Territorial Boundaries Research Articles

Islam’s View of Religion and State: A An Overview

Discussions about the relationship between religion and the state always occur in a stigmatic atmosphere. This is because first, the relationship between religion and state in Islam is the most impressive thing in human history. Second, throughout history, the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims (European Christians) has been a relationship full of tension. This article examines the relationship between religion and the state from an Islamic perspective. By using qualitative methods and descriptive-analytical data analysis techniques, this article concludes that firstly, religion is a statute or law that must be obeyed by humans, while the state in the Islamic perspective is an area of ​​power that has territorial boundaries, in In this area there are groups, religious human associations, there are rulers, there is justice and a safe atmosphere is created, the soil is fertile, and there are future generations. Second, the problem of the relationship between religion and the state has emerged in a series of polemics and debates that have occurred in the Islamic world. One of these debates occurred during the Turkish revolution under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal in 1924, which resulted in the abolition of the caliphate in al-Khulafa’ al-Rasyidun, namely the title for the four caliphs who led after the Prophet Muhammad died. In understanding the relationship between religion and the state, there are several concepts of the relationship between religion and the state according to several schools/understandings, including: theocracy, secondary ideology, and communist ideology.

Conjuring Sovereignty: How the “Constitution” of Medina became an Oracle of Modern Statehood

Although the legal institutions of postcolonial Egypt and much of the Arab world had been reconstituted along the lines of Napoleonic civil code in the 1940s, Islamic political discourse remained encumbered by claims in which the nation, the umma, was defined by faith rather than territorial boundaries, and lacked a notion of secular citizenship and sovereignty. South Asian scholar Hamidullah’s apologetic recasting of the Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīnā in the 1930s as the "world’s first written constitution" may have handed Egyptian Islamic reformists like the Islamic reformist and lawyer Salim El-Awa the solution to this problem. Wildly successful, El-Awa’s strategically ahistorical reading in Sadat’s Egypt pitted the purportedly liberal Prophetic politics against a constrictive juristic tradition. The resulting discourse made the Ṣaḥīfa available to anyone who wished to get past the structural incompatibility between Islamic politico-legal tradition and the territorially constituted nation-state. Besides disarticulating the relationship between Islamic law and politics, the Ṣaḥīfa may have performed another unintended function. As a treaty that placed no limits on a sovereign’s power, now elevated as the true Islamic constitution that had been obscured by later tradition, it became something of a modern oracle, providing the perfect instrument of legitimation to the modern Arab authoritarian states looking to deploy Islam but to bypass the tradition of Islamic jurisprudence.

Территориальные комплексы недвижимости и новое законодательство об общей долевой собственности

The article analyses the meaning of the new norms of the Russian Civil Code on common shared ownership of common property of owners of real estate (buildings, structures and land plots) included in territorial complexes. It concludes that the norms of § 2 of Chapter 16 of the Civil Code cannot be considered as a legal basis for the emergence of shared ownership of common property in territorial real estate complexes. The norms of the Civil Code serve as the basis for the emergence of common shared ownership only for owners of premises and parking spaces in buildings and structures. For other real estate complexes consisting of buildings, structures, land plots, either a special law is required, which in this case acts as the basis for the emergence of shared ownership, or a joint expression of the will of all property owners — a transaction. At the same time, Art. 259.1 of the Civil Code opens up the possibility of carrying out such transactions, defines the conditions under which they can be concluded, and the characteristics of the object of such transactions — the common property of the owners of immovable things. The author criticises the conditions provided by law for the emergence of shared ownership of common property — the definition of the boundaries of the common territory and the physical or technological connection of the complex’s objects — and believes that such a condition should be the presence of common property. The proposal for the development of legislation is to establish a unified legal regulation of relations in any territorial real estate complexes, abandoning special laws on certain types of such complexes.

