Territorial Basis Research Articles

Visita domiciliar pela Estratégia Saúde da Família

A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) se organiza sobre uma base territorial, considerando as características locais e possibilitando às equipes conhecer o perfil da clientela e as situações vivenciadas no seu cotidiano. Nos últimos anos, o município do Rio de Janeiro expandiu a ESF para territórios altamente vulneráveis e as equipes aproximaram-se de áreas onde a violência urbana está fortemente presente. O objetivo foi compreender se a Visita Domiciliar (VD) permanece como uma ferramenta possível para a ESF, em contextos de violência urbana. Foi realizado um estudo de natureza qualitativa, com aplicação de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que a VD é, prioritariamente, destinada à busca de usuários com alguma limitação de acesso à unidade, restrição ao leito ou domicílio. Segundo o relato dos profissionais, situações frequentes como incursão policial, confronto armado entre a polícia e traficantes, a presença de caveirões e o som de tiros e bombas, são limitadores para a realização da VD. A qualidade da atenção prestada fica prejudicada e as atividades no território sofrem grandes prejuízos, trazendo medo e insegurança, inclusive aos profissionais. A ESF se consolida como um serviço próximo a territórios marcados pela violência urbana, enfrentando desafios diários para aplicação de suas ferramentas, em especial a VD.

Legal Problems of Public Policy and Strategic Planning of Land Management

Strategic planning in land is now at the stage of development and adoption of new documents defining goals, objectives, directions, priorities and instruments of state land policy and land management. The uniqueness of this object of public management and strategy requires a systematic approach to strategic planning based on both the ecological and social significance of the land and economic value of land resources. The authors examine the possibility of their use as a natural means of agricultural production, draw attention to forestry—the most important factor in the development of economic industries as a territorial (spatial) basis (foundation) of economic activity—location of capital construction objects, other real estate objects, development of modern systems of settling population in an urban and rural areas, urban agglomerations. Accordingly, strategic planning for land management in real estate and spatial development is an important part of land management, urban planning and other related areas.The paper considers terminological and conceptual problems of the object and subject matter of these relations (land, land resources, territory, space, real estate, spatial development, land use ) in the cross-sectoral context of strategic planning. The authors have determined the main issues of formation of the concept and strategy of state strategic management concerning land resources in general, as well as the land use strategy in differnt settlements in the context of present day factors influencing the state of development of this strategic area. The paper examines intersectoral aspects of preparation of documents of strategic planning, the connection of the land use with other areas of strategic management of public development (socio-economic, spatial, urban planning, state property management, energy, environmental safety).As the result of the study, the authors propose new approaches to land strategy and its improvement.

The region as cognition: an alternative analysis of regionalism

ABSTRACT The paper defines a cognitive approach of regionalism and outlines a research agenda, proceeding from the assumption that the region is not a thing in the world, but a perspective on the world. Regionalism is a way of being in the world to which we are all subject. Therefore, instead of defining and describing a region and its identity, I suggest we should wonder how, when and why regionalist social actors interpret their social experience in regional terms. To do this, three cognitive levels are highlighted. Each region, first of all, is characterized by an ideological opportunities structure, which is a cognitive system with both constraints and leeway, defined by a more or less hegemonic ideology and more or less legitimate heterodox ideologies. The regionalist ideology then is characterized by the use of the region as a cognitive tool, notably in order to understand social problems on a regional territorial basis. Finally, the regionalist discourse in interaction during a social movement can take the form of a master frame of regional injustice.

