Territorial Disputes Research Articles

Афгано-пакистанские отношения: проблемы и вызовы XXI в.

Afghan-Pakistan relations in XXI century have been plagued with issues, and the rise of the Taliban has compounded the difficulties. The traditional problems, including the disputed Durand Line between the two nations, persist. The current inflexible policies of the Taliban and the ongoing political crisis in Pakistan have hampered compromise. The article proposes that resolving the border status issue requires involvement from both global and regional powers. It suggests that intensively monitoring efforts, reinforcing interstate dialogue, joint anti-terrorism measures, and mutually beneficial economic projects are possible ways to deescalate tensions along the contentious border. Despite both sides’ attempts to manage the border, it remains a primary area of tension between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan has been criticized for not making adequate efforts to eliminate terror groups operating in the border regions. Conversely, extremist groups, including ISIS, have actively targeted Afghanistan, seeking to expand their influence in the region. Coordinated action could eliminate such groups. The lack of political will is the biggest obstacle to progress in solving the mutual problems. As a result, the article suggests the need for international organizations’ involvement, such as China offering financial and technical assistance in resolving border disputes and terrorism. The UN can offer a neutral platform and enhance monitoring efforts concerning threats such as ISIS. In summary, the article underscores that despite the Taliban’s resurgence, the age-old issues between Afghan-Pakistani nations continue to undermine long-standing relations. The disputed Durand Line and inflexible policies hinder cooperation, but it is possible to resolve the territorial border dispute with the involvement of international actors.

China’s Territory (Disputes) and the China Threat: An Empirical Analysis from the Perspective of the English-Speaking Public

China’s Territory (Disputes) and the China Threat: An Empirical Analysis from the Perspective of the English-Speaking Public

Homicides in southern South American cities: educational inequalities and economic fluctuations

Information on how economic fluctuations affect educational inequalities in homicides in Latin America is scarce. This study aimed to: (a) analyze the temporal variations of educational inequalities related to homicide mortality and (b) compare these inequalities between years of economic growth and recession in southern South America cities from 2000 to 2019. Data from seven urban areas in three countries in the Southern Cone of South America were used: Mendoza and Rosario (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (Brazil); and Santiago (Chile). Poisson models were estimated by using age, sex, city of residence, year of economic growth or recession, and schooling level as explanatory variables. Results showed significant differences in the temporal evolution of homicide rates in the seven cities, although populations with a low schooling level always showed the most vulnerability. The four Brazilian cities, analyzed together, showed greater educational inequalities related to homicides in years of economic recession when compared to those of economic growth. On the one hand, the indiscriminate use of force by the State against criminal groups seems to increase social inequality in homicide mortality. On the other hand, criminal fragmentation and economic crisis can exacerbate these inequalities by increasing territorial disputes between criminal groups.

Vietnam-China and the Indo-Pacific

This research paper delves into the intricate relationship between Vietnam and China in the Indo-Pacific region, offering a multifaceted exploration across various dimensions. The study commences with an examination of Vietnam's demographics. The paper proceeds to underscore the growing relevance of the Indo-Pacific for Vietnam, on a strategic perspective. Vietnam's standing in the region is meticulously analysed, taking into account its historical and contemporary positioning amidst evolving regional dynamics. Vietnam's perception of the Indo-Pacific is a pivotal focus, examining its outlook and its strategic priorities within the broader context of regional challenges and opportunities, notably in the South China Sea. The study further delves into the development of Vietnamese South China Sea policy, encompassing territorial disputes and economic interests, culminating in an exploration of Vietnam's grand plan for the South China Sea. A central theme is Vietnam's "THREE NOS" policy, reflecting its judicious and pragmatic approach to regional complexities. The paper delineates Vietnam's efforts to enhance strategic partnerships with major Indo-Pacific powers, including the USA, Australia, India, and Japan, positioning it as an integral player in the regional security architecture. In addition to discussing strategic alliances with powerful nations, the paper offers details on Vietnam-China relations from the 1970s until their postCold War normalisation. In conclusion, the research provides a set of policy recommendations for Vietnam to navigate its complex relationship with China in the Indo-Pacific, emphasizing continued engagement with major powers, strengthening strategic partnerships, and adopting a balanced and pragmatic approach. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into Vietnam's evolving role in the Indo-Pacific and its strategic imperatives.

