Territorial Defense Research Articles

Water temperature modulates social behavior of ornamental cichlid (Pterophyllum scalare) in an artificial system

ABSTRACT Environmental changes can cause physiological alterations in fish, which may affect some behavioral patterns. We evaluated the effects of water temperature on the aggressive behavior of male freshwater angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare. We subjected pairs to three water temperature conditions: low (23.8 ± 0.8°C), medium (27.9 ± 1.2°C), and high (31.7 ± 1.0°C), with eight repetitions each. We assessed latency to fighting, aggressive interaction frequency, and territorial defense. In low and high temperatures there was a reduction in aggressive behavior exhibitions in comparison to medium temperatures (P < 0.05). As a result, water temperature can influence aggressive motivation and territorial establishment, given that temperatures closer to species optima (27.9 ± 1.2°C) can favor social contests for an Amazonian ornamental cichlid species, P. scalare.

Radioactivity level of coastal sediments and water across the Sangihe Island as the outlying islands of Indonesia

Indonesia as an archipelagic country is very concerned about maritime development, the outlying islands are the entrance for potential threats of radioactive distribution from global waters. Furthermore, the outlying islands have functions such as territorial defence, security, and sovereignty, economic and ecological. As environmental protection, level of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity was performed due to potential threats. The activity concentration of natural (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) radionuclides inshore sediments samples are range from 3.44 ± 0.01 Bq kg−1, 5.13 ± 0.03 Bq kg−1 and 151.42 ± 0.04 Bq kg−1 respectively and average concentration level of anthropogenic of 137Cs in sediment and seawater obtained were 0.35 Bq kg−1 and 0.83 Bq m3 respectively. The concentrations value of NORM was lower compare to another region but the ratio sequence 226Ra<232Th<40K relatively have same pattern. The presence of fission product 137Cs in this region comes from global fallout since no nuclear activities in Indonesia and the level of 137Cs are almost same as the estimation the concentration 137Cs in the Pacific Ocean and comparable with other studies. Radioactivity levels in all samples are under the value of radiological hazard index (0.004-0.039, trace hold h-index=1) and annual effective dose rate are in save level (0.01 mSv/y, recommended limit AED=1mSv/year). The level of NORM radioactivity is locally and varied for each region meanwhile anthropogenic radioactivity are global and comparable since there are no nuclear activity in Indonesia.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ФАКТОРІВ, ЯКІ ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЯКІСТЬ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ (БОЙОВОЇ) ПІДГОТОВКИ ЧАСТИН (ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ) ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ОБОРОНИ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ПІДГОТОВКИ

The article is devoted to the consideration of new approaches to determining the factors that significantly influence the organization of special (combat) training of separate brigades of territorial defense of the Land Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to perform assigned tasks taking into account the specifics of their formation and training. The influence of conditions and factors on the level of compliance of the military forces system with the designated tasks, as well as the organization of effective training of its components to carry out the tasks for the purpose changes depending on the changes in the military-political situation, level of development of the state economy and military forces of the opposing parties, state of infrastructure, operational equipment of the territory of the country, etc. Considering the significant variability in the definition of conditions and factors that in general affect the organization of training and combat readiness of military units and troops of the armed forces, We can agree with the above-mentioned researchers and conditionally group these diverse conditions into two groups of factors - external (objective) and internal (sub-individual), which are characterized by certain indicators. Therefore, in contrast to the proposed approach, we propose to divide the objective and subjective factors into general, basic, the primary and indirect influence factors, which exert varying degrees of influence, both on the training of the armed forces and on the performance of designated special (combat) tasks. In order to identify the essence and importance of the influence of external and internal factors on the organization of special (combat) training of the special forces and combat service units, it is necessary to carry out their all-round analysis. Mechanically transferring the experience of other countries to national realities will be ineffective, but the implementation of certain areas of organization of training of military personnel and reservists can lead to an increase in efficiency of the training system for the mobilization contingent of territorial defense units. The identified objective factors and their indicators are general and only indirectly influence the quality of training of the special forces and military units and their further performance of the tasks assigned to them. Keywords: territorial defense, territorial defense units, factors of influence on special (combat) training.