MODERNISATION OF ART EDUCATION OF A FUTURE TEACHER UNDER CONDITIONS OF GLOBALISATION

The article addresses the reflection of the processes of globalisation in contemporary art and their influence on the content and technologies of art education of a future teacher. The emphasis was placed on the fact that even under conditions of globalisation, artistic culture cannot be transformed on the basis of unification because it leads to the loss of ethnocultural values of a certain nation and the destruction of their cultural genotype. It was determined that the only direction of the transformation of modern art is integration technologies. The classification of integration methods in modern art practices is offered according to the following forms: mutual influence of cultural concepts on a territorial basis; the synergy of traditions and innovations; the combination of modern technologies into a conglomerate that preserves the characteristics of an art object; innovative synthesis of traditional arts on a group or type basis. Attention was focused on the fact that globalisation processes, that take place in the modern world, affect the content and determine the technologies of art education. It was established that among the forms of artistic integration of contemporary arts, that were proposed by the author, such as the synergy of traditions and innovations as well as the synthesis of traditional arts on a group or type basis are mainly introduced in the art education of a future teacher.

Comparing strategies against COVID-19: Italy and Switzerland

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has all features of a wicked problem. It is not only a crisis of intensive care but also a more complex health, social, economic, and humanitarian crisis. Moreover, its risks will continue until mass vaccination is undertaken, hence, the control of contagiousness relies on citizens’ responsible behavior. Strategies to fight COVID-19 in Lombardy, Veneto (Italy) and in Ticino (Switzerland) have shown that a more balanced approach focusing not exclusively on hospitals but also on a territorial basis, pays off. Therefore, a more integrated approach is beneficial from a clinical, social, and economic point of view providing procedures for future emergencies.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory, 2019–2020

Context and Policy Issues
 The purpose of the CMII is to document current practices and developments in the supply, distribution, technical operations, and general clinical use of advanced imaging equipment across Canada. Medical imaging is a vital component of modern health care, playing a role in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of many diseases and conditions. As new medical imaging technologies become available and population needs change, it is important to keep track of where imaging capacity exists, how equipment is used, and the adoption of tools that may support appropriate imaging, system efficiencies, and wait-list reductions.
 Methods
 CADTH collected data on six advanced imaging modalities: CT, MRI, PET-CT, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), SPECT-CT, and PET-MRI using a web-based survey and a search of the literature. The data were reviewed by validators for accuracy and validators provided additional information of provincial and regional policies and practices.
 Summary of Evidence
 Of the modalities surveyed, CT is the most widely distributed, with the highest number of units, followed by MRI. All provinces and territories have at least one CT unit; all provinces and Yukon have at least one MRI unit; and all provinces have at least one SPECT and/or SPECT-CT unit. None of the territories have SPECT or SPECT-CT. Nine provinces have PET-CT in clinical use. Two provinces, Alberta and Ontario, have PET-MRI that is used for research purposes.
 Regarding the total volume of exams, CT is the most-used modality (5.41 million exams per year), followed by MRI (2.33 million exams per year), SPECT and SPECT-CT combined (1.2 million exams per year), and PET-CT (125,775 exams per year).
 Each imaging modality, apart from SPECT, experienced growth in the last decade in Canada in the number of units and the number of units per million people. CT experienced the slowest growth rate of all imaging modalities — at a 1.4% increase in units per million people over the last decade — compared with other imaging modalities (MRI 20%; PET-CT 25%; and SPECT-CT 70%).
 Over the last decade, the overall volume of exams increased by 32% and 62% for CT and MRI, respectively. Similarly, the number of exams per thousand population increased by 18% and 46%, respectively. Examination data for the other modalities were not available in 2010.
 Conclusions and Implications for Decision or Policy-Making
 The CMII data provides insight into the current context of medical imaging across Canada and raise questions related to how medical imaging is monitored and regulated, and how it is optimally used. As well, the data raise questions about how funding structures are organized, what the most cost-effective practices are, and whether access is equitable, especially in rural and remote areas. Overall, the findings of this report may help decision-makers identify gaps in service; inform medical imaging-related strategic planning on a national, provincial, or territorial basis; and help anticipate future growth and need for replacement. Additionally, the data can be used to identify system efficiencies and monitor the adoption of practices and tools that may support appropriate imaging and wait-list reductions.

QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS WHICH CONDUCT THE AUDIT ON CIVIL PROTECTION, TECHNOGENIC AND FIRE SAFETY

Introduction. In this study, the problem of audit concept definition scarcity in legal documents (expert assessment) of civil protection, technological, and fire safety was considered. Specific qualification requirements, structure, rights, respon-sibilities, reports, a system for conducting and results registration of auditor inspections and audit organizations working in civil protection field and fire safety inspection have not been approved.Today, the issue of audit (expert assessment) of civil protection, technological, fire safety, and insurance of facilities is becoming the most pressing issue. Society, and in particular businesses, are reorienting themselves to European standards of doing business, where property insurance is necessary, and it guarantees them compensation in the case of an emergency.Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to highlight the problem of the lack of a rightful audit concept in civil protection, technological, and fire safety.Methods. Expert assessment of the state of businesses, institutions, and organizations, regardless of their ownership form, makes it possible to get a full picture of object shortcomings, proposals for their elimination, without prosecuting officials quickly and efficiently and without terminating the installation, units and the object as a whole. The audit is a kind of state supervision (control) in the field of civil protection, technological, and fire safety, but without administrative and legal consequences. Based on legal documents analysis in the field of civil protection and fire safety, processing of auditors' feedback, and practical experience of the authors of the article, the main scientific results are proposed.Results. The authors show organizational structure of audit associations. Also, the authors’ qualification requirements for auditors (experts) and their assistants, including the availability of relevant education, experience in practical, teaching, and research work in the field of civil security, and passing the qualifying examination was proposed.Conclusion. According to this organizational structure, high-class auditors create an association that will determine (organize) the activities of all levels of experts. The next step is the high-class experts, who form the relevant associations on a territorial basis, which control the activities of the first and second class experts. The last step is the first and second class auditors, who report to the higher class auditors in their activities.The proposed results should be taken into account in the existing regulations on auditing or a separate regulation in the field of civil protection, technological, and fire safety.

PROBLEMS OF A CRIMINAL-LEGAL NATURE ARISING IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES RELATED TO THE ILLEGAL WITHDRAWAL OF CAPITAL ABROAD (ARTICLE 193 AND ARTICLE 193.1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the criminal-legal characteristics of crimes related to the illegal withdrawal of capital abroad, in particular to the ratio of crimes under Art. 193 and Art. 193.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The problem is considered in the context of the investigative practice of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation for 2019-2020, which reveals many difficulties associated with the qualification of currency crimes and the differentiation of a single ongoing crime from a set of crimes. This circumstance determines the relevance of the study. Scientific novelty is expressed in the conclusions reached by the team of authors as a result of the analysis of a significant volume of procedural documents in the category of criminal cases under consideration, including decisions to refuse to initiate a criminal case, decisions to terminate a criminal case, indictments, sentences, which are characterized by the scale on a territorial basis and cover more than 40 regions of Russia. Among the most significant results of the study, one should point out the author’s conclusion about the absence of a unified approach to classifying currency crimes as continuing in legal science and practice, as well as criteria that make it possible to distinguish between the totality of currency crimes and continued currency crime. In order to implement a systematic approach and the subsequent clarity of the stated results, the ratio of evasion from fulfilling obligations to repatriate funds and performing foreign exchange transactions to transfer funds to non-residents’ accounts using forged documents was carried out by highlighting individual elements of these crimes and comparing them with each other, as a result which revealed the distinctive features of the objective side, the subjective side and the subject of the considered type of crime. The research methodology is presented by dialectical, formal-logical, systemic, sociological, functional, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods.

Служба и учеба: венгерская дворянская лейб-гвардия как культурно-просветительский институт в Вене XVIII в.