Юго-Восточная Азия и США: параметры взаимодействия

The article analyzes the factors influencing the nature of cooperation between Southeast Asian countries with the United States and the directions of its implementation in the context of the escalating rivalry between the United States and China, who seek to influence them. The US interest in the region is primarily determined by the tasks of containing China and strengthening its position in the Indo-Pacific region by expanding ties with partners and allies. The approach of the Southeast Asian countries towards cooperation with the United States is motivated by two considerations – strategic and economic. In the context of growing concerns about China’s expansion in the region and the persisting territorial disputes with it in the South China Sea, the United States in the eyes of these states is considered a stabilizing factor of the regional security system. The article points out that despite the fact that the Southeast Asian countries are interested in the presence of the United States in the region, the anti-Chinese orientation of American policy limits the potential of their strategic interaction. Case studies of individual Southeast Asian countries confirm their commitment to the principle of inclusiveness in foreign policy, which excludes choosing one party over the other. Despite the fears inherent in Southeast Asian countries about the expansion of China’s influence, they prefer to pursue a hedging policy, which in reality manifests itself in the desire to balance between competing parties in order to neutralize risks and preserve strategic autonomy. This explains the dualism of the Southeast Asian countries’ policies and affects their cooperation with the United States in the field of security, which, despite the intensification of diplomatic activities of Biden’s administration and the conclusion of a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement, is developing slowly, except for the ongoing joint military exercises and arms purchases. In general, the Southeast Asian countries are – and contribute to – solving problems they consider important, primarily in the field of economy. Contrary to the prevailing idea of China’s economic dominance in the region, the economic relations of the Southeast Asian countries with the United States have been stable for a decade, developing in an upward direction, and beneficial for the Southeast Asian countries themselves. Economic cooperation remains a priority of their interaction with the United States, despite the importance of developing security relations. Pragmatism and the acknowledgement of the emerging geopolitical situation in the region determines the parameters of interaction between the Southeast Asian countries and the United States.

Embroidery to Repair Life: Body-Territory Mapping and Collective Embroidery

In Latin America, textile traditions such as embroidery are integral to the community and personal well-being, representing the experiences and resistance of women in both domestic and public spheres. From a feminist lens, this article explores the role of collective embroidery and body-territory mapping as resistance tools within conflict zones. This analysis focuses on the project ‘Memories of Our Body-Territory. Testimonies about Structural Violence and Daily Life of Women Weavers in the Municipality of Magdalenas, Chiapas’. This region has faced political and territorial disputes impacting women’s lives and textile practices. Collective mapping and embroidery foster safe spaces for dialogue, reflection, and connection, promoting self-knowledge and well-being. The embroidered pieces transmit the memory of the body-territory, repairing the individual and collective and solidifying mutual support networks among women affected by the armed conflict.

Gestionarea riscurilor și amenințărilor la Marea Neagră: scenarii pentru viitor și implicarea României

Given the plasticity of the current geopolitical environment and the increasingly visible concern of NATO and the EU related to security in the Black Sea region in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the present article adopts a multidimensional approach to assess regional risks and threats. The paper begins by providing a comprehensive overview of the current security situation, focusing on diverse challenges that include both conventional and hybrid threats. Drawing on a diverse range of academic sources, policy documents and security analyses, and employing an empirical qualitative research approach, this study examines the factors that contribute to regional instability, such as territorial disputes, military buildup and hybrid threats. An essential point of this article is Romania’s role in addressing the identified risks and threats. The analysis investigates Romania’s position as a NATO and EU member state and its contributions to regional security initiatives. In addition, it highlights the importance of inter-institutional cooperation and coordination for strengthening Romania’s resilience in the face of complex security challenges. Overall, this article provides not only a comprehensive analysis of the security landscape in the Black Sea region, but also valuable insights into the potential paths that future developments could take.

