Situation In Territories Research Articles

Cuidando a los niños y niñas, cuidando el territorio. Una mirada etnográfica sobre comunidades rurales mapuche y ava-guaraní en Argentina

In recent years, care-related social studies have been growing strongly. Focusing on this process, it seems relevant to suggest that care involves broader processes, which allows us to think not only about its relationship to child-rearing, but also to the environment and the rest of the beings that live in it. Based on two ethnographic research projects carried out with Mapuche (Neuquen) and Ava-Guarani (Salta) rural communities in Argentina, we will analyze the ways in which the forms of care are related to disputes over indigenous territories and access to natural resources. Boys and girls actively participate in household care tasks, as well as having wide margins of autonomy in rural territories. Thus, on the one hand, our observations on indigenous child care allow us to discuss childhood and family definitions that underlie child care hegemonic perspectives. On the other hand, ethnographic research on family strategies for organizing child care in these contexts shows their relationship to unequal land distribution, working conditions and gender inequalities. Finally, this article discusses the ways in which child care is linked to the territorial situation of indigenous people.

Linguistic aspect of the formation of national identities in Lithuania in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century

The issue of polonisation and the status of the Polish language has been the subject of intense interest in Lithuania to this day, not only in a cultural and historical context, but also in a political context, since Poles constitute the largest national minority there. This article is an attempt to describe the role of the linguistic aspect in the national transformations in Lithuania during the crucial period, i.e. the formation of modern national identities at the turn of the 19th century and their emancipation in the form of the politics of national states of the interwar period. The analysis includes a number of statistics on the presence of Lithuanian and Polish language in public space and their place in the context of a political, social and economic situation of Lithuanian territories. The creation of national states and the formation of linguistic and national processes from the top down by state administration were commonplace on both sides of the Lithuanian-Polish border. In Polish-Lithuanian relations it was the language that became the main hostage of the conflict and a kind of litmus paper for defining national identity, thus marginalising other aspects.

Socio-Economic Development of Russia and Problems of Spatial Structuring

The transition to a new social order is accompanied by changes in the methodology and functioning of socio-economic systems. The modern period of the development of scientific research is characterized by a variety of recommendations and opinions of scientists on the strategy and tactics of managing economic development. It is difficult to reach a consensus in choosing the most effective means of economic policy, taking into account the peculiarities of the current internal and external situation. For the functioning of the national economy of Russia, it is important to reach a consensus in the applied methods and instruments of state regulation of economy in the territorial context: macroregions, regions, municipalities. The necessary conditions for the successful implementation of state plans and programs are the coordination of the activities of economic entities, production cooperation, and the stability of economic ties. The development and implementation of effective measures are relevant to current scientific problems and are in the center of public attention. The aim of the research is to study the features of spatial structuring in accordance with regional policy and national strategic documents, to conduct a content analysis of the socio-economic situation of Russian territories of different ranks. The expected result is the preparation of recommendations for the development of certain aspects of regional economic research. On the basis of factual material on federal districts, the work examines the possibilities of the practical application of methods and tools of regional economic science to achieve high results in business practice. Using general scientific and applied methods, a conceptual vision of the necessary changes in the priorities of spatial development and the system of strategic planning documents is presented. Based on the objective process of digitalization, current trends have been identified and possible innovations in approaches to structuring space at the subnational level have been formulated, and possible directions of transformation in the management of regional socio-economic systems have been substantiated.

Geoinformation methods of geoecological features of the territory study

The paper considers the analysis of dynamics changes in the Ilmenno-Bugrovy lowland of the Caspian region to evaluate the accuracy of detecting changes in the geoecological peculiarities of the region. The method of remote sensing is used for a more detailed study of the Ilmenno-Bugrovy lowland region. A complex of various methods of fixing the natural situation using photographic, scanner, and other special equipment is used. The authors also apply visual observations and methods for calculating quantitative indicators in landscape ecology. The unique landscape of these regions is represented by the tracts of the Baer knolls and inter-mound plains, which are occupied by lake-like reservoirs, ilmens, of varying degrees of salinity which have preserved the water surface due to their connection with the arms of the Volga River. The natural water regime of these regions is disturbed, and in the process of extensive environment, the Baer knolls are destroyed, natural territories are polluted as a result of the Volga river flow regulation. The information was collected on the geoecological state of the site in this landscape region using modern geoinformation research methods. These methods made it possible to identify the features of anthropogenic influence in these regions, to develop a set of measures to prevent the environmental deterioration and preserve the biological diversity of these regions. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to identify an unstable ecological situation in these unique natural territories. The structure and texture of the landscapes of the Ilmenno-Bugrovy lowland is changing under the conditions of active anthropogenic and technogenic impact.