Nf1 mutation disrupts activity-dependent oligodendroglial plasticity and motor learning in mice

Neurogenetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), can cause cognitive and motor impairments, traditionally attributed to intrinsic neuronal defects such as disruption of synaptic function. Activity-regulated oligodendroglial plasticity also contributes to cognitive and motor functions by tuning neural circuit dynamics. However, the relevance of oligodendroglial plasticity to neurological dysfunction in NF1 is unclear. Here we explore the contribution of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to pathological features of the NF1 syndrome in mice. Both male and female littermates (4–24 weeks of age) were used equally in this study. We demonstrate that mice with global or OPC-specific Nf1 heterozygosity exhibit defects in activity-dependent oligodendrogenesis and harbor focal OPC hyperdensities with disrupted homeostatic OPC territorial boundaries. These OPC hyperdensities develop in a cell-intrinsic Nf1 mutation-specific manner due to differential PI3K/AKT activation. OPC-specific Nf1 loss impairs oligodendroglial differentiation and abrogates the normal oligodendroglial response to neuronal activity, leading to impaired motor learning performance. Collectively, these findings show that Nf1 mutation delays oligodendroglial development and disrupts activity-dependent OPC function essential for normal motor learning in mice.

Comparative Study of Indonesian and Malaysian Immigration Action Policies Towards Immigration Permit Abuse

The era of globalization, driven by advancements in science and information technology, has created a borderless world, transforming human relationships from national to international, and significantly impacting various aspects of human life. Globalization has promoted the movement of people between countries, including Indonesia and Malaysia, affecting the demographics, economy, culture, and social aspects of both countries. In this context, immigration regulations play a crucial role in controlling the flow of people and reflecting a country's legal sovereignty within its territorial boundaries. This study is a normative juridical research focusing on the analysis and comparison of immigration regulations and policies in Indonesia and Malaysia, using a Statutory and Comparative approach. Indonesian immigration policy, regulated in Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, focuses on controlling the flow of people entering and leaving Indonesian territory to maintain state sovereignty. Meanwhile, Malaysian immigration policy, regulated in Malaysian Law Number 155 of 1959/63 on Immigration, covers crucial aspects such as entry and exit requirements, monitoring of foreigners, and law enforcement related to immigration violations. The immigration action policies of Indonesia and Malaysia towards immigration permit abuse have several similarities and differences. Although both countries have similar policies in handling immigration permit abuse, the implementation and law enforcement may differ depending on the specific context and conditions in each country.

Dealing With Territorial Boundaries, Space, and Time in Robinson Crusoe and Life of Pi Novels (Postcolonial Perspective)

Today's globalization eliminates time, space, distance, and national barriers. The two novels examined in this study implied those issues. The objective of this study is to analyze the territorial boundaries, spatial dimensions, and temporal aspects that evoke a profound impact in Robinson Crusoe and Life of Pi, employing a postcolonial perspective. Both of these works originated from a shared concept, specifically the theme of being stranded as a result of a shipwreck. However, these novels were written throughout distinct times spanning several centuries. Robinson Crusoe was published in the 18th century, whilst Life of Pi was published during the 21st century. The similar concept of "Castaway" does not imply the creation of an identical narrative. The level of precision in the portrayal of territorial boundaries, space, and time in these two works is noteworthy, but they exhibit certain distinctions. The narrative of Robinson Crusoe prominently features people embodying the roles of master and slave, hence highlighting the concept of social boundaries. Contrarily, Life of Pi explores the ambiguous nature of borders about territory, space, and time, as they are consistently subject to dispute. Consequently, the delineation of power dynamics between characters is likewise a matter of contestation. In conclusion, these two novels convey two different ideologies by territory, space, and time considered through the lens of post-colonialism. The span of centuries demonstrates the diversity of human interpretations of them. Robinson Crusoe conveys the idea that colonialism is inevitable. Meanwhile, Life of Pi interprets colonialism as cruelty.