Social dominance does not increase oxidative stress in a female dominance hierarchy of an African cichlid fish

AbstractIn many group living animal species, individuals use aggression to gain and maintain social dominance to secure access to ecological resources and potential mates. While social dominance has many fitness benefits, there are also potential costs associated with frequent agonistic interactions and status display. One potential cost of social dominance is oxidative stress, the imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity. In the cichlid species Astatotilapia burtoni, dominant males are aggressive, hold a breeding territory, and have an activated reproductive system resulting in larger gonads. Subordinate males are submissive, school with females, and are nonreproductive. Females are submissive under natural conditions, but in a female‐only group, a dominance hierarchy will form with dominant females taking on male‐typical behaviours including aggression, territory defence, and increased androgen levels. However, in contrast to males, social dominance is not linked to increased activation of the reproductive system in females, allowing us to test whether social dominance alone exposes individuals to increased oxidative stress. We compared dominant and subordinate females in female‐only groups in five markers of oxidative stress. Dominant females did not have higher levels of oxidative damage compared to same‐sex subordinates. This result contrasted to the trend in males in which dominant males had higher oxidative damage than their subordinate counterparts. Our findings suggest that the oxidative cost of social dominance is limited and support the notion that previously reported associations between high rank and increased oxidative stress is most likely driven by increased investment in reproduction.

Zebra finch song is a very short-range signal in the wild: evidence from an integrated approach.

Birdsong is typically seen as a long-range signal functioning in mate attraction and territory defense. Among birds, the zebra finch is the prime model organism in bioacoustics, yet almost exclusively studied in the lab. In the wild, however, zebra finch song differs strikingly from songbirds commonly studied in the wild as zebra finch males sing most after mating and in the absence of territoriality. Using data from the wild, we here provide an ecological context for a wealth of laboratory studies. By integrating calibrated sound recordings, sound transmission experiments and social ecology of zebra finches in the wild with insights from hearing physiology we show that wild zebra finch song is a very short-range signal with an audible range of about nine meters and that even the louder distance calls do not carry much farther (up to about fourteen meters). These integrated findings provide an ecological context for the interpretation of laboratory studies of this species and indicate that the vocal communication distance of the main laboratory species for avian acoustics contrasts strikingly with songbirds that use their song as a long-range advertisement signal.

Military Territorial Defense as a guarantor of local security

Nowadays, one can observe a return to the tradition of territorial defense. This can be seen directly in the Territorial Defense Forces created in Poland. Their idea and ratio legis boils down to the need for the Polish state to have OT soldiers who, in the event of a threat of a military nature, will be trained to support the activity of operational troops and to help the civilian population. The relevance of this formation is the fact that it is the fifth (next to armed forces: land, air, sea and special forces) type of the Polish Armed Forces. This article is an attempt to briefly characterize the WOT role in creating local security standards, because the organizational structure of this formation (as well as its functioning) is strongly correlated with the administrative territorial division of the state. The study, in addition, describes the history of the WOT formation and also indicates the stages of its formation and (as a curiosity) the WOT concepts that were not implemented. This treatment is not only supposed to complement the study, but it is also needed to assess the validity (or not) of the form in which the WOT currently operates.

Slovenian Territorial Defense in the Ten-Day War

In 1991, the process of disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began. The former Socialist Republics of Croatia and Slovenia were the first to announce their secession from the Federation in the last days of June. To restore the constitutional order, units of the Armed Forces of the SFR of Yugoslavia were sent to Slovenia, which faced the armed resistance of the Slovenian Territorial Defense (TO RS or TOS). In the Ten-Day War, the Federal troops, despite their numerical and technical advantage, suffered a defeat in the confrontation with the TOS subunits. Decisive for the success of Slovenian actions turned out to be the right choice of method of operation, knowledge of the combat environment, as well as high morale and support provided by the civilian population. The example of the Ten-Day War, an analysis of its course, shows that with the appropriate use of the TOS forces, they can conduct an effective fight against operational troops and be a fully-fledged component of the Armed Forces.

Espacio y territorio como categorías para la comprensión del tiempo presente: Emergencia teórica y renovación conceptual a propósito del octubre chileno – 2019

The mobilization cycle that began in October 2019 represented a crucial moment in the Chilean democratic trajectory. What began as a protest for the rise of 30 Chilean pesos in the Santiago Metro, quickly took on national demand as the horizon exceeded that specific bid, and became a systemic and structural criticism of the democratic institutions and the constitutional, economic, social and cultural structure inherited from the dictatorship. This social awakening in October not only implied transformations associated to material life. Also the conceptual and theoretical tools that were used to understand social phenomena from spaces of intellectual exercise, such as universities were modified. One of these categories is precisely space and territory, which from the nineties with supported and growing socio-environmental movements, was installed in the repertoire of popular demands. A dimension that was also strongly glimpsed in the October protests: the defence of territories as spaces for life. Based on this, a two-dimensional journey is proposed, first a theoretical conceptual debate and on the other hand a historical approach dealing with the emergence of the concept in recent Chilean history, with the interest of understanding a socio-territorial and historical dimension of what happened in October 2019.