The Application of GIS Technologies and Remote Sensing Data to Determine the Morphometric Features of the River Basin: The Case of the Upper Part of the Charysh River

The paper focuses on the possibilities of using the technology of geographic information systems (GIS-technologies) and data on the Earth remote sensing to determine the morphometric parameters of the river basin on the example of the upper part of the Charysh River (Russia). The authors conclude that a river basin is a holistic natural complex in which all physical parameters are interdependent and have specific features for each basin. Geographic information methods are used to study hydrological objects and in the modeling of drainage basins as natural compound complexes. In combination with GIS technologies, remote sensing methods are convenient for deciphering and assessing the hydrological situation of territories. For the upper part of the Charysh River basin, a complex of morphometric calculations was performed. Based on DEM and satellite images, thematic layers for GIS were built, and the thematic layers were designed as maps.

Past and Future of Kurdish Autonomy in Syria: Prospects of the Autonomy in the Time of COVID-19

This article focuses on the current COVID-19 implications for the fissure between the Syrian regime and the Kurds in Syria. It explains how the Syrian Kurds cope with COVID-19, given the region’s political status and the current state of play in the Syrian war. It sheds light on (1) the practical application of Kurdish semi-autonomy in Syria along with its successes and shortcomings in the public health sphere; and (2) how COVID-19 has affected intra-Kurdish politics in Syria and Kurdistan. Although changes in the political framework of Syria are not expected in the near future, the pandemic has underscored the fissures between the Kurds and the central government. Since the pandemic reached Syria, the Syrian government has almost completely neglected the health situation in the Kurdish territories. The Kurdish Autonomous Administration, in turn, recruited all the means at its disposal to cope independently with the crisis. These on-the-ground developments are signs for both the overt and covert, anxious hopes and strivings of the Kurds for autonomy. To assess the prospects for Kurdish autonomy, the article also analyzes the Kurds’ relationships with the states involved in the Syrian conflict and the historical landmarks of intra-Kurdish politics.

Ecogenetic monitoring of ionizing radiation for radon-hazardous territories

This work is devoted to studying the alpha activity distribution of natural radionuclides in boarding schools located near zones of tectonic faults. There are many tectonic faults in the Almaty and this is the basis for referring the southern capital of Kazakhstan to the radon-hazardous territories. As a result of radiometric measurements a 2D-topology of the alpha-radiation flux density distribution from the distance to the tectonic fault was found. Based on the measurements results the coefficient of radon concentration from the distance to the tectonic rupture was found. Using the obtained pattern, it is possible to plot the dependence of volumetric alpha activity for other schools, if their distances from the tectonic fault are known. In addition, interest in biomedical and ecogenetic effects of radon and its decay products has grown considerably in the last few years. These effects have been investigated in biotests on Drosophila’s two systems. It was found that alpha-particles, with the help of which the situation in radon-hazardous territories was simulated, possess mutagenic influence manifested mainly in formation of morphoses or deformities.

Population dynamics of priority geostrategic Territories of Russia in 2010-2018

The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the population of the priority geostrategic territories of the Russian Federation. They are highlighted in the "Strategy for the Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025" as territories that are of particular importance for the development of the country as a whole and are distinguished at the same time by special life conditions and the functioning of the economy due to their geographical location. Population dynamics for such territories is both a factor determining socio-economic development and an indicator of the effectiveness of this development. The components of the population dynamics - natural growth and migration flows - are of particular importance. The article describes all four groups of priority geostrategic territories of Russia - isolated from the main territory of the country (exclaves), located in the North Caucasus and the Far East, in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. For each group, trends in population dynamics have been identified since the 2010 census, taking into account the components of natural growth and migration. The multidirectional aspect of the main demographic processes in the priority geostrategic territories of the country is revealed - natural growth is combined with the migration outflow of the population, and the migration inflow - with natural decline. At the same time, in the exclave and North Caucasian territories, the population is growing, and in the Far Eastern and Arctic territories it is decreasing. The features of both groups of priority geostrategic territories in comparison with Russia as a whole and of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities within groups of territories are shown. The latter became possible due to the use of the database "Municipal Russia", that summarises demographic statistics for all urban districts and municipal areas of the country, including those located in priority geostrategic territories. As a result of the analysis of the population dynamics, directions have been identified that can lead to an improvement in the demographic situation in the priority geostrategic territories of the country, and, accordingly, will contribute to the socio-economic development of not only these territories, but the entire Russian Federation

