Territorial Defense Research Articles

NATO and the CSDP after the Ukraine War: The End of European Strategic Autonomy?

Abstract The paper debates the impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on the relationship between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It argues that the invasion has changed dramatically Europe’s security landscape, carrying major implications for both organizations and their relationship. After its withdrawal from Afghanistan and deepening frictions between the US and its European allies about burden-sharing, the war instilled a new sense of purpose into NATO, placing renewed emphasis on its core functions of territorial defense and deterrence. However, the war was also a reality check for the EU, raising important questions about the future of the European security architecture, the Union’s role within it, and its relationship with NATO (hereafter also referred to as the Alliance). The aim of this article is to try to answer some of these questions, by providing an initial assessment of the impact of the war on the relationship between NATO and the CSDP, and to sketch out potential avenues for strengthening the EU’s role in transatlantic security. More specifically, the paper will try to answer the following questions: what are the implications of the conflict on the Alliance? How did the war impact on the CSDP and the Union’s aspiration to strategic autonomy? Where is EU-NATO cooperation heading as a result of the war? Will the conflict ramp up cooperation between the two organizations or will European defence efforts be channelled mostly through NATO? Will EU leaders grab the momentum created by the war to further institutional integration also in security and defence and or will the war turn into another missed opportunity to promote a more effective burden-sharing in transatlantic security?

Diet impact on the reproductive characters of male red claw Cherax quadricarintus during the juvenile-adult transition

Male decapod reproduction involves gametogenesis, spermatozoa packaging in spermatophores, changes in cheliped´s growth, and specific behaviors such as courtship, male-male agoniztic interactions, and territory defense. These reproductive-related morpho-functional processes are supported by feed, one of the higher operative costs in aquaculture. This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive variables during the juvenile-mature transition of the male red claw Cherax quadricarinatus fed with two low-cost diets (T1 and T2). Pre-adult males (∼7 g) were individually distributed in plastic containers and fed a diet with fish silage (T1) (n = 9), a diet without fish silage (T2) (n = 8), and a commercial diet for ornamental fish used as a reference diet (T3) (n = 7). The proximal composition of T1, T2, and T3 was 34 %, 28 %, and 47 % for crude protein; 13 %, 9 %, and 6.5 for lipids; and 34 %, 47 %, and 28 % for carbohydrates, respectively. All males acquired sexual maturity with a body weight between 16 and 21 g. All groups showed similar chelae growth (based on the evaluation of the chelae height, and chelae thickness indexes) and red patch development. The gonadosomatic index was significantly lower in the T2 group with respect to T1. The lowest proportion of mature testicular lobes (filled with spermatids/spermatozoa) was detected in the T2 group (49 %), followed by T1 (59 %) group. There was also a lower protein content (∼ 27 %) in the vasa deferentia of the T2 group. However, all males showed a well-developed reproductive system and the histology of the testes and vasa deferentia showed no evidence of structural differences among groups. Under transmission electron microscopy analysis, both the primary and secondary layers of the spermatophore did not show qualitative differences among groups, including the spermatozoon morphology and acrosome size. This study highlights that males fed low-cost diets (0.56 and 0.65 U$S kg− 1, for T1 and T2 respectively), in particular T1, showed reproductive performances as good as the group fed on the reference diet. This is the first analysis of a pool of morpho-functional and biochemical reproductive variables in red claw males, to evaluate the effects of formulated diets on male sexual maturation.