Management of Risks and Threats in the Black Sea: Future Scenarios and Romania's Involvement

Given the plasticity of the current geopolitical environment and the increasingly visible concern of NATO and the EU related to security in the Black Sea region in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the present article adopts a multidimensional approach to assess regional risks and threats. The paper begins by providing a comprehensive overview of the current security situation, focusing on diverse challenges that include both conventional and hybrid threats. Drawing on a diverse range of academic sources, policy documents and security analyses, and employing an empirical qualitative research approach, this study examines the factors that contribute to regional instability, such as territorial disputes, military buildup and hybrid threats. An essential point of this article is Romania’s role in addressing the identified risks and threats. The analysis investigates Romania’s position as a NATO and EU member state and its contributions to regional security initiatives. In addition, it highlights the importance of inter-institutional cooperation and coordination for strengthening Romania’s resilience in the face of complex security challenges. Overall, this article provides not only a comprehensive analysis of the security landscape in the Black Sea region, but also valuable insights into the potential paths that future developments could take.

日本書紀 繼體紀의 伴跛관련 사건에 나오는 지역의 위치비정에 관한 연구

This study intends to revise and present the positioning of each place name that appear in the process of territorial disputes centered on Banpa that occurred between the 7th and 9th years of the Emperor Keitai of the Nihon Shoki. In the mainstream historical community, Banpa is postioned in Goryeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Kimoon is set in Namwon and Imsil, Jeollabuk-do, and Daesa is set in Hadong, Gyeongsangnam-do. The 12 places other than Banpa recoreded in the Nihon Shoki were positioned in the southern part of Korea by Japanese scholars initially under Japanese colonial rule, and the contents were accepted by the Korean historical community. In this study, I would like to report that the place names recorded in the Nihon shoki were found in Kurume-City Kyushu Japan, and existed the Anra and Shara in the area of Kyushu.

The Impact of Geopolitical Stability on Foreign Investment and Transnational Corporations: A Case Study of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Geopolitical stability plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economic landscape, especially concerning foreign investment and transnational corporations (TNCs). This study delves into the intricate relationship between geopolitical stability and these economic factors, employing a case study of the Russia-Ukraine conflict to exemplify their interplay. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, characterized by territorial disputes and political tensions, has had far-reaching consequences on foreign investment and TNCs operating in the region. This study scrutinizes how the conflict's instability has influenced investment decisions and strategies adopted by TNCs. The research combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies, drawing upon economic data, expert opinions, and corporate case studies. The findings indicate a clear correlation between geopolitical stability and foreign investment. In the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, periods of heightened instability have witnessed reduced foreign investment as risk perceptions rise. TNCs, concerned about the security of their assets and profitability, tend to adopt a cautious approach during such times. Conversely, when geopolitical tensions ease, foreign investment tends to rebound. Moreover, this study explores the strategies employed by TNCs to navigate geopolitical instability. Companies often implement risk management protocols, diversify their portfolios, and forge partnerships with local entities to mitigate risks associated with geopolitical instability. This research contributes to the broader understanding of the impact of geopolitical factors on global economics.

THE RISE OF POPULIST PHENOMENON IN INDIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA`S RELATION WITH PAKISTAN AND CHINA

This study endeavors to qualitatively analyze the surge of populism in India through an interpretative paradigm in order to contextualize the phenomenon with respect to non-western settings. It is imperative to operationalize the western originated concept of populism in India to analytical understand its causes and effects. The trans-continental phenomenon of populism manifest itself in India due to the economic and political factors that are played at discursive level by the political leaders. The preferred medium used by the populists is digital media as compared to the mainstream media due to the former`s less constraints on content moderation and control. The populist government in India derive legitimacy of their legislative actions based on self-other dialect. Therefore, populism in India would have implications for Pakistan and China. The contentious and Hobbesian nature of anarchy based on constructed binary identities, grounded on nationalism and civilizational perspective, makes the region prone to intractable instability. The undecided territorial and border disputes of India with Pakistan and China, along with the Kashmir issue, would makes it difficult to develop a pragmatic policy options to achieve regional stability and peace.