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

In work on the basis of data of Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial authorities the comparative analysis of features of dynamics and current state of the key demographic parameters of country people of areas of the Volga region is carried out, key problems of their demographic development are revealed. The relevance of this research is defined by need of continuous monitoring of a demographic situation and assessment of efficiency of implementation of the federal and regional programs realizing sustainable development goals of rural territories regarding demographic development of the village. Economic-mathematical methods of the analysis of data and also the system analysis are used. It is established that the demographic situation in rural territories of regions of the Volga region remains rather heavy, it is characterized by negative natural increase of country people (and in the Astrakhan region and the Republic of Kalmykia it became that in 2019), falling of birth rate and migration outflow (except for the Republic of Tatarstan and the Samara region) and is a consequence as long-term trends (the developed gender and age structure of the population), and modern social and economic conditions. Demographic problems are particularly acute in the Ulyanovsk, Penza and Saratov regions. By data for 2019 also direct close connection between indicators of mortality and level of rural unemployment and also coefficient of birth rate of country people and a share of compensation in agriculture from average on region economy is established. For regions of the Volga region priorities on saving of the human capital of the village are the measures for strengthening of health, increase in availability and quality of medical services and also for development of rural economy and social infrastructure promoting decrease in outflow of the population from rural areas.

Demographic problems of geostrategic territories of the Russian Far East

The article presents an analysis of the demographic problems of the priority geostrategic territories of the Russian Far East. Such territories are characterized in the «Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation to 2025» as having a particular significance for development of the country as a whole, but differing in special conditions of the population life and functioning of the economy due to their geographical location. The main problem of the Far East geostrategic territories of the country is depopulation, which is both a factor that slows down the socio-economic development and an indicator that characterizes the low performance of this development. Components of the population dynamics that lead to its decline — natural growth and migration flows — are of particular importance. The article identifies multidirectional nature of the main demographic processes — natural growth is mainly combined with migration outflow of the population. The regions of the Far East that managed to increase their population in 2010-2018 with this combination are the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia) and Buryatia. Specific features of the Far East priority geostrategic territories in comparison with Russia as a whole are shown. The analysis is based on the «Municipal Russia» database, which summarizes the demographic statistics for all urban districts and municipal districts of the country, including those located on the priority geostrategic territories. As a result of the analysis of population dynamics, we have identified directions that can lead to an improvement in the demographic situation in the priority geostrategic territories of the Far East, and, accordingly, will contribute to the socio-economic development of not only these territories, but also the entire Russian Federation.

РТУТЬ В РЯСКЕ КАК ИНДИКАТОР ТЕХНОГЕНЕЗА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РОССИИ

Актуальность. Исследования обусловлены необходимостью поиска чувствительных индикаторов техногенеза, элементный состав которых может позволить получить объективную информацию об эколого-геохимической обстановке изучаемой территории. Ртуть отличается высокими токсикологическими свойствами по отношению к живому организму. Использование биообъектов, находящихся в начале пищевой цепочки, является наиболее информативным и объективным, а также может послужить важной информацией для дальнейшего прогнозирования экологической обстановки территории. Цель: определить индикаторные способности элементного состава водных растений семейства рясковые (Lemnaceae) к эколого-геохимической обстановке различных урбанизированных территорий России на примере изучения концентраций ртути в ней. Объекты: водное растение семейства рясковые (Lemnaceae), отличающееся повсеместной встречаемостью, высокой скоростью прироста биомассы и толерантностью к климатическим условиям окружающей среды. Методика. Исследование проведено по единой методике в 65 населенных пунктах 46 регионов Российской Федерации. Определение валового содержания ртути в ряске проводилось методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии. Результаты. Рассмотрена роль одного из индикаторов техногенеза – водные растения семейства рясковые. Получены количественные оценки распределения ртути в макрофите на исследуемой территории, определено среднее содержание ртути в ряске по России (среднее медианное – 14,7 нг/г, среднее арифметическое – 18 нг/г). Обнаружены аномальные концентрации ртути в водном растении на территории Ставлопольского края, Республик Северная Осетия-Алания и Башкоркостан, а также Кировской и Кемеровской областей. Эколого-геохимическая обстановка данных территорий может быть обусловлена влиянием техногенных факторов, наиболее весомыми из которых является хлорно-щелочное производство. Отдельно изучена региональная специфика на примере Томского района Томской области, на территории которого подробно изучена зона влияния Северного промышленного узла.