Effect of sympatry on discrimination of heterospecific song by varied tits

Many animals recognize their own species through acoustic signals, and erroneous recognition incurs costs. Birds discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific songs; for example, male territory owners respond aggressively to songs of conspecific males within their territories, but not to heterospecific songs. This discrimination is affected by the costs associated with territory defence behaviours. In populations where birds live with a related species that sings similar songs, males may waste time and energy on useless territory defence behaviours if they mistakenly recognize heterospecific songs as conspecific ones. On the other hand, if males in allopatric populations recognize conspecific songs as heterospecific songs, they may risk losing territories because the songs are sung by conspecific rivals in the absence of heterospecifics. For this reason, the potential costs of erroneous species recognition are expected to differ between sympatric and allopatric populations. Thus, it can be hypothesized that, in species without interspecific territoriality, males in sympatry respond less strongly or not at all to heterospecific songs similar to their own, and males in allopatry respond equally to heterospecific and conspecific songs. In this study, I examined this hypothesis using varied tits, Poecile varius , in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Their songs are similar in structure to those of confamilial Japanese tits, Parus minor . I used song playbacks and evaluated the aggressive responses of 355 territorial males in seven populations of varied tits. Overall, varied tit males responded strongly to conspecific songs but only weakly to Japanese tit songs. Furthermore, responses to the heterospecific songs were much weaker in the sympatric populations than in the allopatric ones, which is consistent with the hypothesis tested. This study suggests that when secondary contact occurs, song discrimination may influence the effectiveness of territorial behaviours and the reproductive success of individual males from sympatric and allopatric populations. • I studied the effect of closely related species on song discrimination in birds. • I used playbacks of conspecific and heterospecific songs and compared the responses. • Male responses were weaker to heterospecific songs than to conspecific songs. • This effect was greater in sympatric populations than in allopatric populations. • Coexistence of related species may influence discrimination of conspecific song.

Courtship and underwater communication in the Sunda gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii)

ABSTRACT Many threatened crocodilians are shy and difficult to observe in the wild, limiting the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology. Although acoustic communication is commonly used by adults during courtship and territory defence, the signals produced vary between taxa. Here we provide the first classification of adult vocalisations in Tomistoma schlegelii – a rare gavialid inhabiting swamp forests in Southeast Asia – and describe the behaviour produced during courtship. Using video and passive underwater acoustic monitoring we recorded a breeding captive pair of T. schlegelii housed indoors, as well as monitored 12 captive adults kept in a semi-natural outdoor enclosure over a period of two months. Courtship behaviour during 18 recorded mating events followed that observed in other crocodilians, but acoustic signals were restricted to mating activity and were only recorded in the two animals housed indoors. We identified seven signal types produced by T. schlegelii, which differed in duration, dominant frequency, and the presence of harmonic structure. These results suggest the species uses short-range, underwater acoustic signals during courtship and mating, with little vocal activity outside of those events, and provide foundation for future studies of this rare crocodilian.

The many functions of vocal learning.

The capacity to learn novel vocalizations has evolved convergently in a wide range of species. Courtship songs of male birds or whales are often treated as prototypical examples, implying a sexually selected context for the evolution of this ability. However, functions of learned vocalizations in different species are far more diverse than courtship, spanning a range of socio-positive contexts from individual identification, social cohesion, or advertising pair bonds, as well as agonistic contexts such as territorial defence, deceptive alarm calling or luring prey. Here, we survey the diverse usages and proposed functions of learned novel signals, to build a framework for considering the evolution of vocal learning capacities that extends beyond sexual selection. For each function that can be identified for learned signals, we provide examples of species using unlearned signals to accomplish the same goals. We use such comparisons to generate hypotheses concerning when vocal learning is adaptive, given a particular suite of socio-ecological traits. Finally, we identify areas of uncertainty where improved understanding would allow us to better test these hypotheses. Considering the broad range of potential functions of vocal learning will yield a richer appreciation of its evolution than a narrow focus on a few prototypical species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vocal learning in animals and humans'.