Towards the NATO Path – From the formation and structure of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The concrete plans for the preparation and execution of aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina were drawn up by the General Staff of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in Belgrade. The JNA, in conjunction with the political leadership of Serbia and Bosnian Serbs, defined the objectives, planned, and determined the tactics and methods of waging war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In response to the aggression and the need for the survival of the state and all its peoples who considered Bosnia and Herzegovina as their homeland, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina emerged. The legally elected representatives of the authorities and institutions of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina had the obligation to protect the territorial integrity of the state, its citizens, economy, culture, and other assets. To make this possible, the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina made a decision to mobilize units of the Territorial Defense, the reserve component of the police, and civil defense units, followed by the issuance of regulations by the Presidency to regulate the formation and composition of the armed forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, thereby transforming the Territorial Defense into the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Army became the core of the formation of the Federation's military and later the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today, Bosnia and Herzegovina's foreign policy is focused on preserving and advancing lasting peace, security, stable democratic development, and contributing to international peace and security. The principle of collective security is the cornerstone of the long-term military strategy. Achieving the military security of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes membership in NATO, where the Alliance guarantees national sovereignty and territorial integrity. The first step in this direction is membership in NATO's political-military program, Partnership for Peace (PfP), which Bosnia and Herzegovina joined on December 14, 2006. Membership in NATO and the European Union are strategic goals of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in line with this, there is a striving for full NATO membership, which implies the integration of the armed forces into NATO's military structure, especially in peacekeeping missions and humanitarian operations. The formal basis for PfP is the Framework Document, which envisions the commitment of allies to consult with each partner country that believes its territorial integrity is threatened or its political independence or security is in danger. Under this document, individual countries and the NATO Alliance develop and align individual partnership programs with the goal of achieving NATO standards, procuring military equipment, training and education of military personnel, joint maneuvers and exercises, and other areas of cooperation.

Sarajevo, May 2nd and 3rd, 1992. Victims, interpretations, manipulations

Ignoring the historical context of the events in a city that had been under siege for nearly a month, the debates surrounding May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, which exclusively focus on the deaths of members of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) at various locations in the city, including Dobrovoljacka Street, continue without interruption. The citizens of Sarajevo killed during those two days are nowhere mentioned, and their memory is not included in the official memorialization of the city's siege. Furthermore, within the interpretation of the events on Dobrovoljacka Street, there is a noticeable continuous strategy aimed at connecting all the deceased JNA members at the end of April and the beginning of May with the events on Dobrovoljacka Street, effectively camouflaging the previous attacks on the city and the involvement of the JNA in them. Therefore, it was important for us in the first part of our work to point to documents from the Command of the 2nd Military District related to the participation of the JNA in digging artillery positions around the city, their role in the division of Sarajevo's districts along national lines, the relocation of weaponry to „safer areas“ where the Serbian population constituted an absolute ethnic majority, the initiation of the attack on the city, the first casualties in April, as well as the shelling and the burning of residential, cultural-historical, religious, economic, and other facilities in the city. All events that preceded the actual siege of Sarajevo, starting from the autumn of 1991, including the war in Croatia and the subsequent occupation of Bosnian cities, contributed to the perception of the JNA as an enemy force by the citizens of Sarajevo and all pro-Bosnian forces. The shelling of Sarajevo with weaponry and armaments previously positioned on the hills and mountains around the city, in particular, intensified the animosity towards the JNA from the citizens of Sarajevo. The main part of the work will address the chronological sequence of events in the city during May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, street battles in multiple locations in the city, including sites such as the JNA House, Marin Dvor, Skenderija, in front of the National Theater, UPI building, Workers' University Djuro Đakovic (now: Bosnian Cultural Center - BKC), Estrada café, in front of the Command of the 2nd Military District, and ultimately Dobrovoljacka Street. This section will also discuss all other locations where battles took place, as well as the shelling, infantry and sniper activities directed towards civilian objects in the city, which resulted in casualties among the civilian population. Numerous internet sources contain information about 42 JNA members who perished on Dobrovoljacka Street, and this number is always mentioned on the anniversary of the event. However, through a comparison with official sources, we have analyzed how many JNA members genuinely died on Dobrovoljacka Street, how many died at other locations where street battles took place during the city's attack, and how many names on the mentioned list have incomplete identities with unknown locations and times of death. Additionally, based on multiple primary historical sources and relying on the previously interpreted context of events in the city, the work will present the locations and identities of the killed members of the Territorial Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as civilians who were killed in the city during May 2nd and 3rd, 1992. Various scientific methods were employed for this purpose, with an emphasis on analytical-documentary and comparative processing of primary and secondary sources of diverse origin, statistical data analysis, interview methods, particularly focusing on several target groups of interviewees crucial for the reconstruction and contextualization of these events. In the final chapter, we will address the (non-)prosecution of crimes, including the most serious crimes committed against the civilian population and civilian facilities in Sarajevo from April 5th to the beginning of May 1992.