Отто Иванович Макстенек: у истоков монгольской революции 1921 года

Introduction. The Mongolian Revolution of 1921 was the result of active bilateral interaction between Mongolian and Soviet revolutionaries. It was the authorized representative of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR to Mongolia O. I. Makstenek who contributed a lot to the preparation of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921: he participated in the Soviet-Mongolian negotiations of 1920-1921, and met Mongolian delegates who arrived at the border point of Troitskosavsk from Outer Mongolia. Goals and Objectives. The article studies O. I. Makstenek’s activities when a Soviet Russia’s plenipotentiary representative to Mongolia from June 1920 to March 1921. To facilitate this, the work 1) examines the then political situation in Mongolia and adjacent territories – the Russian Far East and Baikalia (as reported by O. I. Makstenek), 2) introduces into scientific discourse some archival materials dealing with his informational, organizational, diplomatic, political, and economic efforts. Materials. The study investigates documents stored by the Archives of Mongolia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs titled ‘O. I. Makstenek, Authorized Officer of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs in Mongolia, and Results of His Work: 1 June 1920 to March 1921’. Results. The study reveals previously unknown and valuable facts about diverse and productive activities of O. I. Makstenek. It casts light on details and peculiarities of his 1920 Troitskosavsk-based meetings with MPRP (Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party) members, February 1921 debates on the occupation of Maimaicheng; identifies names of involved Soviet, Mongolian and Chinese leaders, White Guard commanders. Conclusions. The authorized representative of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR to Mongolia O. I. Makstenek could not leave for Urga staying in Troitskosavsk between June 1920 and March 1921 but did a great job in preparing the Mongolian revolution of 1921. It was through his efforts that the Mongolian delegates without any restrictions were travelling via Troitskosavsk to other cities of the Far Eastern Republic and Soviet Russia, and would organize meetings of the MPRP in Troitskosavsk.

Джебцзун-Дамба-хутухта и амбань Сань До: начало противостояния (из донесений генерального консула в Урге Я. П. Шишмарева в 1910 году)

Introduction. The situation in non-Han territories of the Qing Empire that preceded the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 was quite tense. Outer Mongolia became the scene of growing impatience with the dominance of the Manchu administration and Chinese merchants, which attested to weak positions of the Qing dynasty in the region. In the meantime, the Russian Empire in every way available increased its political and economic influence on Outer Mongolia. Goals and Objectives. The article studies the relationships between the religious leader of Mongolia Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu and the new appointee of the Qing Empire Amban Sando. Sando proved a supporter of the ‘new policy’ who had served as a Manchu official in South China, and then spent seven years in Japan. Immediately prior to Urga, he had been ruling the Tumet Banners. The research objectives set include as follows: review of Amban Sando’s activities between his arrival to Urga in February 1910 to April 1910; insight into the March 1910 Urga unrest of Buddhist priests; analysis of interpersonal relationships between Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu and Sando. Somewhat secondary tasks are to analyze reactions of Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu and the Mongolian population to the departure of the 13th Dalai Lama to India in 1910; to consider the problem of the emerged rebel detachment led by Togtokho from Inner to Outer Mongolia. Materials. The work analyzes reports by Russian Consul General in Urga Ya. Shishmarev housed by the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. The study also examines some Mongolian and Russian research works. Conclusions. According to Ya. Shishmarev, Sando was supporting China’s reforms and entered the Urga office with all his might. The reports inform the relationships between Sando and Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu were tough since the very beginning, and they worsened after the March 1910 Urga unrest largely joined by Buddhist monks. The Russian official concludes Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu was quite satisfied with the 13th Dalai Lama’s departure towards India, and reports that the border Mongolian population was supporting Togtokho’s rebel detachment from Inner Mongolia.