Legacy of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824

The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 is a pivotal historical milestone, delineating territorial boundaries and shaping the trajectories of British and Dutch colonial empires in Southeast Asia. Beyond its geopolitical implications, this treaty exerted profound and enduring social effects on the indigenous populations of Indonesia and Malaysia. This article endeavors to elucidate the nuanced social consequences of the treaty, emphasizing its role in molding the fabric of societal life and legal frameworks in these two nations. Through a comprehensive analysis of the treaty's stipulations, subsequent legal evolutions, and their ramifications on local communities, this study aims to unravel the intricate tapestry of influence that emanated from colonial decisions. Specifically, we delve into how the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was pivotal in shaping the formation and development of social structures and legal systems in Indonesia and Malaysia. By scrutinizing the long-term effects on indigenous societies, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the enduring impact of colonial legacies on the contemporary legal landscape of these nations. This article offers valuable insights into the lasting repercussions of a historical agreement that extended beyond mere territorial delineation. By exploring the intricate interplay between the treaty's provisions and the subsequent socio-legal developments, we gain a nuanced understanding of the enduring ramifications of colonial decisions on the present-day legal frameworks in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Kesepakatan Penyelesaian Kepemilikan Pulau Sipadan dan Ligitan Prespektif Mahkamah Internasional

A sovereign state is one that should know its territorial boundaries with certainty. Where as a result of the lack of the absence of certainty of territorial boundaries based on legal aspects, Indonesia and Malaysia were forced to accept the case of case, namely the case of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands. The settlement of cases that could not be resolved through negotiations, led the two countries to agree to settle the case through the International Court of Justice. The verdict on the settlement of the case declared Malaysia as the country that has the right to control the island. However, Indonesia's agreement to to settle the case through the International Court of Justice is not wrong, which is in accordance with the principles of world peace. Likewise, the decision of the International Court of Justice which is in accordance with legal procedures and has been supported by the knowledge/experience possessed by/of the judges. So it can be said that the agreement between the two countries that created the transfer of the islands of Sipadan and Ligitan was not a gift to Malaysia. Discussion the author's goal, because according to the author this study is an important study and needs to be discussed as a material is an important study and needs to be discussed as a new analytical study that is different from other authors' studies. So that in writing, the author uses a normative juridical method, which uses an analytical approach, legal concepts and regulation laws.

Negotiating the border: Contending with constraints and creating opportunity from Venezuela to Peru

Utilizing a feminist geopolitical lens, this article examines the accounts of 18 Venezuelans who migrated from Venezuela since 2015. I make two main arguments. First, I expand accounts that focus on restrictive mobility regimes in countries receiving migrants to also look at how governments such as Venezuela’s, along with their accompanying border management strategies, limit Venezuelans’ mobility. Many scholars argue that the regulation of borders extends beyond physical territorial boundaries. Here, I show the diverse ways in which Venezuelan government actions impose border constraints both within Venezuela and beyond. Second, recent studies examine migrant management as resulting from an assemblage of different actors and practices, including humanitarian organizations, travel agencies and others. I add to this literature to suggest that acts of solidarity and support from fellow travelers, local individuals who are not part of any formal group, and social media accounts should also be considered part of migrant regimes, shaping border permeability. Policies are reworked through embodied encounters between migrants and a range of other actors in spaces as varied as buses, border checkpoints and food lines, and speak to the importance of multi-scalar accounts to understand migration experiences.

Sustainable Water Governance in the Brazilian Pantanal Biome: Challenges and Lessons

Problems caused by land-use change and climate change transcend territorial boundaries, but often management of natural heritage sites can only influence what happens within the local area. Therefore, we need innovative conservation strategies that also transcend territorial boundaries. Hence, the approach to managing our natural heritage sites may need innovative strategies to ensure their effective conservation. This study examines the conservation approach in the Pantanal biome, which houses multiple centers of decision-making across Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Despite the region’s significant contribution in providing ecosystem services and playing an integral part in local cultural heritage and Native communities, Pantanal has suffered from a lack of clear rules and strategies, challenges in implementation, and, largely, capacity and coordination across different governance scales. This contribution synthesizes key challenges and potential opportunities through co-production and information sharing to ensure a socio-ecological approach to promoting the conservation and resilience of the Pantanal biome.