The Royal Hungarian Bodyguard, founded in 1760, was the first guard unit at the Viennese court to be recruited on a territorial basis and exclusively from noblemen. The establishment of the Guard served three purposes: to significantly increase the presence of Hungarians at court, to represent the monarch (the power of the sovereign) and the Hungarian estates, and to provide a cultural space for young Hungarian noblemen. For them, the Guard became an aid in building patron-client relations and in orientation in the court environment, which was especially important for the natives of eastern Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania as well as for Protestant noblemen. The article examines the role of the Guard in expanding the cultural horizons of young Hungarian nobles. The purpose of the paper is to present the role of the guard as an instrument of education and acculturation of Hungarian nobles against the background of well-known and recently discovered sources, such as guard establishment proposals, school register books and so forth, and to awaken interest of international research to the importance of this special institution. At the beginning of the article, an overview of the early proposals of the establishment of the Guard is given, then the principles of its operation are described, and finally, several examples are given to illustrate the role of the Guard in the careers of Hungarian magnates and noblemen.

Экономическая активность территорий: сравнительный анализ способов оценки пространственных эффектов

The article discusses a hierarchical and spatial approach to assessing the spatial dependence of data. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach and the potential for their combination are determined on the basis of a literature review.The results of the OLS, SAR, SEM, HLM, HSAR models are compared. Despite an interesting set of data (2285 municipalities in the context of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation), the emphasis in the work is not on identifying the relationship between the dependent variable and factors, but on comparing spatial effects that can be identified within each of the models under consideration. The calculations showed a significant influence on the dependent variable of the following factors: the share of the average number of employees in the resident population, the volume of investments in fixed assets per capita and the share of the urban population. This result was shown by all the constructed models. In the context of models, the identified spatial effects have their own characteristics. The inclusion of spatial matrices is possible at the upper (for example, the subject of the Russian Federation), lower (for example, the municipal level), or both levels simultaneously. In hierarchical models, spatial relationships are additionally taken into account by grouping the objects of observation on a territorial basis. Calculations have shown that the spatial lag is not significant in all models. Spatial error is significant at the municipal level in the SEM model and at the regional level in the HLM and HSAR models. Additionally, hierarchical models showed a significant influence of the region on the municipalities variation. In general, the results of modeling and evaluating modelsquality are ambiguous. Despite this, the potential for expanding spatial econometrics on the basis of a combination of spatial and hierarchical (multilevel) modeling approaches is noted, and the need to select a model for each case is substantiated, taking into account the significance of spatial and hierarchical effects

Labour division algorithm for a group of unmanned aerial vehicles in a clustered target field

In this paper we propose an algorithm for tasks distribution (division of labour) for a group of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) when monitoring an emergency zone. The input data of the algorithm are information on the homogeneous group of UAVs, the coordinates of the home point, and a set of elementary subtasks coming from the command center. The presented algorithm is analytical and allows obtaining the correct distribution result for any consistent input data. The algorithm is based on the principle of preliminary combining elementary tasks into clusters on a territorial basis. The results of simulation showed that the proposed labour distribution algorithm allows to achieve an average of 4.7% – 12.8% less time to complete a global task in comparison with the greedy algorithm. We experimentally established that the best result is achieved when choosing a cluster size so that about 75% of tasks are included in clusters, and 25% of tasks remain free.

Decentralization of local self-government under the conditions of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine

The essence of administrative and territorial reform and decentralization reform in Ukraine is to move away from a centralized model of government in the state, ensure the ability of local self-government and build an effective system of territorial power organization in Ukraine based on the principles of subsidiarity, omnipresence and financial self-sufficiency of local self-government. The purpose of the article is to identify areas for improving the effectiveness of the administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine based on assessing the results of its financial decentralization component. Peculiarities of changing the territorial basis of local self-government in Ukraine investigate the necessity of moving from a voluntary amalgamation of territorial communities to the stage of their formation according to clearly defined criteria and providing opportunities for the development of such communities in the future. It focuses on the need to consolidate areas and change the system of interaction of the subregional level with the amalgamated territorial communities at a basic level.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM OF STATE REGULATION OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES

Therefore, the transition to an innovative economy requires the development of a network of regional innovation systems. At the same time, the regional innovation policy should be aimed at the formation of regional innovation clusters as the basis of the innovation system of the region, where the best conditions for the innovation process are located. Of particular interest are regions with high scientific potential (as a rule, they include scientific fences and a number of academic towns and other territories with high scientific potential), as they have a significant stock of developments ready for commercialization. It is on the basis of such territories that it is necessary to develop regional innovation clusters. Despite the fact that the problem has been studied and the high level of attention, many of its aspects remain unresolved. Many authors have pointed out the limited possibilities of using classical methods of evaluating investment projects for innovation, and thus the proposed alternatives have not been widely used. The practical and actual significance of the problems of management and evaluation of innovative projects and the use of the most effective methods for this purpose, determined the choice of the dissertation topic, its content, goals and problems. The practical significance of Makala is in the development of management algorithms and evaluation methods for innovative projects. The algorithm includes intra-stage project evaluation and methodological justification of the manager's decision-making in the implementation of the project at each stage and ensuring the need to adjust the strategy. In addition, the analysis of the main barriers to practical implementation was carried out and recommenda-tions were developed to eliminate them. The developed method includes all the prerequisites for successful application in the specific activity of the region.

Territorial framework of local self-government: basis of legislative regulation

Ukraine is increasingly trying to integrate into European structures. The civilizational, geopolitical and geo-economic choice for our country is obvious, therefore, difficult, consistent and sometimes unconventional and unpopular political decisions are required to implement it. The real implementation of the deconcentration, decentralization and subsidiarity principles in the practice of public administration is necessary, in particular, due to the introduction of new models of relations between the political center and the regions. Regional disproportions in the territory development of Ukraine, the failure to implement the reform on the ground in specific administrative and territorial units, the spread of corruption schemes – all these are the consequences of an ineffective model of local self-government and state management of regional development, that became the beginning of the administrative and territorial reform in the state. And in order to ensure a high-quality process of administrative and territorial reform, it is important, and to some extent and the most basic, is the process of adopting high-quality regulatory base for legislation. The article identifies the main directions for the formation of an effective management system at all levels, including: the formation of an optimal territorial basis, the provision of appropriate material, administrative, organizational and financial conditions for the implementation of the powers granted to them by local governments, a clear delineation of powers between management bodies of different levels based on decentralization, mechanism development of the state control and population involvement in the community development. The legislative base, which was adopted in the context of supporting the reform of local self-government in Ukraine, has been analyzed. The legislative guidelines for the decentralization reform and regional policy in Ukraine have been determined and substantiated. Deficiencies and shortcomings of the normative-legal and institutional support system of the local self-government reform have been identified and ways of their elimination have been proposed.

LA PANDEMIA: LA GLOBALIZACIÓN, EL ROL DEL ESTADO Y DE LOS REGÍMENES INTERNACIONALES

La crisis generada por la pandemia y la crisis económica consecuente evidencia lacentralidad de la acción del Estado en la confrontación de estas amenazas globales asícomo su rol superior en el desempeño de los organismos internacionalescorrespondientes. Ello indica que el multilateralismo depende de estas unidades políticasy no al revés todavía. La crisis también evidencia la necesidad de reformar la mayoría delos regímenes internacionales involucrados en su confrontación para fortalecer susfunciones y ampliarlas sin implicar reformas integrales de ellos. Además, la naturalezaglobal de la pandemia ha evidenciado la importancia de la geografía en su seguimiento.Como consecuencia se requiere replantear la muy ambigua definición de globalizaciónque pretende desvincular los procesos globales de su base territorial

Нормативно-правове забезпечення створення та функціонування об'єднаних територіальних громад