Analysis Evaluation of Resource Value Effects Territorial Defense by Broad-Tailed and Rufous Humming Birds

Hummingbirds of the species Selasphorous platycercus and Selasphorous rufus were studied in Colorado, where they displayed territorial behaviour at feeders containing 10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose solutions. At each of the three energy availability levels, the number of invaders, the number of territory owners, and the level of Defence were recorded. After being forced out of their breeding area by Rufous Hummingbirds, Broad-tailed Hummingbirds only bother to defend locations of inferior quality. Both Wide-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds, while keeping tabs on important locations, resort to more flamboyant modes of behaviour, such as extended pursuits augmented with chip cries and aimless wing flapping. According to certain probes, a chase is ready to start if chip calls and hovering are any indication. However, I learned that when an intruder was present, it was only natural to want to get rid of them. Hovering and chip calls were utilised to increase the intensity of the chase. Broad-tailed Hummingbirds were less likely than Rufous Hummingbirds to make chip sounds or hover without giving pursuit.

Chimpanzees make tactical use of high elevation in territorial contexts.

Tactical warfare is considered a driver of the evolution of human cognition. One such tactic, considered unique to humans, is collective use of high elevation in territorial conflicts. This enables early detection of rivals and low-risk maneuvers, based on information gathered. Whether other animals use such tactics is unknown. With a unique dataset of 3 years of simultaneous behavioral and ranging data on 2 neighboring groups of western chimpanzees, from the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, we tested whether chimpanzees make decisions consistent with tactical use of topography to gain an advantage over rivals. We show that chimpanzees are more likely to use high hills when traveling to, rather than away from, the border where conflict typically takes place. Once on border hills, chimpanzees favor activities that facilitate information gathering about rivals. Upon leaving hills, movement decisions conformed with lowest risk engagement, indicating that higher elevation facilitates the detection of rivals presence or absence. Our results support the idea that elevation use facilitated rival information gathering and appropriate tactical maneuvers. Landscape use during territorial maneuvers in natural contexts suggests chimpanzees seek otherwise inaccessible information to adjust their behavior and points to the use of sophisticated cognitive abilities, commensurate with selection for cognition in species where individuals gain benefits from coordinated territorial defense. We advocate territorial contexts as a key paradigm for unpicking complex animal cognition.

A distinct neurogenomic response to a trade-off between social challenge and opportunity in male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Animals frequently make adaptive decisions about what to prioritize when faced with multiple, competing demands simultaneously. However, the proximate mechanisms of decision-making in the face of competing demands are not well understood. We explored this question using brain transcriptomics in a classic model system: threespined sticklebacks, where males face conflict between courtship and territorial defence. We characterized the behaviour and brain gene expression profiles of males confronted by a trade-off between courtship and territorial defence by comparing them to males not confronted by this trade-off. When faced with the trade-off, males behaviourally prioritized defence over courtship, and this decision was reflected in their brain gene expression profiles. A distinct set of genes and biological processes was recruited in the brain when males faced a trade-off and these responses were largely non-overlapping across two brain regions. Combined, these results raise new questions about the interplay between the neural and molecular mechanisms involved in decision-making.

Emergence of games from ecological trade-offs: longevity changes strategies for extra-pair mating in birds