An indicator framework to guide food system sustainability transition – The case of Sweden

Well-aligned food policies are needed at both national and international level to guide food system transformation towards sustainability. Rigorous indicator frameworks are essential in order to facilitate discussion of priorities, enable comparisons, assessment and progress monitoring, and ensure accountability. In this study, we develop a national framework for a sustainable food system, using Sweden as a case. Our framework, the Food System Sustainability House, advances the literature on sustainable food system frameworks in three distinct ways. Firstly, it is tailored to a specific national context (Sweden in our case); secondly, it distinguishes between impacts of domestic production arising within territorial boundaries and impacts related to Swedish consumption independent of country of origin; and thirdly, to facilitate policy priorities, it suggests how different dimensions of sustainability are interlinked at a conceptual level. From a scientific perspective, the Food System Sustainability House postulates the interlinkages between the societal objectives of the food system, the environmental foundations on which production takes place, and the economic system and governance which in the framework are suggested to function as enablers for an overall sustainable system. From a policy perspective, the framework provides a much-needed basis for assessing food system sustainability by suggesting indicators within a comprehensive set of sustainability themes at national level for monitoring distinct perspectives. It also provides the necessary basis for a discussion on how sustainability dimensions are interlinked.

State formation, diplomacy and sport: the British Empire Games, Ireland and Northern Ireland, 1930–38

AbstractThis paper considers the interconnected practices of state formation, diplomacy, national identity and sport through an examination of ‘Irish’ involvement in the British Empire Games of 1930, 1934 and 1938. These events had a contradictory role in bolstering diplomatic relations between those who were committed to the empire but also in expressing the aspirations of those who sought independence from it, or a distinct identity within it. State formation and diplomacy played out in sporting contexts — which we term sportcraft — and this process was especially complex in post-partition Ireland. In the period under examination, a gradual but significant hardening of ideologies and identities occurred in certain sports on the island, notably athletics, mirroring the effects of partition and reflecting British and unionist political actions and sportive interests. Original archival and documentary material is presented from state archives in Dublin, London, Belfast and Ottawa, and from official sports collections in Birmingham, London, Stirling, Melbourne (Australia), Hamilton (Canada) and Lausanne (Switzerland). This demonstrates that by the early 1920s, government officials and sports administrators had already recognised the propaganda functions and utility of sport for state formation purposes and for issues of political control, jurisdiction and territorial boundaries.

Fluidity in space: defining threshold in dwelling and temporal market for resilient kampung settlement.

In general, urban infrastructure development triggers typological changes, influencing the growth of the urban environment, including buildings, settlements, markets, roads, and zoning in urban areas. This paper explores the spatial and territorial boundaries of alleys as links and places in the kampung residential area. The alley is examined as a dynamic setting that undergoes changes and serves various purposes and activities over time. This phenomenon prompts the question of how spatial boundaries between economic and domestic settings coexist. The research aims to identify the relationship between the alley as a link and a place in a case of kampung’s alley in Surabaya that has functioned as a temporary market since 1990 within the residential setting. Data is collected through observations of the alley in different times and activities, followed by qualitative descriptive analysis. The results reveal that spatial territory defines an individual or group’s control over their space. This control is integral to the mechanisms governing the activities within a setting. Ultimately, the study investigates the interplay between the activity system and the regulatory system in the temporal market economic activities that occur alongside.

History and the Problem of Dead Identity: Theorising the Revival of Zulu’s Extinct Culture in Zakes Mda’s the Zulus of New York