The impact of linguistic and cultural identity development on the growth of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. In view of globalisation and the territorial disputes in the Eurasian region, which have escalated to warfare, the issue of national identity has become particularly relevant.Purpose. The research aims to determine the dynamics of the cultural identity of the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK), identify the key directions in the further development of the traditions of the Kazakh people and describe the impact of these processes on the growth of the country�s economy.Methodology. Methods of statistical analysis and forecasting were applied, a list of key indicators was compiled and a trend line was formed. Regression analysis was also performed to better understand the relationship between the indicators, and an internet questionnaire survey of the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan was compiled to determine the subjective perception of the nation�s iconic symbols and to find out the dynamics of actual household incomes.Results. As a result, data were obtained on the total number of RK residents, those who identify themselves as Kazakhs, and those who consider Kazakh as their native language. These data in dynamics were compared with the indicators of gross domestic product, which demonstrated a clear direct correlation between these phenomena, additionally confirmed by regression statistics. In addition, the relationship between the growth of cultural identity and the increase in television content in the Kazakh language was analysed.Conclusions. The practical significance of the work lies in obtaining a confirmed way of achieving economic growth through the influence of national television, as well as the presence of representative feedback from society on such key programmes as the development of national identity, the creation of iconic landmarks and national parks, and support for Qazaq repatriates to their historical homeland.

Dispute Territories of Japan

Modern Japan has unresolved territorial disputes with neighboring countries, such as the People's Republic of China, South Korea (Republic of Korea), and the Russian Federation. Opposing parties are trying to protect their positions, both according to international legislation and historical facts. The purpose of this work is not to determine the truth of the positions of the disputing parties but to familiarize stakeholders with the historical past. Historical documents, as well as official reports and announcements, were used during the research.

Historical and Legal Aspects of Establishing the Boundaries of the Kyrgyz Republic

Article focuses on the historical and legal aspects of the establishment of the borders of the Kyrgyz Republic. It examines the historical context and events that influenced the formation of the country’s borders, including territorial disputes, colonial heritage and post-Soviet development. Also analyzes the legal framework used to define and regulate borders, discusses international treaties, agreements and domestic legislation. Analyzing historical and legal aspects, this article gives an idea of the complex processes and factors affecting the establishment of the borders of the Kyrgyz Republic. The main purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the historical and political aspects of the development of the problem of territorial integrity of states.

Identifying and Resolving Conflicts Using Local Wisdom: A Qualitative Study

For a long time, Maluku civilization has been heterogeneous. It can be seen in differences in ethnicity, beliefs, language, and culture, creating conflicts. This research intends to identify and resolve conflicts utilizing local wisdom, particularly regional language, and cultural viewpoints. It is a descriptive qualitative study that adopts an ethnolinguistic perspective to analyze data. Data was collected through participatory observation using an interview guide containing open-ended questions. Thirty participants comprised ten women and twenty men, aged 38 to 82 years; they were kings, traditional leaders, religious leaders, police, and conflict victims. Findings show that socio-cultural aspects, i.e., territorial disputes, different perspectives on culture, and youth delinquency, dominate conflicts in Maluku, Indonesia. However, using language in advice, proverbs, pela, gandong, molo, or nyelam as local wisdom can build peace. It indicates a new model for handling conflict in the regional language and culture to maintain security, continuity, and stability.

Temporary or Permanent Peace? Analysis of the Multi-lateral International Game behind the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict from a Realism Perspective

Territorial disputes have always been a sensitive focus in international politics. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan and Armenia broke out in large-scale wars in an underdeveloped area of only a few hundred thousand square kilometers, which lasted for almost a century. Thousands of soldiers and civilians died and thousands were displaced. In early September 2023, in the latest battle between the two countries, two soldiers were killed and one injured, which aroused widespread attention and concern from the international community. Against the background of tense situations, major powers such as the United States and Russia began to intervene in an attempt to calm the dispute. However, both sides still blamed each other and resolutely safeguarded their territories and rights. This crisis involves not only the people of the two countries but also the interests of neighboring countries. Both Turkey and Iran have important strategic interests in the region and have close historical and cultural ties with Azerbaijan and Armenia. The situation is changing, and what time is left for this game is only more complex dilemmas and people who are miserable. Based on the theory of international relations, this article attempts to analyze from a realist perspective why Azerbaijan and Armenia have been in a state of conflict for a long time. It also explains the occurrence and evolution of the conflict between the two countries and finally comments on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The study of this incident is conducive to a clearer understanding of the historical changes in the Nagorno-Karabakh region and the far-reaching impact of the conflict between the two countries on regional and international relations.