Feature Health Services in the Akmolinskii District of the Steppe Territory in the 70-ies of 19th Century — Early 20th Century (Based on to the District Statistic Reviews in 1870-1915)

Based on the annually statistic reviews of the Akmolinskii district of the Steppe Territory the problem of the training and the number of the health service is analyzed. The research revealed that the completed accession the Steppe Territory to the Russian Empire in the 60s 19th century caused the creation of the health service. This process was accompanied by the analyses of epidemical situation at the region and the causes of the emergence of new diseases. Its development was inextricably linked with the adverse environmental conditions at the Akmolimskii district, the territorial and climatic situation at the region and the distrust of the indigenous Kazakh population in the qualified medical care. The developing of the health care was carried out under the control of the Steppe governor general and the Military governor of the the Akmolinskii district. The analysis of the statistical data allows saying that there was unchanged increase of number of doctors and paramedics in the Akmolinskii district since the 70s 19th century, also the number of the medical center and beds increased. Despite this, by the end of 1917 the local population wasn’t quite covered by medical care. The reason for this was the lack of medical personnel, the heavy stress of doctors and paramedics, large territories and areas.

The Study of the Environmental Risk of Urban Areas on the Example of the City of Voronezh

Studied the regularity of formation of socio-environmental conditions that affect the environmental safety of cities on the example of the city of Voronezh. The results obtained in the course of many years of monitoring studies are summarized in the GIS “Environmental and socio-economic conditions of the city of Voronezh”. GIS consists of a system of hierarchically subdivided sections of databases and thematic mapping tools, reflecting the natural resource potential, socio-economic and environmental-hygienic situation of urbanized territories. The basis is Earth remote sensing data, and official statistics from environmental agencies. For mathematical cartographic modeling, an array of official statistical information was selected for a 20-year period, from 1998 to 2018.

Regional Policy of the Russian Railways in THE Context of Depopulation. Geopolitical and Socio- Demographic Aspects

Railway transport have unique geopolitical and socio-economic importance for the Russian Federation, providing transport links between most regions, connecting the Asian and European parts with each other and some foreign countries, as well as holds together such a territorially large state as Russia in transport and socio-economic relation. In this regard, the problem of the development of transport systems in strategic regions of Russia, as well as the specifics of the regional policy of Russian Railways in the context of demographic problems and the geopolitical position of these territories, is becoming especially urgent. It is significant that the main connecting element of the infrastructure of the Asian part of the country is the rail transport. The research of the authors showed that the demographic and migration situation in the Russian regions is to a certain extent dependent on the density of the railway network. Then higher the density of railways, the more attractive regions in terms of migration are. And, on the contrary, in regions with a low density of railways, there is a steady trend of the migration outflow of the population. At the same time, demographic forecasts show that in the absence of promising infrastructure projects, negative trends in migration outflow and natural population decline are highly likely to continue, and, therefore, in the medium term, the population of the eastern regions will decline. In our opinion, for the effective spatial development of the territories of Siberia and the Far East, it is necessary to form a network of modern multimodal transport hubs and international transport corridors that take into account the climatic and demographic aspects of the development of the eastern territories of Russia. In addition, international competition for promising transport projects is constantly growing, which, given the low efficiency of the location of productive forces and the unused spatial potential of the Russian economy, becomes a significant geo-economic threat. The presented article examines the influence of the transport infrastructure level development for the system of settlement and trends in the socio-economic development of geostrategic territories of Russia; identified trends in the spatial and socio-economic development of the eastern territories located near the main railway lines; analyzed the demographic situation and migration trends in the eastern territories in the context of the personnel needs of the railway complex; strategic directions for the formation of personnel policy and replenishment of labor resources at Russian Railways have been developed. In addition, recommendations were developed to improve the efficiency of the spatial development of Siberia and the Far East based on the development of railway transport and promising projects for the formation of innovative transport systems.