Each member of a breeding pair benefits if the other does more of the parental investment, so there is scope for behaviours that can be interpreted as both cooperative and competitive games between males and females. Extra-pair mating, widespread among socially monogamous birds, adds extra conflict but also potential opportunity to these social interactions. We analyse an individual-based model of a social environment with simple behavioural strategies where game-like patterns and cooperative outcomes emerge. The model focuses on three evolving traits: female propensity for extra-pair copulations and male investment in territorial behaviour and care. Male traits are reaction norms that use experienced within and extra-pair copulations as information input. We found that female extra-pair mating provided incentives for males to reduce territorial aggression and increase care for offspring. However, when adult survival was higher, male investment in care and territoriality changed from being negatively to positively correlated. This happened because longer life expectancy gave more behavioural opportunities for males, where nest desertion maximises lifetime male fitness when female extra-pair copulation is high. This outcome evolved gradually, with stable periods of intermediate extra-pair mating and low territoriality. These were punctuated by cycles of high extra-pair mating, nest desertion, reduced extra-pair mating and relapse to aggressive territoriality before a new stable phase was established. Each successive trait cycle was faster and smaller, indicating that through evolution of reaction norms, the gene pool has a long history that canalizes the evolution of behaviours, which can be interpreted as emergence and refinement of frequency-dependent games.Significance statementMost birds that mate in monogamous pairs engage in extra-pair copulations. Males of some species invest (in varying proportions) in offspring that are genetically related only to their social female. The great variability of extra-pair mating levels among different species and populations, supported by numerous field studies, indicates that social and ecological factors play a crucial role in shaping the behaviour. We analyse a computer model in which extra-pair mating evolves concurrently with male reproductive investments in territory defence and offspring care and show how common ecological trade-offs may change the social dynamics within a breeding population and lead to the emergence of complex social interactions between males, females and their neighbours.

War drama as a living reality


 
 
 Since 2014, the Russian aggression in Ukraine has prompted filmmakers to master a new genre of war drama to tell the stories of those who serve in the Ukrainian army or the territorial defense, as well as those who contribute to the war effort as volunteers. The article discusses Ukrainian war drama films: Cyborgs. Heroes Don’t Die, Call Sign Banderas, Mother of Apostles, Ilovaysk 2014. Donbas Battalion, Sniper. The White Raven. These films integrate war drama with other genres such as detective stories, adventure films, and psychological drama. They also refer to some archetypal themes and conflicts in order to frame the current experience of the war. However, it will be argued that these films do not simply reuse the existing genre models, but complicate them. They refresh war drama by prioritizing the concrete experience of the ongoing war against Russian aggression over the genre conventions. Ukrainian war drama shows not a game of war but the truth of war. It tells the real stories of the bravery of ordinary people who fight against Russian aggression.
 
 

Rethinking the functions of peacock’s display and lek organisation in native populations of Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus

Males of Indian Peafowl are known for their extravagant courtship display used to attract mates. The displays are seen in absence of potential mates as well. This study investigates various contexts in which display behaviours are shown by Indian peafowl. Upto 70% of displays were observed in absence of potential mates. High frequency of displays in presence of other males and longer display bouts during the month of May when mating rarely happens, indicated that display behaviours might have a role to play in male-male competition or territory defence in addition to the female mate choice. The males establish and maintain their courtship display territories throughout the breeding season. Earlier studies assume that the choice of location does not depend on any resources as the species has a lek mating system. How these display sites are chosen is still a question. In this study, we investigated factors that might be important for the selection of display sites in a free-ranging Indian Peafowl population. It was observed that display sites were more concentrated within a radius of 300 meters of the food provisioning site and/ or a water resource and the number decreased considerably beyond the 300 m radius of food and water resources. Overall, the selection of display sites is non-random and highlights the importance of resources in the choice of display territories. The spatial organisation of leks in our study indicate that the mating system in Indian peafowl may be resource-based lek.

In defense of a forgotten territory. The fight against ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorism at the border of South Dobrogea (1922-1926) II

The support received by the Bulgarian komitadjis from the civil and military authorities in the attacks, robberies, and murders they committed on the southern border of Romania confirmed the suspicion of the authorities in Bucharest that their actions against border guards and Romanian citizens had political connotations and could not be characterized as acts of banditry. Although significant efforts were made by the Romanian government to halt them, both at the diplomatic and military levels, the decision-making factors in Bulgaria during the period investigated in this article did not take any measures to prevent the occurrence of these border incidents.

Nocturnal selective pressures on the evolution of human musicality as a missing piece of the adaptationist puzzle.