The article examines the issues of legal support for the creation and functioning of united territorial communities at present. It is determined that since 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine have adopted a significant number of normative legal acts that allow for the implementation of the decentralization reform. United territorial communities in Ukraine are the primary source for the formation and implementation of a new policy of sustainable development of the territories of Ukraine. It was found that one of the most important elements of the strategy of management of the united territorial communities in Ukraine is independence, efficiency, managerial innovations, speed and justification of decision-making. The management of this sector is based on the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, which provides for the decentralization of power, the transfer of basic powers and resources to local governments, while placing great responsibility on them. It is proved that this policy is based on the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the best world standards of public relations in this area. The legislative basis for a radical change in the system of government and its territorial basis at all levels began to take shape in 2014. It is concluded that for the further successful functioning of the OTG it is necessary to resume work on the bill to amend the Constitution of Ukraine on decentralization; to adopt a new version of the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine»; to amend the Law of Ukraine «On Cooperation of Territorial Communities» regarding the introduction of the procedure for joining territorial communities to existing cooperation agreements; Keywords: united territorial community, OTG, local self-government, decentralization, reform, local self-government bodies

Analysis of cardiovascular morbidity in the pediatric population of the city of Voronezh

Aim: To perform a territorial comparison of the incidence rates of certain cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the pediatric population of the city ofVoronezh.Material and Methods. The morbidity rates in the pediatric population over certain inner-city zones were assessed using a differentiated approach. This tactic was chosen taking into account historical background as a high percentage of the population (75.8% of the total population in the city district of Voronezh) was registered at particular clinics based on a territorial logic. Of these, 11 pediatric clinics in Voronezh provided care for over 160,000 children under the age of 14 years (about 79% of children residing in the city district of Voronezh) on a territorial basis. The ranking of indicators was performed using a specially designed software developed at the Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko. The territories at risk were identified based on the results of this analysis by the level and dynamics of morbidity in the pediatric population. Results. Cardiovascular diseases were below the top five leading disease classes and were ranked 8–9 in children in the context of overall morbidity structure in the city ofVoronezh. The study showed that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases increased in the adult population of Voronezh relative to the value for the same period analyzed last year: the growth rate in the number of medical care encounters was 14.65% with 14.05% of diagnoses established for the first time in life. The average long-term level of cardiovascular mortality in theVoronezh city district was 24.79 ± 1.40 cases per 1,000 children under 14 years of age.Conclusion. The differences, found in the morbidity rates from the individual intra-city territories provided with pediatric polyclinics, can be explained by the various factors such as the age structure of the population residing in a particular region and human resources of a medical organization including the availability of a pediatric cardiologist. Knowledge of information regarding pediatric disease incidence in certain inner-city territories allowed us to rationally optimize the resources of the urban health system to improve the availability and quality of medical care to the population, particularly the young segments, suffering from cardiovascular diseases at the pre-hospital stage.

Renewal of the Land Lease Agreement: Problems of Theory and Judicial Practice

Land is the most important object of the environment. It is an indispensable means of production in agriculture, the territorial basis for the location of various objects. It is argued that the proper functioning of land lease relations is a guarantee of sustainable economic circulation, a guarantee of the exercise of rights and performance of duties by both the lessor and the lessee of the land. The issue of renewal of the land lease agreement after its expiration is debatable. The purpose of the study is to outline the existing theoretical and law enforcement problems regarding the renewal of the land lease agreement, to make proposals to eliminate the latter. To achieve this purpose, a system-structural method of scientific knowledge was used, which helped analyse the prescriptions of the legislation on renewal of the land lease agreement, their relations and interaction were highlighted. The study proves that the lessee's pre-emptive right exists to renew the land lease agreement only for the same period and on the same terms and in the absence of objections to such renewal by the lessor. If the lessee tries to change the essential terms of the land lease agreement and in the absence of the lessor's consent to such changes, the lessee's pre-emptive right to enter into a land lease agreement for a new term is terminated. It is emphasised that in each dispute it is necessary to establish the good faith of the lessor’s actions to refuse to renew the land lease agreement with one person (lessee) and the subsequent conclusion of the agreement with the new lessee. The use of the category of "less protected" party in land lease legal relations appears debatable, because depending on the subject composition of the parties to these legal relations, such a party can be both a lessee and a lessor. It is concluded that the Supreme Court should unify the practice of applying the provisions of the law on the renewal of the land lease agreement (only in combination with other regulations or autonomously, with the use of the principle of "tacit consent"). The possibility of autonomous application of such instructions is indicated by the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning Counteraction to Raiding”. The revealed shortcomings of the legal regulation of the renewal of the land lease agreement after its expiration indicate the directions of improvement of the legislation in land lease, which has practical significance