ОЦІНКА ЩІЛЬНОСТІ ЗАСЕЛЕННЯ БІОТОПІВ КЛІЩАМИ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ІНДЕКСУ ЗАСЕЛЕННЯ. ПОРІВНЯННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РІЗНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ЗБОРУ КЛІЩІВ

Дослідницька та практична діяльність, пов’язана з вивченням та оцінкою певних явищ і процесів, вимагає використання до них об’єктивних критеріїв. Якщо ці критерії виражаються числовими значенням і співвідносяться з об’єктами, явищами чи процесами, що характеризуються певними одиницями вимірювань, то останні повинні надаватися в одиницях інтернаціональної метричної системи (СІ).
 Отримані результати мають бути відтворюваними та збіжними, тобто не залежати від суб’єктивних та інших обставин, що можуть на них впливати. Результати досліджень мають наукову цінність лише у випадку наявності можливостей їх відтворення та зіставлення. Це передбачає використання стандартизованих методів, а отримані кількісні показники мають відображатись у загальноприйнятій системі стандартів вимірів [1].
 Мета роботи – дослідити можливість оцінки чисельності кліщів у природньому середовищі запропонованим нами індексом заселення, що виражається в кількості кліщів на одиницю площі. Порівняти ефективність збору кліщів запатентованих нами пристрою та способу їх відлову і традиційних методів.
 Матеріали і методи. Використані матеріали власних польових досліджень, що проводились у біотопах природних та урбанізованих ландшафтів різних кліматичних районів Тернопільської області протягом 2017-2019 рр. із застосуванням традиційних та удосконалених нами засобів збору кліщів. Застосовані статистичні методи.
 Результати. Статистична обробка матеріалів акаралогічних досліджень обґрунтовує можливість оцінки чисельності кліщів за індексом заселення. На відміну від традиційних показників, запропонований нами індекс базується на використанні одиниць системи СІ.
 Ефективність запатентованих пристрою та способу відлову кліщів є достовірно вищою за традиційні методи.
 Висновки. Індекс заселення точніше характеризує заселеність територій кліщами, придатний для порівняльного аналізу ситуації на окремих територіях у різні роки, є стандартизованим.

RACISMO E REGULARIZAÇÃO FUNDIÁRIA DOS TERRITÓRIOS DAS COMUNIDADES QUILOMBOLAS DA BAHIA

The land ownership situation in the quilombola territories is dramatic in Brazil. This study intends, through the survey and synthesis of data and theoretical reflections, to argue that non-regularization, non-protection and conflicts in quilombola territories are inserted in the power relationship established from the constitution of contemporary capitalism. For that, some cases are brought to the State of Bahia, such as the fishing quilombos of Rio dos Macacos, Dom Joao, Graciosa and Sao Franscisco do Paraguacu. Structural racism is undoubtedly the most important explanatory element for the non-protection of quilombola territories.

Geoengineering Protection of Territories Violated by Objects of Accumulated Environmental Damage

An approach is presented that allows to choose the facilities of geoengineering protection of accumulated environmental damage. This approach is based on taking into account the peculiarities of the hydrogeological, hydrological, geomorphological situation of territories where the objects are located, as well as their ranking depending on the environmental burden. A practical example of arrangement of a large storage of hazardous waste of the chemical industry is considered. Such protection with a perimeter waterproofing curtains combines the anti-filtration functions, bank protection and strengthening the bearing capacity of soils. For the first time, a curtain based on soil-cement piles was used as alternative to the well-known sheet pile technologies to protect the geological environment and watercourse during lateral filtration of contaminants of slurry body.

Pomoc rozwojowa w Palestynie: mylne założenia i podtrzymywanie status quo?

Development Aid in Palestine: Wrong Assumptions and Maintaining the status quo?
 This article is focused on critically analyzing the main assumptions on which development aid for Palestine is based, in the context of the present political and economic situation in the Palestinian territories, especially the West Bank (which is governed by the Palestinian National Authority). Palestinian Autonomy is one of the main receivers of development aid in the world. However, development assistance has a certain structure, which is based on certain assumptions of the donors. In the case of Palestine, these include that development aid leads to real economic growth and building an independent Palestinian statehood, that it supports the peace process and the two-state solution, that it is politically neutral, and that the donors are acting in the best interests of beneficiaries. Those assumptions are challenged here.