Human musicality exhibits the necessary hallmarks for biological adaptations. Evolutionary explanations focus on recurrent adaptive problems that human musicality possibly solved in ancestral environments, such as mate selection and competition, social bonding/cohesion and social grooming, perceptual and motor skill development, conflict reduction, safe time-passing, transgenerational communication, mood regulation and synchronization, and credible signaling of coalition and territorial/predator defense. Although not mutually exclusive, these different hypotheses are still not conceptually integrated nor clearly derived from independent principles. I propose The Nocturnal Evolution of Human Musicality and Performativity Theory in which the night-time is the missing piece of the adaptationist puzzle of human musicality and performing arts. The expansion of nocturnal activities throughout human evolution, which is tied to tree-to-ground sleep transition and habitual use of fire, might help (i) explain the evolution of musicality from independent principles, (ii) explain various seemingly unrelated music features and functions, and (iii) integrate many ancestral adaptive values proposed. The expansion into the nocturnal niche posed recurrent ancestral adaptive challenges/opportunities: lack of luminosity, regrouping to cook before sleep, imminent dangerousness, low temperatures, peak tiredness, and concealment of identity. These crucial night-time features might have selected evening-oriented individuals who were prone to acoustic communication, more alert and imaginative, gregarious, risk-taking and novelty-seeking, prone to anxiety modulation, hedonistic, promiscuous, and disinhibited. Those night-time selected dispositions may have converged and enhanced protomusicality into human musicality by facilitating it to assume many survival- and reproduction-enhancing roles (social cohesion and coordination, signaling of coalitions, territorial defense, antipredatorial defense, knowledge transference, safe passage of time, children lullabies, and sexual selection) that are correspondent to the co-occurring night-time adaptive challenges/opportunities. The nocturnal dynamic may help explain musical features (sound, loudness, repetitiveness, call and response, song, elaboration/virtuosity, and duetting/chorusing). Across vertebrates, acoustic communication mostly occurs in nocturnal species. The eveningness chronotype is common among musicians and composers. Adolescents, who are the most evening-oriented humans, enjoy more music. Contemporary tribal nocturnal activities around the campfire involve eating, singing/dancing, storytelling, and rituals. I discuss the nocturnal integration of musicality's many roles and conclude that musicality is probably a multifunctional mental adaptation that evolved along with the night-time adaptive landscape.

The system of entities providing territorial defence of Ukraine and the role of local self-government bodies within it

It has been found that the system of entities providing territorial defence of Ukraine consists of: 1) The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is responsible for establishing the legislative framework for the territorial defence of Ukraine and for exercising parliamentary control over the compliance with the requirements of the legislation in this area by the committees established by it; 2) The President of Ukraine and the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine are responsible for the global management and control over the functioning of the entire defence and security sector of Ukraine, including territorial defence, and ensure the deployment of territorial defence if necessary; 3) The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, ministries and other central executive authorities whose activities are aimed at building the organisational and administrative architecture of territorial defence, determining the vector of development and implementation of the state policy in the field of defence and territorial defence of Ukraine; 4) target subjects of territorial defence implementation including regional state administrations, military authorities and law enforcement agencies. They are responsible for the proper implementation of territorial defence measures, the realisation of its functions, tasks and objectives, as well as the ongoing maintenance of their effectiveness; 5) local self-government bodies.
 The conducted analysis allows us to say that local self-government bodies have an independent and special place in the system of entities providing territorial defence of Ukraine. The reason for this is that they ensure the formation of an environment for the effective and efficient implementation of territorial defence tasks on the ground within the framework of a certain legal status and territory of jurisdiction. Consequently, the efficiency of local self-government directly affects the effectiveness of territorial defence, its staffing, etc.

Interbudgetary relations in ukraine: essence and features of implementation in modern conditions

