facilitators, and hinderances to PHI recovery were identified. Most (72 percent) of the $53,529,823 CHR funding was used to address infrastructure gaps in (1) human resources (56 percent), (2) informatics (16 percent), (3) equipment (13 percent), (4) minor repairs (10 percent), and (5) preventive maintenance (5 percent). Most of the requests (56 percent) to redirect funds were associated with unanticipated costs in initial work plans and budgets. The use of administrative partners, planning tools, dedicated staff, streamlined procedures, eg, contracts, and cost sharing facilitated PHI recovery. The most common hindrance to PHI recovery were delays in procurement and shipping. In summary, investments in dedicated funding to upgrade, repair, or replace critical structures and systems for infectious disease surveillance, laboratory capacity, vector control, environmental health inspections, and vaccine storage and administration in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands after Hurricanes Irma and Maria contributed to their recovery capacity. These findings may inform funding and resource allocation considerations for PHI recovery in the US territories.

The configuration processes of the modern territorial State: Elements to rethink the conception of blackcommunities in Colombia

Introducción: las comunidades negras colombianas han sido sometidas diversos procesos de homogenización que, basados principalmente en lo fenotípico y lo supuestamente común en lo histórico, han invisibilizado sus trayectorias y necesidades particulares. Objetivo: el presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la concepción y producción de comunidades negras en Colombia, con sustento en la metodología cualitativa, el análisis documental, bibliográfico y temático. Reflexión: se logró establecer el proceso de conformación del Estado/moderno/territorial, haciendo evidente el hecho isomórfico que ha pretendido sostener una equivalencia entre territorio, comunidad y cultura. A su vez, cuestionar la noción homogeneidad de una comunidad étnica con diferentes historias y contextos. Conclusiones: se reflexionó sobre el pensamiento localizado, lo cual redunda en una comprensión de las dinámicas territoriales de los grupos étnicos y con estos, de la necesidad de su reconocimiento y de medidas de política que permitan mantener y preservar con garantías su existencia.

Status of premises used for diplomatic aims on the ground of the international law

Presented paper aims to define obligations of receiving state according to premises of diplomatic mission. This is particular kind of real estates, which are located on territory of state. Author tries to answer a question about legal effects of violation premises of diplomatic mission on the ground of the international law. Article contains key provisions of the international law for this issue, which are connected to premises of diplomatic mission and ground for the responsibility and liability of state. Presented acts of the international law concerns on not only diplomatic law, but also law of special missions and antiterrorist law. Author describes also legal status of premises of diplomatic mission on territory of receiving state. Analysis of abovementioned provisions is necessary to derive obligations of receiving state. Moreover, there are described the most well-known cases of assaults on premises of diplomatic mission and statistics concerning on this subject. Author considers possible cases of violation of premises of diplomatic mission and international legal effects of such case. There can be many cases, because inviolability of premises can be an act of third state, which is bound by provisions of diplomatic law, both agreements and custom.

State dysfunctionality as a premise for the functioning of a terrorist organization in its territory

This article discusses the phenomenon of dysfunctionality of states as a premise for the operation of terrorist organizations on their territory. It analyses historical and contemporary causes of state failure, such as the legacy of colonialism, corruption, poverty, and internal ethnic and religious conflicts. It presents various definitions and classifications of dysfunctional states, including the terms "failed state" and "fragile state." The role of terrorist organizations in such states and their ability to create alternative power structures in areas beyond the control of legitimate governments are also discussed. A key factor in the success of these organizations is radical ideology, which enables the takeover and maintenance of control in the territory of a dysfunctional state. The conclusions indicate the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the problem of state failure in the context of international security.