This article attempts to explore history as a medium of reviving South African extinct identity in Zakes Mda’s The Zulus of New York. The study theorises the impetus of rejuvenating such identity based on Mda’s description of the Zulu’s potential to perform their native socio-cultural traditions despite the colonial hegemony which limits their power to maintain their identity. It argues that this literary tendency is largely rooted in the peculiar theoretical discourse on South African subaltern and internally colonised identity vis-à-vis the West, namely the USA and Britain; a notion that tends to perpetuate Zulu’s native and pre-colonial vernacular discourses. Within this narrative, the Zulu’s nativism and the South African ethnicity are regarded as non-colonial powers since the indigenous tribes allegedly suffered under Western ruling nationalities in the annexed territories. Therefore, the study discovers the problematic implications of such an exclusive focus on the postcolonial perspective; and it questions the theoretical conception of subordination as an ‘internal colony’, which is decolonised by the Zulu. The study proposes arguments for the consideration of American and British domination as variant models of Western hegemony, and it emphasises the need for examining Zuluophone cultures when theorising Zulu postcolonial identity. It demonstrates how the Zulu minority may wage this metapolitical resistance using individual rights to challenge Western hegemony as an illiberal entity, and thus Zulu de-constitutes colonialism to restore indigenous demotic and territorial boundaries. Thus, indigenous Zulu people resist by seeking to constitutionally entrench their identity as the rightful ‘subject of justice.

Testing Textual and Territorial Boundaries in Bulat Okudzhava’s Song “And We to the Doorman: ‘Open the Doors!’”

This paper contextualizes Okudzhava’s song “And We to the Doorman” (AWD), initially marginal in the Soviet poetic mainstream. It explores its shifts in tone, irregular rhythms, colloquial language, and semi-criminal undertones. AWD’s structure, with uneven stanzas and no clear refrain, reveals underlying symmetry and recurring themes. The meter is predominantly iambic but varies. Unconventional verse endings and various rhyme schemes, including distant chains, characterize its prosody. The narrative touches on social cohesion and class conflict. The style reflects a challenging attitude toward privilege, employing rhetorical devices and indirect threats. The melody aligns with thematic elements, featuring repetitive patterns and a spoken quality. Semantically, AWD presents an ambiguous message on class struggle and moral issues. In sum, this analysis uncovers Okudzhava’s song’s formal complexities, thematic nuances, and stylistic innovations.

Contrapuntal Citizenship: Solidarity Protests and Multi-layered Belonging in the Lebanese Diaspora in France

ABSTRACT Normative models of citizenship delimit rights and obligations within the territorial boundaries of the modern state. These models fail to capture how political belonging can be stretched and reconfigured across polities. The 2019 ‘17 October Revolution’ in Lebanon galvanised widespread solidarity protests and initiatives in the Lebanese diaspora in France. As sites of cultural encounter, solidarity protest movements in the diaspora created opportunities for different cultural and political identities to collide, producing ‘contrapuntal’ forms of citizenship. Drawing insights from Edward Said’s examination of the ‘contrapuntal,’ this paper argues that as sites of encounter, diasporic solidarity initiatives pluralised definitions of political belonging producing contrapuntal forms of citizenship. By thinking through music, this paper will examine the overlapping layers, or melodies, of political belonging that constitute diasporic citizens. It will contend that diaspora solidarity initiatives allowed activists to enact multiple, sometimes contradicting, claims to belonging. In doing so, it will shift from hybrid to contrapuntal models of diasporic citizenship.

Traditional Territory in a Protected Area: Territorial Dynamics and Wildlife Management in the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil

Implementing sustainable management strategies for common-use resources influences the territorialization processes of traditional peoples and communities. This article aims to provide historical context on the use of natural resources in the Amanã Lake region, Maraã-AM. It also seeks to describe the territorial boundaries and hunting areas of one riverine community, presenting a proposal for establishing the sustainable management of subsistence hunting. The data cover a fifty-year period and were obtained through semi-structured interviews, systematic mapping of hunting locations, and participatory mapping of resource use in the region. The proposed zoning for the management of wildlife was based on previously established models in the region and on discussions with the villagers. Over the period, two territorial logics were identified, and their combination has had significant impacts on the territoriality of the studied community. The hunting area used by community members shrinked as its designated use area but at a different pace, leading to overlaps and conflicts over resource use. The proposed spatial wildlife management (of 22.216,22 ha of area) was considered appropriate by the villagers, but there is still a need to develop this wildlife management strategy based on local territorialities.