Problem setting. The issues of implementation of interbudgetary relations in the form of interbudgetary transfers, development of high-quality, simple and transparent mechanisms for their provision between different parts of the state budget system are conceptual both in normal conditions of budgetary and legal regulation, and even more so in extraordinary circumstances. It is quite clear that martial law belongs to such circumstances, and the introduction of such a state by the Decree of the President of Ukraine «On the Introduction of Martial Law in Ukraine» of February 24, 2022, No. 64/2022 directly affected changes in budget legislation, including interbudgetary relations. analyses of recent researches and publications. Intergovernmental fiscal relations, their essence, forms and peculiarities of implementation have been the subject of research by such economists and lawyers as: M. P. Agafoshyna, A. E. Buriachenko, A. S. Hlusenko, O. O. Dmytryk, Z. I. Peroshchuk, K. O. Tokarieva ect.. At the same time, in recent years, the issues of legal regulation of interbudgetary relations have not been the subject of thorough scientific research. On February 24, 2022, martial law was introduced in Ukraine due to Russia’s armed aggression. These circumstances have had a significant impact on budgetary regulation and the course of interbudgetary relations as well. Purpose of the research is to characterize the legislative changes in the implementation of interbudgetary relations under martial law in Ukraine. article’s main body. The article analyzes the legislative changes in the implementation of intergovernmental fiscal relations under martial law in Ukraine. It is emphasized that such changes are diverse. In particular, a number of transfers to local budgets have been reduced with a view to directing them to the reserve fund of the State budget to ensure financing of territorial defense measures, protection of public safety and functioning of the public sector and public utilities during martial law. It is emphasized that under martial law, the transfer of funds between local budgets is possible without concluding a relevant agreement. Given the above, we conclude that the legislator in this situation expands the discretion of authorized persons as to whether to conclude an agreement on the transfer of intergovernmental transfers or not. On the one hand, such an approach can be considered reasonable, since under martial law it is important to make quick, unbureaucratized decisions to perform certain tasks and finance expenditures at the local level. On the other hand, the question arises as to the legal basis for the transfer of funds between local budgets in the form of appropriate intergovernmental transfers. conclusions and prospects for the development. The author emphasizes that during the period of martial law in Ukraine, the legal mechanisms of such subventions as: (1) subventions from the state budget to local budgets for the purchase and construction of housing for the purpose of transferring internally displaced persons for temporary residence; (2) subventions from the state budget to local budgets to meet the urgent needs of the state functioning under martial law were regulated. In addition, amendments were made to the Procedure and Conditions for Granting Subventions from the State Budget to Local Budgets for the Implementation of Projects under the Program for the Restoration of Ukraine. The legal mechanisms of such subventions are analyzed.

Competition for acoustic space in a temperate-forest bird community.

Animals that communicate by acoustic signaling share a common acoustic environment. Birds are particularly vocal examples, using a wide repertoire of broadcast signals for mate attraction and territorial defense. However, interference caused by sounds that overlap in frequency and time can disrupt signal detection and reduce reproductive success. Here, we investigated competition avoidance mechanisms used by the bird community inhabiting a primeval lowland temperate forest in Białowieża, Eastern Poland. We recorded the dawn chorus at 84 locations in early and late spring and calculated dissimilarity indices of the broadcast signals to examine how species with greater song similarities use spatial and temporal partitioning to avoid competition for acoustic space throughout the breeding season. The bird community changed its use of acoustic space throughout the day and season. Birds did not use spatial partitioning of signal space when we looked at recording locations over the whole study period, but they did in a seasonal context, with species more acoustically different than expected by chance recorded at the same point in the same part of the season. Our results also indicate that daily temporal niche partitioning may only occur at certain times before sunrise, with no evidence of large-scale temporal partitioning between species vocalizing during the same 1-min recordings in daytime. These results contribute toward our understanding of the evolution of bird communication and highlight the strategies employed by different species to improve their signal transmission.

Arts of letting live in the contemporary world of globalization

The ways of living or letting live have always been intertwined in historical and geographical aspects of the human race in defense of society, territory and control of bodies and space. It is addressed in the work that, since the time of mercantilism, nations have been exploited by subtracting from them all that there is of wealth, expropriating their people who remain throughout history at the height of socioeconomic problems triggered by the United Nations (UN) with its multiple variables for measuring the territories in their inequality of wealth, in the social and environmental scope. Afterwards, we see the repetition of the conquest of new territories in the modern and contemporary period by the European imperialist metropolises in favor of maintaining their own industrial revolutions in Africa and Asia, as well as the struggles for power and conquests among themselves in the interwar period, in the which was called the cold war and in the new neocolonialism of Globalization in which inequalities in the field of security are perpetuated, in which subjects are expelled from their own territories becoming political exiles in search of new horizons that can provide them with dignity. Period of jurisdictional imposition of the government with macropolitical issues arise from the option of the desire of its own nationals in search of supremacy that part of the population has always legitimized in the designs of prejudice of race, gender and institutions.