The impact of anthropogenic noise on individual identification via female song in Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)

When anthropogenic noise occurs simultaneously with an acoustic signal or cue, it can be difficult for an animal to interpret the information encoded within vocalizations. However, limited research has focused on how anthropogenic noise affects the identification of acoustic communication signals. In songbirds, research has also shown that black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) will shift the pitch and change the frequency at which they sing in the presence of anthropogenic, and experimental noise. Black-capped chickadees produce several vocalizations; their fee-bee song is used for mate attraction and territorial defence, and contains information about dominance hierarchy and native geographic location. Previously, we demonstrated that black-capped chickadees can discriminate between individual female chickadees via their fee-bee songs. Here we used an operant discrimination go/no-go paradigm to discern whether the ability to discriminate between individual female chickadees by their song would be impacted by differing levels of anthropogenic noise. Following discrimination training, two levels of anthropogenic noise (low: 40 dB SPL; high: 75 dB SPL) were played with stimuli to determine how anthropogenic noise would impact discrimination. Results showed that even with low-level noise (40 dB SPL) performance decreased and high-level (75 dB SPL) noise was increasingly detrimental to discrimination. We learned that perception of fee-bee songs does change in the presence of anthropogenic noise such that birds take significantly longer to learn to discriminate between females, but birds were able to generalize responding after learning the discrimination. These results add to the growing literature underscoring the impact of human-made noise on avian wildlife, specifically the impact on perception of auditory signals.

Defense of Eggs and Chicks in the Polyandrous Pheasant-Tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) in Sri Lanka: Sex-Roles, Stage of Breeding, and Intruder Type

Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) have a polyandrous mating system, with females defending larger territories within which males compete for and defend smaller territories. The role of the sexes in territorial defense is therefore potentially complex yet remains poorly known. The sex-roles of defensive responses to intruders were monitored at Anawilundawa Ramsar site, North-Western Province, Sri Lanka, where birds encountered conspecifics and other potential predators: Purple Coots (Porphyrio porphyrio), aerial predators, and other waterbirds. Females contributed to defense, though males performed most defense. Females increased their propensity to defend as breeding progressed; by the chick-rearing phase defense was shared more or less equitably between the sexes. Females were more likely to defend against aerial predators than males, and males were more likely to defend against conspecifics than they were to other intruders. When defending against conspecifics, most male defense was directed at intruding males, and most female defense at intruding females. Defense in this polyandrous species relied on cooperation between the sexes but also on some defense specialization whereby females focussed on defending against aerial predators and conspecific females, perhaps because of their larger body size. Both female and male Pheasant-tailed Jacanas therefore contribute to parental care via their defensive activities.

The multifaceted vocal duets of white‐browed sparrow weavers are based on complex duetting rules

In some bird species, mated pairs sing duet songs for pair bond maintenance and joint territory defense. Duet partners often follow specific duetting rules, such as answering rules and duet codes, to construct their duet songs. Previous studies mainly concentrated on species that repeat particular phrase pairings during duetting. Our study aims to add to the comparative aspect of duetting research by investigating duet structure in songs of white‐browed sparrow weavers Plocepasser mahali, a songbird species that does not repeat the same type of vocalization but switches between different types of vocal elements within one duet song. We used lightweight radio‐telemetric microphone transmitters to record the vocal activity in both individuals of duetting pairs simultaneously. This technique enabled us not only to investigate duetting behavior in naturally behaving animals, but also to assign each vocalization to the respective individual while maintaining the precise temporal relationship between the vocalizations of both partners. Our data reveal that although white‐browed sparrow weavers share a large part of their sex‐specific vocal repertoires with same‐sex birds of other pairs, duetting partners adhere to pair‐specific answering rules to generate their highly complex duet songs. Moreover, partners can combine answering rules into consistent duet trains. Duet trains generally represent only the core of the duet songs, while at the beginning and the end of duet songs, partners arrange their vocalization types more flexibly. In addition to completely pair‐specific duet trains, duet trains of white‐browed sparrow weaver pairs can include subsequences that are shared between different pairs. The sharing pattern we find in this species suggests that in combination to pair‐specific duetting rules, mated pairs use duetting rules that have been acquired prior to pair formation.