Difficulties in implementation of the National Health Map in Bulgaria

Abstract Background National Health Map (NHM) of Bulgaria determines the required minimum of healthcare facilities, hospital beds and specialists at different levels of Health System to meet population's needs of healthcare. Its main objective is to adapt structure of the healthcare network to the population health needs ensuring for every Bulgarian citizen an equal access to health services. Through it healthcare resources have been planned on a territorial basis and the national health policy has been implemented. The aim of this report is to analyze the actual availability of healthcare facilities and staff, and compare with the minimum necessary according to the NHM. Methods Content and critical analysis of statistical data of the Bulgarian Ministry of Health. Results Bulgaria is among countries with relatively low number of general practitioners (GPs) among countries of EU where the range is between 42 and 253 per 100 000 inhabitants. According to the NHM, taking into account administrative division, infrastructure and morbidity, optimum GPs/population ratio is about 67/100 000 while an actual availability is 55.9/100 000. The most serious deficiency is in remote areas where the ratio is between 26 and 32 per 100 000. Quality of primary health care is affected by the fact that 23.89% of GPs are without acquired specialty. Number of practicing nurses in Bulgarian health system is 30% lower than the recommended minimum. Nurses/population ratio is unsatisfactory. Physicians/nurses ratio is not consistent with European standards. Hospital beds are 6.3/1000 which range Bulgaria among five European countries with the highest availability of hospital beds but they are unevenly distributed both on a territorial basis and on specialties. Conclusions There is a lack of human resources in Bulgarian Health System and unequal availability and accessibility of health facilities in different regions of the country. Distribution of hospital beds on specialties also must be optimized. Key messages National Health Map of Bulgaria determines population needs of accessible outpatient and hospital care, distributes health institutions on territorial bases and implements National Health Policy. Difficulties in implementation of National Health Map are insufficient number general practitioners (GPs), a large proportion of GPs without acquired specialty, inadequate ratio physicians/nurses etc.

TERRITÓRIO ETNOEDUCACIONAL CONE SUL E EDUCAÇÃO DIFERENCIADA INDÍGENA: INTERCULTURALIDADE E RESISTÊNCIA

A Constituição Federal (1988) reconheceu a condição étnica particular dos povos indígenas; garantiu-lhes o direito ao seu território e a educação diferenciada, que significa educação específica e bilíngue, respeitando a língua materna. Os “territórios etnoeducacionais” (TEE) foram criados para garantir a educação diferenciada aos diferentes povos indígenas, apenas em 2009, visando cumprir a Constituição e organizar os órgãos públicos e governos em bases territoriais definidas pelas condições étnico-culturais. A escola assumiria papel fundamental na construção da etnoterritorialidade, visando promover autonomia desses Povos, por meio da implementação da educação diferenciada e referenciada em cada cultura, na relação com as demais culturas e pela interculturalidade; envolvendo acesso ao conhecimento e políticas educacionais e a formação profissional e de professores indígenas para lecionarem nessas escolas, para seu povo. No Mato Grosso do Sul, o “TEE Cone Sul” congrega a maior população Guarani/Kaiowá do Brasil, vivendo em aldeias, reservas, cidades, acampamentos e áreas de retomadas; convivendo com outros Povos, como os Terena, mas, fundamentalmente, com o preconceito e a violência, na disputa pela terra, com proprietários de terras e o agronegócio. Nossa análise permite refletir sobre o sentido dos TEE, enquanto campo de resistência possível, considerando a existência de políticas públicas avançadas, mas que ainda estão engatinhando na valorização desses povos enquanto cidadãos etnicamente diferentes, submetidos a governos mais defensores dos interesses privados do que da Lei Magna; situação que se agravou com o Golpe de 2016.