Augmented Reality and its Contribution to Enhance the Operational Capabilities of the Armed Forces

This paper aims to highlight the importance of integrating Augmented Reality technology by the Armed Forces as an institution and by Weapon Systems servicing them since it consists of a significant tool in order to achieve the Objective. Therefore, an analysis of the concept of Augmented Reality and its contribution is attempted for the Armed Forces to achieve their Mission and enhance Situation Awareness on the battlefield. The specific technology provides a multiplier of power for achieving a country's territorial defense, national independence, and supremacy against any external threatening or aggressive action.

The Active Reserve of the Territorial Defense Troops – are we Still Falling Behind Poland?

The article deals with the preparation of the Active Reserve of Czech Armed Forces, territorial forces in detail. It compares them to the equivalent of the active reserves of the Polish army, namely the Territorial Defense troops. A comparison of the development and preparation of these forces points to the necessity of solving or updating the system of calling up reserves of the Czech Armed Forces, their training, arming and equipping.

Everyday human rights practices in the Colombian Caribbean

ABSTRACT This article addresses the everyday human rights practices of Villa Gloria, a Black community located in the Colombian Caribbean. What do these practices consist of, what elements underlie them, and what implications do they have for the exercise of citizenship? Through interviews, timeline mapping workshops, and a review of different secondary sources, I argue that these practices contribute to the survival of a community that is anchored to its physical territory. These practices are critical if the community is to be included in the project of modern Colombia, that is, adapting to the changes brought by a new constitution in the 1990s and later to the project of post-conflict as a result of the peace dialogues between the state and the FARC-EP guerrilla between 2012 and 2016. Instead of policies of differentiation, Villa Gloria demands inclusion. To validate these arguments, I critique linear time and analyse three practices: the defence of territory, the search for recognition as ethnic people and as victims of the armed conflict, and peaceful resistance. These analyses provide empirical evidence to demonstrate the exercise of human rights by Black people on the margins of the nation-state.

FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS: REGIONAL ASPECT

The article examines the peculiarities of financing regions, cities, and united territorial communities in the conditions of martial law. Sources of funding of the territories are given, which are defined as: tax revenues, state subsidies, subventions, the State Fund for Regional Development, international loans, grants, participation in international projects, programs, sponsorship support. Their structure and changes caused by the war are analyzed. It was determined that the lion’s share of local budgets, on average 70%, is made up of tax revenues. Another 25% are state transfers. The causes of significant economic disparities in the development of the country’s territories have been determined. The impact of migration processes, business relocation on the development of regions as a whole and the filling of local budgets, in particular, is analyzed. Factors affecting the amount of funding for the functioning and development of regions, cities, and communities are given. In particular, the influence of preferential taxation on the filling of local budgets was considered. Changes in the principle of operation of the budget equalization system due to martial law are analyzed and presented. It was studied how the principles, sources and objects of funding of the regions changed during the martial law. The primary objects of financing were: the Armed Forces of Ukraine (assistance in material and technical support), territorial defense, internally displaced persons, citizen security (organization and arrangement of shelters), relocated business. It has been determined what advantages and opportunities have opened up for local self-government thanks to the Law of Ukraine No. 2390 “On Amendments to Chapter VI “Final and Transitional Provisions” of the Budget Code of Ukraine regarding strengthening the flexibility of local budgets and increasing the efficiency of decision-making.” New rules for the distribution of funds from the state regional development fund were considered. It was determined that the population size and the GRP indicator used to be the indicators by which the norms for the distribution of finances were formed. In 2023, the distribution of funds from the fund is planned to be carried out according to the following principle: 50% of the funds of the fund will be distributed among all regions of Ukraine in equal parts, the other 50% will be distributed equally among the 11 regions of Ukraine that were most affected by military actions. The essence and prospects of financing the development of territories thanks to partner projects were studied.