A decade of sexual selection studies reveals patterns and processes of fitness variation in male collared lizards

Territory defence is widely assumed to be adaptive because it enhances reproductive success. However, empirical evidence for such a benefit is scarce or nonexistent for many types of territorial organisms. The roles of intraspecific aggression versus interactions with females in successful breeding by territorial males are also still poorly understood in lower tetrapods, including lizards. We address both of these important issues using 10 years of data on genetic parentage combined with field behavioural studies in collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris . As predicted, territorial males (T-males) had more mates, sired markedly more total offspring and sired more surviving offspring with more females than did nonterritorial (NT) males. Territorial males in structurally simpler habitats sired a higher proportion of each female's offspring than their counterparts in complex habitats, indicating that the ability of T-males to accrue mating benefits is highest where topography maximizes contact with multiple females. All measures of T-male reproductive success increased with travel rate but decreased with the time spent courting individual females, suggesting a fitness trade-off between these behaviours. We found no evidence that aggressive behaviour was linked to any component of male fitness. Hence, activities of territory owners appear to be shaped by sexual selection to enhance mating opportunities rather than to aggressively dominate same-sex rivals. Our study illustrates the value of long-term research documenting behaviour and fitness of free-ranging individuals over multiple reproductive cycles in evaluating fundamental questions about the adaptive significance of social tactics. • Territorial male collared lizards had higher fitness than nonterritorial males. • Territorial tactics increased mating more effectively in simpler habitats. • Fitness of territory owners increased with travel but not with aggressive behaviour. • Limiting courtship per female promoted travel to interact with additional mates. • Male behaviour is selected to enhance interactions with multiple female mates.

A Review: Caring Practices of Songbird, Red-Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)

Pycnonotus jocosus is known as red-whiskered bulbul or known by local Malaysian as songbird or burung candik. Burung candik is one of the favourite pet birds’. Generally, it comes from Bangladesh, southern China, India, Nepal, north Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam (Animal Pest Alert: Red-whiskered Bulbul). Burung candik is favoured because of their ability in singing in east-coast region of Malaysia specifically. In this research, the caring practices are observed. All the result were recorded and documented through interview and experiment research. The caring practices concerned are housing and cage, bathing and grooming, singing feature and diet and feeding. The results showed that one cage equipped with one bird for comfort and to avoid fighting. The birds were needed to be bathed once in a week at least according to the bird’s willingness. General singing functions are to attract the mate and territorial defense. Feed given were insects, fruits and pellet.

Black goby territorial males adjust their ejaculate's characteristics in response to the presence of sneakers.

In many species, males can rapidly adjust their ejaculate performance in response to changing levels of sperm competition, an ability that is probably mediated by seminal fluid adaptive plasticity. In the black goby, Gobius niger, territorial males attach viscous ejaculate trails to the nest roof, from which sperm are slowly released into the water during the long-lasting spawning events. Sneaker males release their sperm in the vicinity of the nest, and territorial males try to keep them at a distance by patrolling their territory. We show here that territorial males' ejaculate trails released a higher proportion of their sperm in the presence of a single sneaker, but this proportion decreased when there were three sneakers, an effect that is most likely mediated by a change in the seminal fluid composition. Field observations showed that when multiple sneaking attempts occurred, territorial males spent more time outside the nest, suggesting that ejaculation rate and territory defence are traded-off. Altogether, these results suggest that the adjustment of sperm release from the ejaculate may be strategic, guaranteeing a more continuous concentration of the territorial male's sperm in the nest, although at a lower level, when he is engaged in prolonged territory defence outside the nest.

Odour-based social recognition in Damaraland mole-rats, Fukomys damarensis

The ability to discriminate between conspecifics functions in mate choice, kin-selected cooperation and territory defence. In mammals, olfaction plays a key role in such social interactions. Olfactory cues may be particularly important for subterranean mammals, for which visual and acoustic cues are less effective. Damaraland mole-rats live in groups comprising a breeding pair and their nonbreeding offspring. They are xenophobic, obligate outbreeders and independent dispersal represents the usual route to reproduction for both sexes. As yet, little is known about how dispersing individuals locate mates. Using a series of behavioural experiments, we reveal that mole-rats can discriminate between unfamiliar breeding groups and solitary, nonbreeders of the opposite sex by using odour cues. Our experiments showed that subjects spent more time investigating sand taken from other mole-rat groups than control sand, indicating an ability to recognize substrate-borne conspecific odours. Mole-rats also spent more time digging and sweeping in sand taken from the tunnels of unfamiliar, solitary animals of the opposite sex than sand taken from unfamiliar breeding groups and removed a higher volume of this sand during the experiments. Together, these results suggest an olfactory preference in both sexes for solitary, opposite-sex animals over breeding groups. Our results are supported by observations from the field that immigration into breeding groups is rare, with dispersing females typically establishing new groups, where they are subsequently joined by unfamiliar males. This study supports olfaction as a potential recognition cue which may facilitate adaptive dispersal. • Damaraland mole-rats recognize conspecifics using substrate-borne odour cues. • Both sexes dig the most in sand from the tunnels of unfamiliar, opposite-sex mole-rats. • Digging effort is reduced in sand taken from the tunnels of other breeding groups. • A primary role for olfaction in social recognition is supported in this species.