A Luang-Szigetek helyi bölcsessége: A ‘Hygeralay’ történeti aspektusai

This research aims to identify hygeralai from a historical aspect as one of the local types of local knowledge that lives in the indigenous community of Luang Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative research method with a historical approach. Data collection techniques in this research through in-depth interviews, field observations and literature studies. The analysis technique used in this research is historical analysis. The results of field research show that the etymology of hygeralai began as a sign of identity, a sign of ownership, a sign of territorial boundaries and used by the ancestors of Luang Island at that time. In its development, it underwent changes related to several attributes and organization when Protestant Christianity entered. The results of exploration in the field show that the etymology of hygeralai is also influenced by the environment and geography. This is evidenced by its affiliation with one of the plants that grow on Luang Island, the koli tree. From this affiliation material, it is also important to display the position of Luang Island in the division of flora in Indonesia according to Wallacea and Weber line. Thus, we can analyze the history of plant movements used by the ancestors in etymology of hygeralai. The hygeralai research results from this historical position are then compared in general with other terms in Maluku related to environmental and natural resource management. The results of this research contribute to local history, especially the management of natural resources based on local wisdom in coastal communities and border areas.

Analysis of the purpose behind urban planning in accordance with the shifts in the centrality of Hanyang during the early Joseon dynasty

ABSTRACT During the Joseon Dynasty, the construction process of Hanyang (漢陽) underwent multiple cycles of suspension and resumption. While previous studies have often interpreted Hanyang as a city shaped by geographical specificity influenced by Confucianism and feng shui order, this study emphasizes how the initial urban plans diverged during the latter phases, highlighting how the trajectory of city planning evolved based on changing circumstances and conditions. This study employs an analytical approach to trace the evolution and adoption of the purpose behind the urban planning of Hanyang during the early Joseon Dynasty, focusing on the fact that facilities embodying the ideology and purpose of urban development are placed within the city center. Consequently, symbolic centers such as Gyeongbokgung Palace (景福宮), Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟), and Sajik Alter (社稷壇) were established following “Joorye (周禮),” “Gogonggi (考工記),” and feng shui order in Hanyang. However, geographical influences led to partial alterations in the plans, resulting in a curved and modified north-south axis. The development of Hanyang initially prioritized major internal facilities and roads; then it focused on the expansion of the city’s external territorial boundaries. This process, however, resulted in a lack of connection between the city center and its external boundaries. Subsequently, adjustments were made to the urban structure and connectivity by closing and relocating certain city gates. The construction of the Fortress Wall of Hanyang further fortified internal solidarity. The (former) Jongru Bell Tower was positioned at the center, surrounded by a market to enhance visual and spatial centrality. Following the reorganization of the road structures upon King Taejo’s reign, the Jongru Bell Tower’s location shifted to the intersection of the main arterial roads. This adjustment aimed to combine both mobile and spatial centrality. The Jongru Intersection, featuring a large pavilion, was constructed to reinforce its function as an intersection; citizens of Hanyang could thereby recognize this as its city center. The city center of Hanyang underwent transformations over different periods, considering its symbolism, geography, and transportation. In sum, Hanyang was initially constructed in adherence to feng shui and Confucian thought; then, urban development placed a focus on geographical centrality once the city territory was confirmed. Later, as roads were reorganized, centrality shifted towards crucial transportation points.

Standing with Ukraine? How citizens trade off self-interest and principles in supporting war-torn international partners

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is an attack on democracy, human rights, and the international order. While European democracies have supported their war-torn partner, Russia has sought to undermine public support by stopping its gas supply and imposing economic costs on European citizens. In consequence, Europeans find themselves caught between economic self-interest and principles. We present a theoretical argument and test how corresponding arguments for and against continued backing of Ukraine affect citizens’ support using experimental and observational data collected while concerns with gas shortage and inflation mounted in Germany and Denmark. We find that support for Ukraine does not falter due to economic concerns. In contrast, citizens become more supportive when presented with arguments related to human rights, democracy, and respect for territorial boundaries. We discuss implications for understanding citizens’ responses to autocratic power strategies and how support likely depends on the type of partner and domestic elite rhetoric.