The role of the People’s Advocate (Ombudsman) in Albania: The fulfillment of its duties in defending the rights of the citizens and the need for a resizing

The constant change in state territories and therefore even in human rights, it was necessary to guarantee (in this case) the rights of minorities, which were compromised due to the historical and political circumstances. For this reason the Convention on Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Minorities have continuously become more protective and completed. European countries and not only have been willing to respect and guarantee every right that is connected to the fact of being a “human being”. Not only in this aspect, but more or less remaining on the same line Europe has also been caring for the institutionalization of certain rights, which should be guaranteed to an individual in its relationship with the state administration. The constitutions of European countries (as well as the latest ones, the countries of Eastern Europe and Western Balkan) installed the institution of the Ombudsman (People’s Advocate). This article aims to present a comparative analysis of the real efficiency of this very important institution in Albania and Balkan. Its legal vacuum, juridical power and its need for resizing.

Regional disparities in COVID-19 case fatality rates: A comparative analysis of Nigerian Geopolitical Regions in 2020 and 2023

In December 2019, first case of COVID-19 was documented in the Wuhan, China. The symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19 include cough, fever, fatigue, and breathing difficulties. In 30th January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The coronavirus entered Nigeria through an infected Italian citizen who came in contact with a Nigerian citizen who was subsequently infected with the coronavirus. The coronavirus then spread to other citizens in Lagos and to other parts of the country. This study focuses on analysing the Case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19 in different geopolitical regions of Nigeria in the years 2020 and 2023. The regions considered are North Central, North East, North West, South South, South West and South East. This was a retrospective study using national surveillance data collected from all 36 States and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria. Epidemiological indices of COVID-19 of 12th July, 2020 and data as at 26th February, 2023 were downloaded from the official update database of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) weekly report within the same period of this study The confirmed cases and deaths were extracted directly while the Case fatality rates (CFR) were computed. The total confirmed cases, death cases, and Cases Fatality Rates (CFR) as at 12th July 2020 was 31,323, 706 and 2.3% respectively. However, in 2023, the values had changed to 440,139 confirmed cases, 3156 death cases an a CRF of 0.7% respectively. The North Central region was observed to have the highest fatality rate of 62.1% and 47.2% in 2020 and 2023 respectively. The North East accounted for 32.5% and 12.6%, Noth West 36.4% and 16.4%, South- South, 37.5% and 12.4%, South East 16.9% and 4.7% and South West 15.4% and 10.1% respectively in 2020 and 2023. The 6 geopolitical regions of the country experience decrease at different proportion in Case Fatality Rates and this can be attributed to various factors, including increased vaccination coverage, better understanding of the virus, improved healthcare infrastructure and more effective public health measures. Despite the decrease in case fatality rate, regional disparities still exist which may be linked to underlying socioeconomic and healthcare disparities between regions. Addressing these disparities is crucial for a more equitable response to future pandemics

On the issue of legislative regulation of the status of federal territories in the Russian Federation

In this article the authors’ concept of certain provisions of the framework Federal Law ‟On Federal Territories” is presented. The researchers proposed a structural vision of the future legislative act, concretised the norms defining the general principles of the legal status of federal territories: the subject of regulation and the purpose of the adoption of the federal law, basic terms and concepts, the principles and procedure for the formation of federal territories, their types, the purpose and grounds for the creation of federal territories. The article also analyses the legal foundations and doctrinal approaches mediating the procedure for the creation and functioning of territorial units of a special type in the system of public authority of the Russian Federation.

Improving the current configuration of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone, with account to international environmental cooperation within the framework of the Arctic Council

This article analyzes the problems of correlating the space within which the Russian Federation’s special state policy is implemented, considering Russia’s international obligations, to the actual status of the Arctic territories. The boundaries of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) and the territories specified by the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) working group of the Arctic Council are only partially coincident and vary in different regions. This discrepancy can be explained by the lack of uniform criteria for the identification of the southern border of the Arctic zone, while international projects aimed at preserving the natural environment and biodiversity in the Arctic are being implemented in these territories. A number of territories have been proposed for inclusion in the Arctic zone as part of the final stage of the Russian Arctic. It is important to define the Arctic zone in order to address the problems of protecting the environment and biological resources of the territory and ensuring the social and economic well-being of the Arctic population.