Male reproductive adjustments to an introduced nest predator

AbstractNest predation has a large impact on reproductive success in many taxa. Defending offspring from would-be predators can also be energetically and physiologically costly for parents. Thus, to maximize their reproductive payoffs, individuals should adjust their reproductive behaviors in relation to the presence of nest predators. However, effects of nest predator presence on parental behaviors across multiple reproductive contexts remain poorly understood, particularly in non-avian taxa. We ran a series of experiments to test how the presence of an egg predator, the invasive rockpool shrimp, Palaemon elegans, influences male reproductive decisions and egg survival in a species of fish with exclusive paternal care, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We found that, in the presence of shrimp, male sticklebacks were less likely to build a nest, invested less in territory defense against an intruder, and tended to fan eggs in their nest less and in shorter bouts, but did not alter their investment in courtship behavior. The predator’s presence also did not affect egg survival rates, suggesting that males effectively defended their brood from the shrimp. These results show that reproducing individuals can be highly responsive to the presence of nest predators and adjust their behavioral decisions accordingly across a suite of reproductive contexts.

Improvement of crane-manipulator equipment for emergency rescue and restoration works

To implement state policy in the fields of civil protection, protection of the population and territories from emergencies and their prevention, emergency response, rescue, fire fighting, fire and man-made safety, emergency services, as well as hydrometeorological activities There is the State Service of Ukraine for Emergencies (hereinafter SES of Ukraine) [1]. 7 emergency rescue formations (central subordination), including aviation, are subordinated to it; 25 emergency rescue teams of special purpose and 1182 district fire and rescue units (territorial subordination) [2]. &#x0D; According to the main capabilities of the units of the Rescue Service of Civil Defense are divided into:&#x0D; 1) units intended for extinguishing fires, rescuing people and property in case of fires, at facilities and territories, regardless of subordination and form of ownership, conducting emergency rescue operations, providing primary medical care to victims. &#x0D; 2) formation (detachments, centers) designed to eliminate accidents (catastrophes) of technogenic, natural and military nature, the consequences of natural disasters (earthquakes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudslides, floods, snow snowdrifts, icing, etc.), search and rescue, fire and rescue operations, international rescue operations, demining activities and civil and territorial defense measures, national and regional in nature. &#x0D; They include: &#x0D; - fire and rescue units - for firefighting, rescue of people and property at facilities and territories, regardless of subordination and form of ownership. - rescue units - designed to deploy and carry out rescue and other urgent work in the shortest possible time, to search (including the use of service dogs) and rescue people who are in destroyed, burning buildings, under the rubble, including excavation of victims from collapsed buildings, as well as to provide first aid to victims; &#x0D; - engineering - for conducting engineering reconnaissance of routes and centers of destruction, clearing of blockages, excavation of victims from under the damaged constructions, creation of special passages in blockages, collapse of designs, detection of damages in utility and energy and technological networks, preparation and maintenance of roads, formation of fencing anti-fire lanes; &#x0D; - radiation and chemical protection - conduct radiation and chemical reconnaissance, carry out dosimetric and chemical control of units, perform degassing, decontamination of uniforms and other material means, areas, roads and structures; &#x0D; - pyrotechnic - detect and destroy unused ammunition, including aircraft bombs and other explosive devices, neutralize the affected structural elements of buildings and houses, as well as pierce passages in the rubble by explosive methods; &#x0D; --water supply - designed for the development of water sources and equipment of water supply points;&#x0D; - communication - to establish and maintain reliable communication, which provides communication between departments, governing bodies and various forces of interaction; &#x0D; - material support - must timely meet the urgent needs of units with special equipment, fuel, products, protective equipment, clothing, medical, technical property and other material means. &#x0D; Units of the SES of Ukraine have at their disposal a significant amount of equipment, which can be divided, depending on its functionality and purpose for fire and rescue vehicles, vehicles for special work in emergencies and special cars. [3] Of the self-propelled vehicles for emergency response, wheeled vehicles for all types of work have become the most widespread.