NATO's Strategic Concept: Implications for Greece and Türkiye

This article analyses the impact of North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) new strategic concept on its involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean and its implications for Greek-Turkish relations. We analyse the application of NATO’s new strategic concept in the Eastern Mediterranean by focusing on the case study of Greek-Turkish tensions and NATO’s role in de-escalation efforts. The case study of Greek-Turkish relations is vital for two reasons. Firstly, because of NATO’s renewed interest in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and secondly, because the complicated relationship between the two countries has the potential to disrupt NATO’s unity. The findings of this article suggest that while NATO’s intention is to adapt to evolving security challenges, its new strategic concept has done little to de-escalate the tensions between Greece and Türkiye. Despite the Alliance’s commitment to collective defence and conflict resolution, the longstanding disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean have persisted, often with increased intensity. In conclusion, NATO’s new strategic concept acknowledges the burgeoning complexities in the Eastern Mediterranean, yet falls markedly short of introducing effective measures to de-escalate the longstanding tensions between Greece and Türkiye. While the document perceptively addresses the need for heightened engagement in the Eastern Mediterranean and highlights the myriad security challenges, including territorial disputes, migration issues, and the competition for energy resources, it lacks a clear actionable framework for mitigating the discord between these two member states.

Title to Territory in Europe in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian Armed Conflict: Methods, Illegal Claims and Legal Assessments

Summary Illegal decisions and actions do not give rise to legal consequences. An annexed territory cannot receive the status of a part of an aggressor state. The question of a territorial dispute does not arise in this case. It is correct to talk about a unilateral unreasonable claim. Territory, as an integral part of the concept of state, as a criterion of statehood, has acquired special significance in the modern conditions. It is not only a natural resource (land, water, subsoil) and a space for the placement of technologies and hazardous waste. It may be considered as a line of protection. States may lay claim to one or another part of the territory of a neighboring state. The methods of territorial acquisitions of the past do not comply with the norms of modern international law.

Urban projects, stigmatization, and territorial disputes in the Independencia neighborhood of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México

The city of Monterrey has become a space of great inequalities and increasingly notorious socio-spatial phenomena. Its different problems have been used by the government and the private sector to justify interventions in working-class neighborhoods, as is the case of the “Independencia” neighborhood. This article looks to analyze the aspects that turn this neighborhood into a disputed space and identify how this is reflected in the territory through the (in)action of public and private actors. It uses a qualitative methodology supported by interviews, informal talks, and non-participant observations that were made in 2019 and 2020. The paper shows how abandonment and a lack of government investment in working-class neighborhoods is part of an urban revaluation process that seeks to attract private investment to these sectors and end the presence of those "others" who are considered a threat to the urban order.

Permasalahan Sempadan dan Tuntutan Wilayah: Kajian Latar Belakang Hubungan dan Sejarah Awal Hulu Perak-Reman Sebelum 1882

The history of Hulu Perak and Reman has been largely overlooked in local historical writings and studies, including those related to boundary demarcation. Most studies on the northern Malay States (NMS) border focus on discussions of British-Siamese relations without delving into the conflicts between these two regions. This paper aims to highlight this issue by examining the background of the territorial disputes between Perak and Reman before 1882. Qualitative research methods based on historical analysis and document analysis were used in this study. Thematic and descriptive approaches were employed in the analysis, which involved primary sources such as British records on microfilm and official files such as the Foreign Office (FO) and Colonial Office (CO) records, as well as secondary sources such as journals, books, newspapers, and online sources. The study of border issues between Hulu Perak and Reman before 1882 is significant from a historical and geopolitical perspective. It provides a clear understanding of the border conflict that influenced the political relations between these two regions. This study also contributes to future research on territorial boundaries in Malaysia.